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Fo[u]r Pete Spence

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Mosque. Amor fadi. Love of one’s fade. Gl len fal loch nuss out to

Sh ow quote d monnystarr ext me a

– texas STIX ViSCOUS fontanellA

Patience

The fig tree truly blooms — though people never see,

Its tender signs appear, yet hearts still fail to see.

Like feelings locked inside where no one else may be,

It whispers softly secrets days can never see.

Both peace and joy stand waiting — patient as they wait,

Dark eyes in tears hold love — silent as they wait.

A broken heart believes the fig will never meet its fate,

Yet all things bloom in time — everything must wait.

Xasanova Aziza Kumushbek qizi student at Tashkent economics and pedagogy university

Shahnoza Pulatova Makhmudjanovna

International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan

Faculty of Classical Oriental Philology

Department of Philology (Arabic Language)

4th-year student

Academic supervisor: Raziya Matibayeva 

Associate professor, Ph.D. in Philology

Department of Arabic Language and Literature

Uzbekistan International Islamic academy

NEW UZBEKISTAN: POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL REFORMS

Uzbekistan, located in Central Asia, has emerged as a key player in the region following its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since President Shavkat Mirziyoyev came to power in 2016, the country has entered a new era of reform, known as the “New Uzbekistan”. This period is characterized by significant political, economic, and social transformations aimed at modernizing the country and improving the lives of its citizens. The following sections discuss these transformations in detail, offering an overview of the key reforms that have taken place under Mirziyoyev’s leadership.

I. Political reforms and governance

The government of New Uzbekistan has prioritized political reforms to enhance transparency, decentralize power, and improve governance. Key changes include:

Decentralization of power: Mirziyoyev’s administration has shifted from a highly centralized government to a more decentralized system, empowering local authorities and giving them greater control over decision-making processes. This decentralization aims to improve accountability and bring governance closer to the people.

Judicial Reforms: Uzbekistan has undertaken significant reforms to strengthen the judiciary’s independence and improve the rule of law. These reforms include updating laws, creating specialized courts, and establishing greater protections for citizens’ rights.

Human rights and freedom of expression: The government has made efforts to improve human rights, releasing political prisoners and relaxing restrictions on freedom of speech, assembly, and the media. Although challenges remain, these steps mark a positive shift toward greater political openness.

II. Economic liberalization and development

Economic reforms have been a cornerstone of Uzbekistan’s transformation. The country has moved from a state-controlled economy to a more market-oriented model. Key aspects of this economic transition include:

Economic liberalization: The Mirziyoyev government has implemented various economic reforms, such as liberalizing foreign exchange controls, reducing state subsidies, and privatizing state-owned enterprises. These measures have encouraged foreign investment, spurred economic growth, and improved Uzbekistan’s competitiveness in global markets.

Industrial and agricultural modernization: The government has focused on modernizing key sectors, including agriculture, where reforms have been introduced to reduce dependence on state quotas, particularly in cotton production. In industry, there has been investment in infrastructure, energy, and manufacturing, which has laid the groundwork for future economic growth.

Foreign investment and global integration: Uzbekistan has become more attractive to foreign investors due to improvements in the regulatory environment and the simplification of bureaucratic procedures. The country has also worked to integrate more fully into the global economy by enhancing trade relations with neighboring countries and beyond, while diversifying its economy into sectors such as technology, tourism, and renewable energy.

III. Social policies and welfare

Social welfare reforms have been a central focus of the New Uzbekistan agenda, with a commitment to improving the standard of living for citizens. Key initiatives include:

Education reform: The government has worked to improve Uzbekistan’s education system, focusing on modernizing curricula, training teachers, and expanding access to quality education. Special attention has been given to STEM education to prepare the next generation for a modern, competitive economy.

Healthcare improvement: Healthcare reforms have focused on expanding access to medical services, especially in rural areas. Investments in infrastructure and personnel training have aimed to improve the overall quality of healthcare and address health challenges such as diabetes and tuberculosis.

Social welfare programs: Poverty reduction remains a key priority, with social welfare programs targeting vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and low-income families. These programs have helped reduce poverty levels and improve the overall quality of life.

IV. Foreign policy and regional relations

Uzbekistan’s foreign policy has undergone a shift toward greater engagement with both its regional neighbors and the international community. Key aspects of this foreign policy include:

Regional cooperation in Central Asia: One of Uzbekistan’s primary foreign policy goals has been to improve relations with its Central Asian neighbors, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. This has involved resolving long-standing border disputes, enhancing economic cooperation, and promoting regional security.

Diversifying global relations: The country has worked to strengthen ties with major global powers, including Russia, China, and the United States. Uzbekistan’s efforts to balance relationships with both Western and regional powers reflect a pragmatic approach to foreign diplomacy.

Active participation in international organizations: Uzbekistan has become more active in international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This reflects the country’s desire to enhance its role in global affairs and contribute to international peace and stability.

Conclusion: 

The New Uzbekistan marks an era of profound transformation, driven by ambitious reforms across political, economic, and social spheres. Under the leadership of Shavkat Mirziyoyev, the country has made remarkable strides, particularly in modernizing the political system, enhancing economic development, and improving social welfare for its citizens. These reforms have already begun to reshape Uzbekistan’s global standing, fostering stronger ties with international partners and enhancing the country’s integration into the global economy.

However, challenges still persist, especially in fully liberalizing the political landscape and diversifying the economy away from reliance on natural resources. Despite these challenges, the ongoing reforms reflect Uzbekistan’s unwavering commitment to modernization and long-term stability. The vision of a New Uzbekistan — a nation characterized by sustainable growth, political pluralism, and social well-being — remains within reach, and with continued dedication to these reforms, the country is well-positioned to build a brighter future for its people.

Gazing Into the Boundless

1

A tiny puddle is a mirror!

and the one gently peering in

is the dandelion.

A flower gazes at its own reflection

in the tear-drops of the clouds.

2

Like an old man,

the cherry tree is bent with age…

Yet youth blooms in every branch.

The only thing my soul needs

is a walking stick.

3

A bud is joy,

a flower is flame.

It came into this world

to burn.

4

The wind ploughs through the flowerbed;

one flower falls beneath another…

A flowerpot under a flowerpot—

my perplexity is faster than a racehorse.

5

If destiny allows,

I would build a minaret—

as grand as a pharaoh’s pyramid—

out of a single poem.

I would plant flowers

all around it.

Then I would climb it gently

and gaze upon the world and its people.

I would ask applause for my poems

from whoever has read them—

if anyone has.

6

I cherish poetry deeply,

even though it wounds my heart.

Wandering through astonishing flower gardens,

I place poetry

as a crown upon my head.

Let people send me their love

and call me king—

I no longer mind.

### 

Silence is comforting;

it buries the cries and sounds

of sorrow.

The morning sun is magnificent:

the flowers can hear

the sound of its light.

These mountains stand proud;

they pay no mind

to those who pass beneath them.

The sky is a vast embrace—

wide enough to hold

every glance.

The poet is the guide of my soul;

from the light of faith

my feelings begin to bloom.

(Translated by Azam Abidov)

Nurbek Norchayev was born on April 18, 1993, in Kosan District of Kashkadarya Region. He is currently a fourth-year student at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute.

Quote of the day by Leo Tolstoy: ‘Everyone thinks of changing the world, but no one thinks of changing himself’

Dearest Family, 

I’ve sought God for as long I can remember. “You belong to God,” said my foster mother Dee. Therefore, I sought God. I came to recognize Him fully about three years ago, but I saw reminders of Him all my life. 

What I’m going to share at the start of this testimony is by all accounts, a miracle to everyone who witnessed it: On December 5th, 2024, I started dialysis. Doctors said my kidney function was at 10.3, which meant my kidney function had stopped and without dialysis I would die of renal failure in about three to five days. I’ve since learned that this would be a very painful death over those three to five days. I was given what is called a comfort package upon admission to hospice on October 20th, 2025. 

I had been on dialysis since December 5th, 2024. During those months, I regained my early sense of closeness with my Holy Father God. My earliest childhood memories involve sitting alone in Holy Redeemer Catholic Church. I sat and observed the votive candles burn, watching the candle on the altar that represented God’s presence. I walked the city street alone seeking God. Those streets were dangerous, dark, and frightening. Day after day, that turned into two decades on the edge of insanity. On many occasions I cried and prayed to God. Each tear stemmed from desperation and a sense of impending death, as I witnessed violence throughout those years. I witnessed dead people and the aftermath of shootings, and kids who had been hit by cars while lying in a pool of blood. There were many sights and sounds of suffering.  

However, God saw fit to deliver me after twenty-one years of this not life, but death. 

This deliverance was my first miracle, as some would say. 

In 1985 I had been married five years. My wife at the time joined the Navy and I had access to mental health counseling. My first mental health therapist called my wife after meeting me for one session and told my wife I was suicidal and homicidal and needed inpatient treatment. I spent the next three decades in and out of mental hospitals.  

Over those thirty years, each time I went in the hospital, there was a staff member within five feet of me to stop any attempts I might make to harm myself or someone else. I was placed in the seclusion room which was a padded room. I was put in five point restraints on many occasions. Additionally, there was Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) several times in those thirty years. There were countless sessions with therapists and psychiatrists along with group therapy. Yes, thirty plus years. 

The hardest part was being locked on a mental psych ward and away from nature. I recall my first inpatient experience. I watched the Woody Woodpecker cartoon. In my first encounter into what would span over thirty plus years there was a woodpecker outside my window. The bird’s company carried me through many years of being locked up.

I’d loved nature and will take a brief moment to share an early memory. I was about eight years old or so. I laid on the lawn of my elementary school. On the grass were grasshoppers with tiny legs and bug eyes. Most comforting were the lady bugs crawling up my arm. In the very depths of violence and darkness I escaped while lying in the grass observing the open skies. This was taken from me on these locked units. In addition, I watched the brightness of the moon with the backlights of the dark skies. There was an enormous round brightness and the glitter of a sky full of stars. So, even in the darkness of the inner-city there’s light in the night skies of DC. This did not exist on these locked units, where I lay down with those five point restraints or in that padded room, eating with plastic utensils. You see, in this inpatient confinement there was more darkness than on the violent streets of DC. 

I shall move on, my point is to share that God the Father gave me light from the beginning when I sat alone in the sanctuary of Holy Redeemer Catholic Church. 

Fast forward to December 6th, 2025. On October 18th 2025 I had prepared myself to die within three to five days with the full understanding that the medical community said I would die by seven to fourteen days. 

About two years ago I had open heart surgery and only took morphine about the first day or so. My focus and intent were on seeking God to be my only focus. Why wouldn’t I call out to my Heavenly Father? Twenty-one years I sought Him… Thirty plus years seeking Him. And a lifelong pursuit to find His Holy presence. You see, Dee told me that I belonged to God. Dee never lied to me and she never put restraints on me. I came and went with the guidance of the Holy Ghost, and although I didn’t know it at the time, I did know which streets to walk down and which to avoid. So, I had Dee’s trust and her faith that God watched over me and that God’s angels would protect me. 

Yes, I was ready, as a friend said many decades ago: Blow this popsicle stand.

A second moment with God was worth seven or fourteen days of pain not greater than open heart surgery without morphine.

Note: You see I knew God’s Holy Comforter all my life. I knew when I was frightened and when I had been beaten up. In the fourth grade a bigger kid would beat me literally to the ground each day after school. So. Yes I know about physical pain and anxiety over the sounds of gunfire every Saturday night. I knew the darkness that was in the hearts of adults since childhood, and I held onto the memory of the grasshoppers and ladybugs crawling on me. I held on the the peace and quietness of suffering as communion with God at eight years old. Yes, I only knew God. I only knew to talk to Him and listen, just as I did for these last thirteen weeks, sitting quietly as I did in childhood to be patient. He would answer me because He never failed nor forsook me.

This day, January 17th, l’ve gone thirteen weeks without dialysis. My blood chemistry reveals yesterday what Dr. Warren told me on January 16th, that my eGFR kidney function is now sixteen and there’s no need for dialysis. 

Closing testimony: I thought about how when someone is released from jail there’s parole and one must check in every so often. Then there’s a pardon which is complete forgiveness. Dr. Warren asked when I wanted to come in to see him.

However, I write this this early Saturday morning about the word pardon and forgiveness. Now I’ll share this thought: I pardon all who have harmed me because God the Holy Father has chosen me to be one of His Holy Messengers to share the Good News with all. In addition, He has brought me into His Holy Family and as Psalm 23, NIV, 23:5-6 says:

• 

Resources

• Hebrew/Greek

• Your Content

Psalm 23

New International Version

Psalm 23:1-6

A psalm of David.

1The Lord is my shepherd, I lack nothing.

   2 He makes me lie down in green pastures,

he leads me beside quiet waters,

3     he refreshes my soul.

He guides me along the right paths

    for his name’s sake.

4 Even though I walk

    through the darkest valley,

I will fear no evil,

    for you are with me;

your rod and your staff,

    they comfort me.

5 You prepare a table before me

    in the presence of my enemies.

You anoint my head with oil;

    my cup overflows.

6 Surely your goodness and love will follow me

    all the days of my life,

and I will dwell in the house of the Lord

    forever.

Michael a Devoted servant of the Lord for all eternity. 

Saturday January 17th, 2026

5:47am

THE SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE VERB FAIRE

Samarqand davlat chet tillar instituti 

Roman German tillari fakulteti 

Filologiya va tillarni oʻqitish (fransuz)

2-kurs talabasi Mansurova Shahnoza 

ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the semantic properties of the French verb faire and the causative function of the faire + infinitif construction. The study examines the polysemantic nature of the verb faire, its role as a complex predicate, and its role in expressing cause-and-effect relationships. The results show that the meaning of the verb faire is largely determined by context and that it is an important grammatical tool in French.

Keywords: faire, faire + infinitif, causative construction, polysemy, complex predicate, valence, French linguistics, grammaticalization, semantic analysis

INTRODUCTION 

The French verb faire is characterized by its wide range of uses and its polysemantic nature. It represents work – action, while also expressing cause – effect relationships, and is considered an important grammatical tool in French, forming complex predicates and participating in many phraseological units. The Faire+ infinitive construction plays a crucial role in expressing causativity, and this construction involves a change in valence and a redistribution of actants. This article analyzes the main semantic features of the verb faire and its grammatical functions in French.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 

The semantics of a verb includes the semantic characteristics of the actions, states, and processes expressed by the verb. The main semantic feature of a verb is the meaning of action. In grammar, the meaning of action is widely understood. It represents not only physical action, but also state, mental change, biological process and existence. For example, verbs like venir, marcher indicate a real action, se tenir debout, se réveiller indicate a state, s’inquiéter, étonner indicate a mental (psychological) process, and fleurir, grandir indicate a biological process.

The common aspect of the verb is that all actions, states, and processes occur in relation to time. Therefore, the verb is a dynamic semantic unit. The meaning of the verb is related to the appearance, development or change of a certain sign, which is the main factor that distinguishes it from other parts of speech.

One of the most commonly used verbs in French is faire, which has several unique aspects. The French verb faire comes from the verb faire, meaning “to do” or “to make,” and is synonymous with about 30 French verbs. In this context, the verb faire is a very active verb in French. However, the verb faire is also used in French in all tenses and with linguistic devices.

An experiment was conducted to purchase a complex predicate for 71 children who were French-speaking speakers and 17 native-speaking adults. The children were divided into three age groups: 1) 25 children aged 3 to 4 years; 2) 21 children aged 4 to 5 years; 3) 25 children aged 5 to 6 years. Adults (managers and workers) have different extremes.

The selection of target verbs for our study was not arbitrary. This is conditioned by two main factors: 1/ the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs; 2/ the frequency of occurrence in verbal dummy constructions. Thus, we selected the following verbs:

1) intransitives wait and gather (agent inergatives); dance (action inergative) and drop (position shift) (Perlmutter’s Incuzative hypothesis, 1978, Levin and Rappaport, 1995), in which case we see whether our target children destroy the causative verb. to do (e.g.: sarute, go to drink my baby, I will dance my cat, ef. Sarkar, 2002:191).

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

the Faire + Vinf construction is analyzed as a complex predicate (Gaatone, 1976). In this structure, the verb faire serves as a causative (causative) auxiliary verb and carries grammatical information about tense, aspect and declension (TAM).

According to Tesnière (1969), the introduction of the verb faire expands the valence of the infinitive verb by one new actant — the causer (causateur). At the same time, the initial subject may be excluded from its primary syntactic position and occupy various syntactic positions: direct complement (objet), indirect complement (datif), or other indirect form (oblique).

Dixon (2000) and Novakova (2002) classify causative mechanisms from the most compact forms (synthetic, morphological, lexical) to the least compact forms (periphrastic constructions). In this classification, the faire + Vinf construction is placed between synthetic and analytic structures, that is, at an intermediate level.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The verb faire as a polysemantic verb

The verb faire is used in different semantic fields and its meaning changes depending on the context. For example, faire un travail means to do a job, while faire un gâteau means to create and prepare a cake. This is an example of the polysemantic nature of the verb faire. 

Meaning of action and activity

We often use the verb faire to express general actions and activities in everyday life, such as faire ses devoirs, faire du sport, faire le point. In this sentence, the verb expresses a general action, not a specific action.

Causative (causal) meaning

One of the important semantic features of the verb faire is its use in causative constructions. The form faire + infinitif expresses the causation of an action to be performed by one person through another. For example: Il fait réparer sa voiture. Here, the person who is directly performing the action is another person.

Grammaticalized faire 

Sometimes the verb faire loses its basic lexical meaning and acquires a grammatical meaning.For example, in compounds such as faire attention, faire partie de, the verb has a weakened independent meaning and provides the semantic integrity of the entire phrase.

Faire in phraseological units

We can also find the verb faire in many phraseological units: faire la tête, faire semblant, faire attention à. In these conjugations, the meaning of the verb is determined through a complete context and phrase.

The results of the analysis showed that the verb faire is one of the most active and multifunctional verbs in French. Its semantic possibilities are strongly dependent on context, providing economy and universality in speech.

CONCLUSION 

This study has shed light on the semantic and grammatical properties of the French verb faire. The analysis showed that the polysemantic nature of the verb faire means that it can have different meanings in different contexts. In particular, the cause-and-effect relationship is expressed through the faire + infinitif construction, and this structure is characterized by the expansion of valence and the redistribution of actants. Also, the active participation of the verb faire in grammaticalized forms and phraseological units confirms its central functional role in French. 

REFERENCES USED

1. Bezinaka, Y. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: yanabezón@yahoo.fr

2. Chevrot, J.-P. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: jpchevrot@wanadoo.fr

3. Gaatone, D. (1976). Le factitif en français. Langue française, 29, 45–62.

4. Grevisse, M., & Goosse, A. (2016). Le Bon Usage: Grammaire française (16e éd.). De Boeck Supérieur.

5. Nardy, A. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: aurelie.nardy@u-grenoble.fr

6. Neves, F., Muni Toke, V., Durand, J., Klinger, T., Mandada, I., & Prévost, S. (2010). L’acquisition de faire + Vinf en français: Production, compréhension, imitation. In Congrès Mondial de Linguistique Française (CMLF 2010). Institut de Linguistique Française. https://doi.org/10.1051/cm2010227

7. Novakova, I. (2010). Laboratoire LIDILEM, Université de Grenoble. Email: inovakova@yahoo.fr

8. Nuritdinov, N. S. (2024). Fransuz tilidagi faire fe’lining ishlatilishi, uning sinonimlik xususiyatlari va o’zbek tilidagi tarjima variantlari [Usage of the verb faire in French, its synonym characteristics and translation options in Uzbek]. Ta’lim va innovatsion tadqiqotlar.

9. Sulaymonova, M. O. (2021). Fe’l so’z turkumi va uning leksik-semantik tasnifi [Verb system and its lexico-semantic classification]. Oriental Art and Culture Scientific-Methodical Journal, (6), 1–?. ISSN 2181-063X.

Lincoln Park Assault

Aliicia Menendez stood on the corner, near the ivy-covered mansion designed by James Nagle; she was waiting for her bus. She casually glanced down North Burling Street and noticed a gang of men staring at her. There were at least a dozen. Alicia did a double take. They were done up in military gear and their face coverings and gasmasks gave them the aspect of a swarm of six foot, 200-lb. insects. One of them pointed at her. They all wore coats emblazed across the back with ICE.

Uneasy, she began to drift from the bus stop. She looked again and they were moving, en masse, in her direction. Dropping her packages and clutching her purse, she took flight, in the direction of the intersection of West Armitage Avenue and North Halsted Street. She was wearing low heels and couldn’t make good time.

She fled for about half a city block before the big bugs caught up with her. Someone reached out and grabbed her arm, twisted it behind her back. Alicia cried out in pain.

“Get her ass on the ground,” one man barked gruffly and she was thrown to the pavement. Her hose shredded, her skirt tore. Her other arm was twisted behind her and twist ties affixed about her wrists.

“I got her purse,” said one of the men, turning up her handbag. “Alicia Menendez,” he muttered aloud. “She ain’t from Chicago.”

“Okay, Alicia Menendez,” purred a man, mocking her, “where’s you effing green card. Where are your documents, Beaner? You ain’t got ’em, do you?” he asked smartly.”

“I’m a citizen,” she wailed shrilly, then began to sob.

By this time, a crowd had begun to gather: Hispanics, Anglos, African Americans, a mixed-bag. They began to edge closer.

“Stand the fuck back!” shouted the presumptive leader. “This is official ICE business. You got no business here. Disperse or be detained.”

“You got a warrant?” asked a high-pitched voice. A woman. The crowd began rumbling angrily. The thugs of ICE looked uneasy.

“Like this lady said,” said a dark-suited man, “do you have a warrant?”

“What the hell are you?” asked the leader of ICE. “A goddamn lawyer?”

“I’m an immigration attorney,” replied the other man.

“This is a perfectly legal warrantless arrest, Esquire,” said the man bitingly. “You just carry your ass on out of here, while you can still walk.”

“What’s your reasonable suspicion?” asked the lawyer. “Warrantless arrests are only valid with probable cause or its equivalent.”

“She ran,” pointed out the head thug heavily.

“Because you ran after her,” the lawyer reminded her.

“If she wasn’t guilty, then why did she run?” ask the man, boldly putting his foot on the back of the prone Alicia.

“You men are all strangers to her. You’re heavily armed. You’re wearing masks. I saw the whole thing. You didn’t identify yourself as agents.”

Before the man could respond, one of his minions said, “Eh, Mike, this lady is a U.S. citizen.”

“Huh? And how do you know that?”

“Passport,” replied the other man, holding it out for Mike’s inspection.

Without another word, Mike bent and cut Alicia’s bonds. Then, as if on cue, two black SUVs rumbled up and, still without a word, the men climbed aboard. The vehicles sped away.

The attorney knelt and helped Alicia to her feet. “Anything I can do for you, ma’am?” he asked kindly.

“Wh…what happened?” she asked in a bewildered voice. “I’m a stranger to Chicago,” she explained. “I’m from Milwaukee.”