THE USE OF GLAUCONITE SANDS OF THE MABIKAN DEPOSIT TO IMPROVE THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIUM NITRATE

KODIROV BEKZOD KHOMIDZHONOVICH, doctoral student

TOZHIEV RUSTAM RASULOVICH, Dean

FERGANA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, UZBEKISTAN

e-mail: b.qodirov@ferpi.uz, Rustamjontojiyev658@gmail.com

Annotation. Ammonium nitrate is used both as a fertilizer in agriculture and as an ingredient for industrial explosives (for quarries, mine tunnels, etc.). The substance is stable under normal conditions of use, storage and transportation, but despite this stability, in the last century there were several accidents associated with a large number of ammonium nitrate, which has led to numerous deaths and injuries to people. This article analyzes in more detail the incidents related to the explosion of ammonium nitrate in the middle of the XX century (partially). Based on the official report on the conditions and consequences of the accident, various scenarios were considered using different TNT equivalence coefficients and the physical consequences of the explosion were determined.

Keywords: ammonium nitrate, properties, explosivity, hygroscopicity, porosity and particle density, qualitative indicators.

Introduction. Ammonium nitrate is an inorganic product of industrial synthesis, produced from gaseous ammonia and nitric acid. It was first obtained by Glauber in 1659. In its production form, it is a colorless crystalline substance with a content of 35% of total nitrogen in ammonia and nitrate forms. For fertilizing purposes, it is produced in granular form [1]. The physico-chemical properties of ammonium nitrate are regulated by the regulatory requirements of GOST 2-2013 [2,3].

Ammonium nitrate is well soluble in water. Its water solubility at 25oC exceeds 2 kg/kg of water, which is significantly higher than the solubility of many organic and inorganic compounds [4].

One of the important distinguishing characteristics of ammonium nitrate is its strong oxidizing ability in relation to a large number of inorganic and organic substances, which strongly affects its consumer and commodity properties. In recent years, explosions and fires caused by this characteristic of ammonium nitrate in a number of countries [5-7] have significantly reduced the demand for this important universal fertilizer products.

A characteristic specific indicator of ammonium nitrate is the polymorphism of its properties. This means its ability to change its crystal structure depending on the temperature of the medium. As is known [4,8-10], depending on temperature conditions, ammonium nitrate has five crystalline forms. At the same time, the structural transition in its composition from one crystal structure to another takes place under conditions of heat release or absorption, and leads to changes in the volume and density of crystals, as well as all its other physico-chemical properties. It has been established [11-14] that the III structural modification of ammonium nitrate is the most stable in relation to its transportation and storage in hot climatic conditions, a number of sufficiently effective ways of stabilizing its III structural modification have been found and developed [15-20].

Ammonium nitrate has a high traceability [3.21]. Because of this, in the practical application of ammonium nitrate as a fertilizer, there are significant losses of marketable products, additional costs are required when using the accumulated part of it [1,4]. As is known [4,22,23], the traceability of ammonium nitrate is caused by its high solubility, hygroscopicity, low strength of granules, as well as polymorphic transformations taking place in its structure. Therefore, the lower the solubility and hygroscopicity, the higher the strength of ammonium nitrate granules, the lower its traceability.

An important characteristic of the production ammonium nitrate is the mechanical strength of its granules. According to modern requirements [3], ammonium nitrate granules during transportation, storage and use should not be destroyed under mechanical loads. The strength of granules is characterized by three indicators: dynamic strength (Rd), abrasion resistance (At), static strength (Rd) [24,25]. The strength of ammonium nitrate granules is most significantly influenced by humidity, porosity and the size of the product granules [22,26,27]. With a decrease in humidity and the size of individual granules, as well as with an increase in their density, the strength of ammonium nitrate granules increases.

Ammonium nitrate, as a result of intensive moisture absorption, reduces its mechanical strength, collapses and cures [1,4, 28-30]. All this is due to its hygroscopicity. Because of this, the production ammonium nitrate needs to comply with special storage conditions, causes a number of difficulties in its practical use for fertilizing purposes [31-36].

Therefore, today everywhere both manufacturers of ammonium nitrate and its consumers are keenly interested in reducing its hygroscopicity by various methods and techniques [37-42].

The world practice of using ammonium nitrate indicates that it is characterized by flammability and explosiveness [45-48]. This is due to the fact that ammonium nitrate is prone to thermal decomposition and has strong oxidizing properties. Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate takes place with slow heating starting from 110oC and above. At low temperatures, the products of thermal decomposition are ammonia and nitric acid, and at high temperatures, nitrous oxide, nitrogen oxides and oxygen [4,49-51]. At the same time, in the high temperature region, the formation of the last products is explosive. Consequently, due to the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate, there is a loss of part of the product, as well as the practical use of ammonium nitrate becomes unsafe. Therefore, in order to completely suppress the process of thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate or its effective deceleration, a number of methods and techniques for its stabilization are used in practice [52-55].

Ammonium nitrate is segmented by application (fertilizers, explosives and other applications), end users (agriculture, mining, defense and others) and geography (Asia-Pacific region, North America, Europe, South America, Middle East and Africa)). The report suggests the market size and forecasts of the ammonium nitrate market in volumes (kilotons) for all of the above segments.

The agricultural segment accounts for the main market share of ammonium nitrate.

In agriculture, fertilizers are used to enrich plant growth. They contain essential nutrients for plants that ensure healthy growth and protect them from diseases. There are various types of fertilizers that are available in soluble, dry crystalline forms and forms of prolonged action. Ammonium nitrate is one of such fertilizers, which is used to provide plants with a sufficient amount of nitrogen.

The ammonia fraction of ammonium nitrate is absorbed by the roots or gradually converted into nitrate by soil microorganisms. Many vegetable growers prefer an affordable nitrate plant food source and use ammonium nitrate. Livestock farmers like it for fertilizing pastures and hay, because it is less susceptible to evaporation losses than urea-based fertilizers when it remains on the soil surface.

Ammonium nitrate is usually mixed with other fertilizers, but these mixtures cannot be stored for a long time due to the tendency to absorb moisture from the air.

However, the explosion of 2,700 tons of ammonium nitrate in Beirut in 2020 demonstrates the importance of handling this substance and the need for stricter and clearly defined rules in the industry.

Consequently, due to the rapidly growing agricultural activity worldwide, the demand for solid ammonium nitrate is expected to grow rapidly during the forecast period (58).

Approximately half (50.5%) of the total global consumption of ammonium nitrate is accounted for by such major and developed countries of the world as the USA (17%), the Russian Federation (14%), France (5%), Brazil (2.5%), the UK (2%), and the rest is the share of all other countries of the world (Figure 1). Visual changes in the export and import of ammonium nitrate in physical terms are shown in Figure 2.

Source: IFA, Fertecon, company assessment [57]

Figure 1 – Structure of global consumption of ammonium nitrate in 2019 by leading countries of the world

In the CIS countries, the leaders in the market of nitrogen fertilizers, including ammonium nitrate, are the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Belarus and Kazakhstan, where today there are more than 28 modern production facilities [56,57].

There are currently 20 leading manufacturers and companies of ammonium nitrate in the world. Figure 2 shows that the Norwegian company “Yara” confidently leads in terms of production of ammonium nitrate, followed by three Russian companies “Uralchem”, “EuroChem”, “Akron” and Uzbek “Uzkimesanoat”.

Since 2008, restrictions on the supply of ammonium nitrate containing more than 28% nitrogen have been in effect in European countries. As a result, the export of domestic saltpeter to Europe, containing 34% nitrogen, was closed. In our country, certain measures are also being taken to restrict the export of ammonium nitrate to countries where military operations are underway or the domestic political situation is characterized by a high level of terrorist activity.

Source: based on the materials of the website www.uralchem.ru

Figure 2 – Dynamics of the volume of output of the sales market of 20 leading world manufacturers of ammonium nitrate, million tons

In this regard, the search for rational ways to reduce the explosive hazard of ammonium nitrate and increase its agrochemical characteristics is of great practical interest. The successful solution of these problems can help to increase the competitiveness of mineral fertilizers produced in our country and more actively promote them to the world market.

Currently, additives of limestone, chalk, chloride or potassium sulfate and some other mineral components are most often used to reduce the explosive hazard of ammonium nitrate (Kropacheva, RF).

The aim of the work was to study the possibility and feasibility of granulating ammonium nitrate in a mixture with glauconite sand from the Mabikan glauconite mine (Dehkanabad district of Kashkadarya region).

The choice of an additive is due to the following factors:

– glauconites are good sorbents capable of absorbing and retaining gases released during the decomposition of ammonium nitrate (reducing the threat of explosion);

– glauconite sands have a complex of valuable agrochemical properties that allow them to be used as effective meliorants;

– favorable granulometric composition of glauconite sands reduces the cost of preliminary preparation of raw materials;

– glauconite sands exhibit pronounced ion-exchange properties and are effective sorbents, which makes it possible to reduce the ecotoxic properties of soils and ensure high quality and yield of cultivated crops;

– glauconites are able to actively sorb and bind water, which prevents the caking of ammonium nitrate;

– Kashkadarya region has large reserves of this raw material. According to experts, the annual reserve in this deposit is 1.2 million tons of glauconite sands that do not find practical application.

At present, there are convincing data confirming the expediency of using glauconites in agricultural practice. It has been established that the introduction of glauconite sands in single doses of 15-20 t/ha leads to an increase in the content of available forms of potassium, phosphorus and sulfur in the soil, which contributes to an increase in crop yields.

It should be noted that the composition and properties of glauconite sands of various deposits are characterized by high variability. It is known that the content of potassium oxide (6-7%), phosphorus oxide (up to 3%) in the glauconite sands of the Mabikansky glauconite mine. The color is dark gray, almost black.

The experimental part. Glauconite sands of the Mabikan glauconite mine (Dehkanabad district of Kashkadarya region) and granular ammonium nitrate produced by JSC “Farg’onaazot” were used to perform experimental studies. The content of mobile phosphorus in glauconite sands was 6.1 mg/dm³.

The grinding and mixing of the components was carried out manually. The composition of the mixture was calculated in such a way that the nitrogen content in the finished dried granules was 27-28%.

For granulation, a paste consisting of ammonium nitrate sifted through a mesh (0.25×0.25 m) of glauconite sand and water was used.

The mixture was heated to 135 ° C and passed through an oscillating sieve with 2×2 mm cells so that the granules fell from a height of 1 m onto the pallet in which the rolling process was carried out. The rolled pellets were placed in a drying cabinet to remove moisture to a residual humidity of no more than 1%.

The mass fraction of ammonium nitrate and nitrogen in the finished granules was determined according to GOST 14839.3-69.

The strength of the pellets was measured in kg per pellet. The pellet was installed between two ceramic tiles and a load of various weights was placed on the top tile. The weight of the cargo was recorded, at which the destruction of fertilizer granules occurred.

During the experiment, it was found that glauconite sand is easily mixed with ammonium nitrate to form a paste. To prepare a stable composition suitable for forming granules, it is necessary to strictly control the humidity and temperature of the composition.

Stabilization (drying) of granules should be carried out at relatively low temperatures. An increase in temperature to 100 ° C leads to a violation of the uniformity of the granules, since the surface of the granules is covered with white crystals of ammonium nitrate. To increase the speed of drying granules, you can use the method of active ventilation of the drying chamber.

The granules obtained during the experiment have a dark gray color and can withstand a load of at least 2 kg per granule

When the granules get into the water, they spontaneously crumble within 1-2 minutes, while ammonium nitrate goes into solution, and the auxiliary component (glauconite sand) remains in the sediment.

Conclusions. Ammonium nitrate granules with the addition of glauconite sand do not show signs of caking or destruction when stored in an open form indoors for 6 months. Granules of pure ammonium nitrate in similar conditions begin to collapse and clump.

The performed studies allow us to conclude that the glauconite sands of the Mabikan glauconite mine (Dehkanabad district of Kashkadarya region), containing up to 30% glauconite, can be used as an additive to improve the properties of ammonium nitrate.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

1. Чернышев А.К., Левин Б.В., Туголуков А.В., Огарков А.А., Ильин В.А. Аммиачная селитра: свойства, производство, применение. – М.: ЗАО «ИНФОХИМ», 2009. – 544 с.

2. Технологический регламент производства аммиачной селитры (2012) ТР КазАзот 10.53.1011.004-12.

3. ГОСТ 2-2013. Селитра аммиачная. Технические условия. – М.: Стандартинформ, 2014. – 65 с.

4. Справочник азотчика / под ред. Е.Я. Мельникова. Изд. – 2-е, перер. – М.: Химия, 1987. – 464 с.

5. Позин М.Е. Технология минеральных удобрений: учебник для вузов. – 6-е изд., перераб. – Л.: Химия, 1989. – 352 с.

6. Romania Z. T., Larisa A.K., Alexandru O. Ammonium nitrate explosions. Case study: the Mihăilesti accident // ECOTERRA – Journal of Environmental Research and Protection. – 2015. – Vol.12, №2. – Р.56-60.

7. Dechy N., Bourdeaux T., Ayrault N., Kordek M., Le Coze J. First lessons of the Toulouse ammonium nitrate disaster, 21 September 2001, AZF plant, France, //

J. Hazard Mater. – 2004. – Vol. 111, №1-3. – Р.131-138.

8. Попок В.Н., Бычин Н.В., Попок Н.И. Характеристики полиморфных модификаций промышленных марок и фазостабилизированного нитрата аммония // Боеприпасы и высокоэнергетические конденсированные системы. -2009. – № 1. – С. 20-26.

9. Vargeese A.A., Satyawati S.J., Krishnamurthy V.N. Effect of method of crystallization on the IV-III and IV-II polymorphic transitions of ammonium nitrate //Journal of Hazardous Materials. – 2009. -№161.- Р. 373-379.

10. Нечипоренко Г.Н., Головина Н.И., Шилов Г.В. Применение сокристаллизатов нитрата аммония как способ устранения фазовых переходов в кристаллической решетке нитрата аммония // HEMs-2004: Сб. докл. междунар. конф. – Белокуриха – Бийск: ФГУП «ФНПЦ «Алтай», 2004. – С. 16-19. st

11. Головина Н.И., Манелис Г.Б., Лемперт Д.Б. Нечипоренко Г.Н., Долганова Г.П., Немцев Г.Г. Кинетика прямого и обратного фазовых переходов IV-III в кристаллической решетке нитрата аммония // HEMs-2004: Сб. докл. междунар. конф. – Белокуриха – Бийск: ФГУП «ФНПЦ «Алтай», 2004. – С. 3740.

12. Кулацкий Н.С., Кряжева М.В., Противень И.Н., Савенков А.С. Исследование кинетики модификационного превращения IV-III нитрата аммония с добавкой сульфата кальция // Вопросы химии и химической технологии. – 2004. – № 4. – С. 172-174.

13. Клякин Г.Ф., Таранушич В.А. Модифицирование аммиачной селитры добавкой нитрата калия // Сб. тр. Общеросс. науч. – технич. конф. «Новые технологии в азотной промышленности». Ставрополь: СевКавГТУ, 2007. – С.

67-69.

14. Киселев С. H., Никифоров А. Е., Седова О.А. Влияние размера частиц на полиморфные переходы аммиачной селитры // Вестник Казанского технологического университета. – 2001. – № 2. – C. 120-124.

15. Кодиров Б.Х., Хамрокулов З.А. Крупнейшие пожары и взрывы аммиачной селитры, произошедшие в истории человечества// Экспериментал тадқиқотлар №1 (2023) Б. 7-11. 

16. Kodirov, B., Sadiyeva, N., Isgenderova, S., Cherepnova, Y., Afandiyeva, L., Quliyeva, E., … & Shaumarov, A. CHEMICAL SCIENCES.

17. Bekzod Khomidzhonovich Kodirov. The largest explosions of ammonium nitrate in the XXI century. Colloquium-journal (ISSN 2520-2480), №1 (124), 50-55.

18. Никифоров А.Е. Пути фазовой стабилизации нитрата аммония // Современные проблемы технической химии: матер. докладов междунар. науч. – техн. и методич. конф. – Казань, 2004. – С. 442-443.

19. Пат. 2182143 Российская Федерация, МПК 7 С05С1/02, C05G 1/08. Способ получения стабилизированной аммиачной селитры / Наумов С. М., Коряков В.В., Кузнецов А.Г., Полякова О.А., Соловьев Б.А., Гарин Ю.М.; заявитель и патентообладатель АО “Минудобрения”. – №2000123962/12; заявл. 18.09.2000; опубл. 10.05.2002.

20. Пат. 7147830 Соединённые Штаты Америки, МПК 7 С 01 С 1/18. Стабилизированные гранулы нитрата аммония / Stabilized ammonium nitrate

granules / Kemira Growhow Oyj, Hero Heikki, Poukari Juhani. Jianzhou Wu; заявитель и патентообладатель Kemira Growhow Oyj (Finland). – № 11/206875;

заявл. 19.08.05; опубл. 12.12.06.

 21. Колесников В.П., Москаленко Л.В. Термографические исследования модификационных превращений удобрения, полученного на основе аммиачной селитры // Химическая промышленность сегодня. – 2006 – № 7. – С. 18-21.

 22. Brockel U., Wahl M., Kirsch R., Feise H.J. Formation and growth of crystal bridges in bulk solids // Chem. Eng. Technol. – 2006. – Vol. 29, № 6. – Р. 691-695.

23. Komunjer L., Affolter C. Absorption – evaporation kinetics of water vapour

on highly hygroscopic powder: case of ammonium nitrate // Powder Technol. – 2005. Vol. 157, №1. – Р. 67-71.

24. ГОСТ 21560.2-82 Удобрения минеральные. Метод определения статической прочности гранул. – ИУС.: – 2003 – С. 18-21.

25. Петропавловский И.А., Андриянова Е.А., Соколов В.В., Почиталкина И.А. Определение статической прочности гранул минеральных удобрений // Мир серы, N, P и K. – 2012. – Т. 6, – С. 8-13.

26. Kodirov B.X., Tojiyev R.R. Nitrat ammoniy suyuqlanmasiga glaukonit mineralini qo’shish asosida mikroelementlarga boyitilgan kompleks azotli mineral o’g’it olish. Scientific-technical journal (STJ FerPI, ФарПИ ИТЖ, НТЖ ФерПИ, 2022, Т.26.спец.выпуск №9), 195-198.

27. Колесников В.П., Москаленко Л.В., Белоусова Ю.Е. Влияние инертной добавки (цеолита) на прочность аммиачной селитры // Сб. тр. Общеросс. науч. – технич. конф. «Новые технологии в азотной промышленности». Ставрополь: СевКавГТУ, 2003. – С. 26-29.

28. Намазов Ш.С., Курбаниязов Р.К., Реймов А.М., Беглов Б.М. Прочность

гранул аммиачной селитры с добавками фосфоритов Центральных Кызылкумов // Химическая промышленность. – 2008. – Т.85, №2. – С. 65-70.

29. Leaper M.C., Bradley M.S., Cleaver J.A.S., Bridle I., Reed A.R., AbouChakra

H., Tüzün U. Constructing an engineering model for moisture migration in bulk solids as a prelude to predicting moisture migration caking // Adv. Powder Technol. – 2002. – Vol. 13, №4. – Р. 411-424.

30. 31 Таран Ю.А., Тaран А.В. Основные азотосодержащие минеральные

удобрения и технические решения для улучшения их качества // Изв. вузов.

Химия и хим. технол. – 2016. Т. 59, – №3. – С. 49-54.

31. Ботиров Б.Б., Беглов Б.М. Пути повышения качества аммиачной селитры // Хим. технол. Контроль и упр. – 2008. – №6. – С. 12-24.

32. Шведов К.К., Рубцов Ю.И. Оценка безопасности технологии получения

гранулирования и хранения аммиачной селитры // докл. на науч. – практ. конф «Современное состояние и проблемы производства аммиачной селитры»: ЗАО «Инфохим». – Спецвыпуск. – 2004. – С. 39-44.

33. Конвисар Л.В., Мошкович Е.Б. К вопросу обеспечения безопасной работы производства аммиачной селитры // Химическая промышленность. – 2002. – №6. – С. 40-42.

34. Жмай Л., Христианова Е. Аммиачная селитра в России и в мире. Современная ситуация и перспективы // Мир серы, N, P и K. – 2004, № 2. – С. 812.

35. Щеголев О.А. Состояние и проблемы производства аммиачной селитры //

Мир серы, N, Р и К. – 2004, – №2. – С.1-6.

36. Пат. 2416570 Российская Федерация, МПК С05С 1/18 (2006.01). Способ

получения водоустойчивого нитрата аммония (аммиачной селитры) / Михайдов Ю.М., Гатина Р.Ф., Хацринов А.И., Батырев А.В., Меркин А.А., Федотов П.И.; заявитель и патентообладатель Федеральное казенное предприятие «Государственный научно-исследовательский институт химических продуктов». – № 200912598/05; заявл. 06.07.2009; опубл. 20.04.2011.

37. Пат. 2480411 Российская Федерация, МПК С05С 1/18 (2006.01). Способ

получения водоустойчивого нитрата аммония / Михайлов Ю.М., Гатина Р.Ф.,

Хацринов А.И., Климович О.В.; заявитель и патентообладатель Михайлов

Ю.М., Гатина Р.Ф. – № 2010128039/05; заявл. 06.07. 2010; опубл. 27.04.2013. 

38. Щеголев О.А. Состояние и проблемы производства аммиачной селитры

// Мир серы, N, Р и К. – 2004, – № 2. – С. 1-6.

39. Турдиалиев У.М., Намазов Ш.С., Реймов А.М., Сейтназаров А.Р., Беглов Б.М. Неслеживающаяся аммиачная селитра с добавкой бентонитовой глины Каттакурганского месторождения // Химический журнал Казахстана. – 2016. – №1. – С. 390-404.

40 Пат. 2491261 Российская Федерация, МПК С05С 1/00 (2006.01). Способ

получения неслеживающейся аммиачной селитры / Мухачева Т.Е., Медянцева Д.Г., Захарова О.М., Гуськова М.В., Зубарева Л.В.; заявитель и

патентообладатель ОАО «ЗМУ» Кирово-Чепецкого химического комбината. – №2012107181/13; заявл. 27.02.2012; опубл. 27.08.2013.

41. Kirilov PI. J. Non-caking fertilizers from ammonium nitrate and supplementary nutrients // Univ. Chem. Technol. And Met. – 2005. Vol. 40, №3. – Р. 209-212.

42. Нагалешкин Д.А., Гришаев И.Г., Долгов В.В. Исследование гигроскопичности смесей нитрата и сульфата аммония // Хим. технол. – 2011. -№10. – С. 593-597.

43. Kydyralieva A.D., Besterekov U.B., Petropavlovskiy I.A., Yermekov S.R. Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate: кinetics of the processes // V International Conference “Industrial Technologies and Engineering” ICITE – 2018. – Vol. 1. – Shimkent, 2018. – P. 212–216.

44. Махоткин И. А., Сахаров И. Ю., Махоткин А. Ф., Сахаров Ю. Н. Закономерности кинетики абсорбции аммиака азотной кислотой в условиях

производства аммиачной селитры // Вестн. Казанского техн. у-та. -2013. -Т. 16, №14. – С. 74 – 75.

45. Лавров В.В., Шведов К.К. О взрывоопасности аммиачной селитры и удобрений на ее основе // Научно-технические новости: ЗАО «ИНФОХИМ». – Спецвыпуск. – 2004. – №4. – С. 44-49.

46. Shen L., Wang X. Thermal stability assessment of antiexplosive ammonium

nitrate // Journal Univ. Sci. and Technol. Beijing. – 2005. – Vol. 1, №12. – Р. 12-15.

47. Соснии В.Г.  Исследование взрывоопасности аммиачной селитры // докл. науч. – практ. конф. «Современное состояние и проблемы производства аммиачной селитры».: ЗАО «ИНФОХИМ». – Спецвыпуск. – 2004. -№2. – С. 5658.

48. Oxley J.C., Smith J.L., Rogers E., Yu M. Ammonium nitrate: thermal stability and explosivity modifiers //Thermochim. Acta. -2002.-Vol.384,№1-2. -Р.23-45.

49. Kydyralieva A.D., Besterekov U.B., Petropavlovskiy I.A., Nazarbeк U.B., Bolysbek A.A. Thermal decomposition of ammonia saltpeter: the process kinetics

and balance, mass calculations // V International Conference “Industrial Technologies and Engineering” ICITE – 2018. – Vol. 1. – Shуmkent, 2018. – P. 221226.

50. Besterekov U., Kydyralieva A.D., et al. Mass balance calculations of processes of ammonia saltpeter thermal decomposition and nitric acid absorption of ammonia // Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Chemistry” series. – 2019. – Vol. 96. – P. 92-97. doi:10.31489/2019ch4/92-97.

51. Рубцов Ю.И., Казанов А.И. Скорость термического разложения твердого нитрата аммония в присутствии влаги и избытка азотной кислоты //Журнал прикладной химии. – 1990. – Т. 60. – №1. -С. 3-7.

52. Han Zh., Sachdeva S., Papadaki M.I., Mannan S. Effects of inhibitor and promoter mixtures on ammonium nitrate fertilizer explosion hazards // Thermochim. Acta. – 2016. – Vol. 624. – P. 69-75.

53. Tang Sh., Liu  Z., Zhu G., Tong X., Lu Ch. Effect of additives on detonation

safety and heat stability of ammonium nitrate // Huafei Gongye. – 2003. – Vol. 30, № 4. – P. 28-32.

54. Buczkowski, D., Zygmunt, В., Pagowski, W. Effect of addition of inorganic substances on reduction of the explosibility of ammonium nitrate // Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej. – 2004. – Vol. 53, № 2-3. – P. 95-107.

55. Sun Jinhua. Catalytic effects of inorganic acids on the decomposition of ammonium nitrate / Sun Jinhua, Sun Zhanhui, Wang Qing-song, Ding Hui, Wang

Tong, Jiang Chuansheng // Journal Hazardous Materials. -2005.-№ 1-3 (127).-C. 204210.

56. Волкова А.В. Рынок минеральных удобрений – 2019 / Национальный исследовательский университет Высшая школа экономики Центр развития. –

2019. – 52 c.

57. РБК. Исследование рынков. Мировой и российский рынок минеральных

удобрений // http://marketing.rbc.ru

58. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/ru/industry-reports/ammonium-nitrate-market

You told me that I cannot love.

You told me that I was a bird without wings, 

That love was an illusion to dash me to the ground. 

You tell me that there is only pain, and that

Pain is a tiger, pulling my wings out of my back

While I writhe in agony.

You tell me that love is false, and I believed you.

I stood so close – so close to a black abyss 

That would take the agony away. 

And I felt like a bird without wings –

A bird that would never fly.

It was easy for a wingless dove to never feel the tiger’s claws.

But if love is fake, then what is it I feel?

What is it I feel when 

I watch the waves crash over red rocks,

For every grain of sand I can run through my fingers.

I will never get that sand back.

What is it I feel for a girl who I will never see, 

But holds my hand while I stare out over the abyss, 

Beckoning me home.

Love is an illusion, you say.

It will bind me for the tiger to catch, you say.

I can see that the tiger has caught you already.

Mauled you with its teeth and claws

But then what is it I still see in your eyes?

Eyes that are as cold as blood leaking from open wounds,

Scars that will never fade, from the tiger’s claws.

Did you save me from her, or are you her?

If love is fake, why do you tell me not to love?

Why do you scream for me to grow wings I can never grow,

White wings, not brown wings, not yellow wings. 

I can never grow white wings, and never can you.

If love is fake, why do I weep at night when her words

Bring me further away from the edge. 

If love is fake, why didn’t you leap into the abyss?

No, I think it is real.

Hit me if you want, you lied.

Love is why I did not step into that abyss.

I will never step into it willingly.

I will not let my eyes grow cold like yours.

Why did I want to stay, if pain will catch me?

Why did you stay?

I will not let the tiger tear my wings out so that they are the color it wants,

I grow my own wings. 

I will not let you tell me I cannot love.

I will let love wash over me in the form of her presence. 

I will see the love in your cold eyes.

Look, I can fly.

Walking out into a late Spring Day                                  

SO =   Jan was lucky to have walked out into a late spring day. They had been pushing and pushing and + but + no, no. The steps had been taken, and. That was all over. There came time for lines in the sand et centratoonlia, but, the important things were there to be taken. The yard. The grass of the yard’s so green. And, the day. Dew glistened across right left up and over and. S telephone pole stretched there pointing from between the square yards pres’t the houses uck’dde neighboring, and/und, a line could be drawn down the pole cross the grass to the sidewalk clear out to the street, if one were so inclined to desire. “Can’t Stand This [gorilla]” and.

And.

And.

One step out. Grass. Look ‘round. Look over. Step {turn} grass. Neato-rupt’ out to the pole. Lean. Down. Lean. Down. Yes; there’s something about it, yes. It does smell. :what do we smell, snark: smells like just one’s another type II weedy-rotting log but upon second glance smells much more likewhich a utility Experimental Heemio pole-trilliac pole, in some circles which may or may not exist in past or future days (does it make a sound?) all’s which-so mee’ b’ known as a rott’d heeliog of’f a trilliac’d down Experimental, Mat’ema’tic’alle, ‘sso Wagner’s gas station of great big nose acne’d, raise the lift so we can see the bottom of this Ford, quite long t’phone pole—and stepping back-Jan. While was stepping/step’t back Jan. One instant of loneliness. Struck from un’ ‘nder someplace in the press to the grass o’er bottomsides that pole, Hishteennea, think ‘m ‘h ‘e ‘ressed it’ll :get: when those three are on it down the road but no no no do not want to be lonely ‘til the three will step up off and over to get the slope down ‘cross the fat Main street : of which Jan’ll no ono never’ll be positioned to merely know of it let alone to experience it, SO, turn to the left onto the grasse long armflick’d lift od a walk’d dog who not yet existed/exists yet, moreover,  thwack-stain, thwack–stain, thwack-stain, thwack-stain, thwack-lillian’s astckly great bit dead “stain”, which rub can not get, nor Sunday to Saturday, oh so many times, as—Jan musedly walked toward a suddenly handy next thing to see, t’ ‘e <> lump in the lawn, but wide like a pile, some dirt’d been dump’d here, for some purpose or other, known only to one single person most likely, and Jan, you ought to have seen it; this mound-hill grassed-over nine-ten o’ yards ‘umferenenced roundy ‘bout why, oh why, oh, why have I never once wondered why this is here, yes why like the pole there whose being I’ve never questioned, why we’d never off’d Lucifer to know the damn thing, eh why is that there eh why do you need to know that Gimi, why d’ down’d dirt d’ya need to know that now, after all it’d been there all your limited allotted days Gimi, and it was never important to you ‘til now, when you are lonely and need somebody Gimi, why is is only when you’re lonely or need something all of a sudden what’s under this here moun’’s so equally important Gimi oh why o why Gimi, oh Gimi, why oh why, Gimi oh why and oh why and oh why Gimi Gimi stuck down on it’s platter it did become tiresome, where’s the switch there’s the switch they made it big and red to be easy to hit in the inevitable emergency life and/or limbed seven-legged emergency, which when pushed shines strong light in the room where the creature’s come [ so hot to the touch and to the touch only ] threatening, which said light make a dash n’ scurry ‘way gone of at least this problem but remember there will always be more many more yes lots more Gimi Gimi see here ha Gimi, there’s always been and always will be plenty more of me slithering in Gimi, so aw dump the scamper don’t pull that trick this time, we know you so well and sir turn-kneenevtable gas, frustration frustrationfrustrationfrustrationfrustrationfrustrationfrustration but {[ why on earth when they saw the need for an emergency stop button did they not simultaneously see that meant they felt the effort to perfect the machine was incomplete? Like, y’know,  we fear it may be deadly we fear we fear we fear et-schrectoolia,? Why’d ‘ot go ditch the red button go just design better and harder out to perfection which is actually attainable but for their inherent [don’t go there can’t go there said not to and never because you just might find HORN HORN that phrase intentionally blanked down to nonexistence]]}  ten hots for ten Hoovers lack of the simple everyday ability to see past the God-damned you-know-whats’ tip?         Bland lo Schledney     c r a n k  we get frustrated we get frustrated we get lots and lots of frustrated                                                                          oh hell of course its fine you can’t yet see. We are after all only 839 and a half pages in, and counting                                                                              drag                               block                               tackle drag    block and  tackle                                       drag block and tackle                                   God damn let us in as you rig up your damned block and tackle need power to LIFT this why the hell’d they construct this so ASS to require block-tackle and more liniment o’er the burning part to bring this big question mark of a simple gragoon-simple instance of a COMMON race RAZOR to HEEL!                                        ‘kay why’se guy why dontcha?                                         Gimme gimme here gimmi gimmi gimmi-hech’ BUT  Jan stepped toes-up to the mystery mound in the grass-lawn {back the usually most shady spot most of every hot summer} and toed a light kick into its base. Hard, they though. Now we ought-could have dug into this. To find out what’s inside, you know?   But it was not important at the time. Like always these are; when the tools commonalities and the actual object of interest (ya ya what’s its history what’s it’s [we get lots and lots of letters] history)   no more Art Linkletter ever again Gimi please promise me that Gimi please promise me o-o—o-o please promise me no more Art Linkletter ever again, Gimi   are available, the interest in knowing what’s inside is not, “whereas”, when when the tools commonalities and the actual object of interest (yrotsih ]srettel fo stol dna stol teg ew[ s’ti s’tahw yrotsih sti s’tahw ay ay ya ya) jamais d’Art Linkletter Gimi, s’il te plaît, promets-moi que Gimi, s’il te plaît, promets-moi o-o—o-o s’il te plaît, promets-moi de ne plus jamais avoir d’Art Linkletter, Gimi   are no longer available, the interest in knowing what’s inside is not, and ye yat brains    as Jan stood there musing all this out,           wow wow WOW                 a voice    bark, said the startled dog               

Hey. I’ve got this game here. Want to play it?

: turns :

What?

I said hey. I’ve got this game here. Want to play it?

Hook = Playing it alone vs. playing it with people     colorforms    piano for people unlike other people

Am tired of playing it alone. You know?

Am tired of playing this game alone.

The Futility of Protesting Near Bustling Cemeteries

(For the Most Important Person in My Life, My Son Ahmad)


Preamble:
Take my spirit for your shirt
And use my heart’s arteries for shoelaces.

Poem

My spirit patched with raw dreams,
My soft body blemished by war’s scars,
My heart crushed and crunched like
Leaves under foot—
These are the sole signs of my existence
In a room that awaits a hurricane
That dreams of unleashing its gales.

My son,
Let me say tonight,
Objectively,
That I can’t do anything more.

2
What happens,
Happens all the time.
What doesn’t happen,
Never happens,
But we always paint a comely face
On life’s hideous visage.

Translated by William M. Hutchins

Faleeha Hassan is a poet, teacher, editor, writer, and playwright born in Najaf, Iraq, in 1967, who now lives in the United States. Faleeha was the first woman to write poetry for children in Iraq.
She received her master's degree in Arabic literature, and has now published 26 books, her poems have been translated into English, Turkmen, Bosnian, Indian, French, Italian, German, Kurdish, Spain, Korean, Greek, Serbia, Albanian, Pakistani, Romanian, Malayalam, Chinese, ODIA, Nepali and Macedonian language. She is the Pulitzer Prize Nomination 2018, PushCart Prize Nomination 2019.
Member of International Writers and Artists Association.
Winner of the Women of Excellence Inspiration award from SJ magazine 2020, Winner of the Grand Jury Award (the Sahitto International Award for Literature 2021) One of the Women of Excellence selection committees 2023
Winner of women the arts award 2023
Member of Whos’ Who in America 2023
SAHITTO AWARD, JUDGING PANEL 2023
Cultural Ambassador - Iraq, USA
Email : d.fh88@yahoo.com

Ghost I Am (V2)

Here is a private hut

staring at me,

twigs & branches

over the top—

naked & alone.

I respond to an old 60s doo-wop

song:  In the Still of the Night

Fred Parris and The Satins.

Storms are written in narratives,

old ears closed to a full hearing.

I’m but a shelter cringing.

In age, nightmare pre-warned redemption.

Let’s call it the Jesus factor,

not LGBT symbols in Biden’s world.

I lost my way close to the end.

Here is this shelter in heaven

poetry imagined spaces

prematurely still not all the words fit,

in childhood in abuse

lack of reason for bruises

rough hills, carp that didn’t bite,

and Schwinn bike rides

flat tires, chains fall off, spokes collapse—

this thunder, those storms.

Find me a thumbnail

image of myself in centuries of dust.

Stand weakened by nature

of change glossed over, sealed.

Archives.

Old men, like a luxurious battery,

die hard, but with years, they

too, fade away.

California Summer (V2)

Coastal warm breeze

off Santa Monica, California

the sun turns salt

shaker upside down 

and it rains white smog, a humid mist.

No thunder, no lightening,

nothing else to do

except for sashay 

forward into liquid

and swim

into eternal days

like this.

Four Leaf Clover (V5)

I found your life smiling

inside a four-leaf clover.

Here you hibernate in sin.

You were dancing in the orange fields of the sun.

You lock into your history, your past, withdrawal,

taste honeycomb, then cow salt lick.

All your life, you have danced in your soft shoes.

Find free lottery tickets in the pockets of poor men and strangers.

Numbers rhyme like winners, but they are just losers.

Positive numbers tug like gray blankets, poor horses coming in 1st.

Private angry walls; desperate is the night.

You control intellect, josser men.

You take them in, push them out,

circle them with silliness.

Everything turns indigo blue in grief.

I hear your voice, fragmented words in thunder.

An actress buried in degrees of lousy weather and blindness.

I leave you alone, wander the prairie path by myself.

Pray for wildflowers, the simple types. No one cares.

Purple colors, false colors, hibiscus on guard,

lilacs are freedom seekers, now no howls in death.

You are the cookie crumble of my dreams.

Three marriages in the past.

I hear you knocking my walls down, heaven stars creating dreams.

Once beautiful in the rainbow sun, my face, even snow

now cast in banners, blank, fire, and flames.

I cycle a self-absorbed nest of words.

Casket of Love (V3)

This moon, clinging to a cloudless sky,

offers the light by which we love.

In this park, grass knees high, tickling bare feet,

offers the place we pass pleasant smiles.

Sir Winston Churchill would have

saluted the stately manner this fog lifts,

marching in time across this pond

layering its ghostly body over us

cuddled by the water’s edge,

as if we are burdened by this sealed

casket called love.

Frogs in the marsh, crickets beneath the crocuses

trumpet the last farewell.

A flock of Canadian geese flies overhead

in military V formation.

Yet how lively your lips tremble

against my skin in a manner no

sane soldier dare deny.

Michael Lee Johnson lived ten years in Canada during the Vietnam era. Today he is a poet in the greater Chicagoland area, IL. He has 295 YouTube poetry videos. Michael Lee Johnson is an internationally published poet in 44 countries, a song lyricist, has several published poetry books, has been nominated for six Pushcart Prize awards, and six Best of the Net nominations. He is editor-in-chief of three poetry anthologies, all available on Amazon, and has several poetry books and chapbooks. He has over 453 published poems. Michael is the administrator of 6 Facebook Poetry groups. Member Illinois State Poetry Society: http://www.illinoispoets.org/.  Remember to consider me for Best of the Net or Pushcart nomination!

Abdujabborova Diyorabonu Oblokhlovna

Today’s woman’s role in society

Honoring a woman and showing respect to her is one of the noble characteristics of the Uzbek people. In this sense, a lot of work is being done in Uzbekistan to strengthen the place and position of women in society. The President of our country highly appreciates the place and role of women in society, protects their rights and interests, creates the necessary conditions for our women to become knowledgeable, modern specialists, qualified professionals, and build healthy and strong families.

First of all, the birth of a healthy child and its upbringing, the protection of mothers’ and children’s health is the most important task in the constant attention of our state and society. A woman’s role in the family and in our modern developing society is extremely important. Isn’t it in the hands of us women to bring up children, make them mature, and educate young people who will contribute to the development of our country, so that every boy and girl can find their own way in the future? In fact, at present, bringing out the potential of women in our society, strengthening their role in raising a mature generation, and ensuring their active participation in our comprehensive reforms has become one of the priority directions of our state’s policy.

The basis of our life, the vision and the future of our nation will be women. Today, with her mind, knowledge and talent, hard work and enthusiasm, she shakes up the decisive areas of life – whether it is family management, state and community management, medicine, education, culture and science development. Whether it is farming activity or small business entrepreneurship, women have been performing such complex tasks effectively. Today’s woman’s knowledge, talent, intelligence, creativity and creativity are surprising the world once again.

in Boyovut district of Sirdarya region

 13th general secondary school

 Promoter of Creative Cultural Issues

“Closet”

There is nothing

On the other side

We both know this

I am just a figment of

Their imagination

And they are mine

When they knock on the door

I pretend I cannot hear it

They walk around in the blackness

And I walk in the sun

I meet a girl at school

She tells me she remembers

What the darkness feels like

I tell her I do not

I have only ever been in

The Sun

We are friends in a way

That I have never been 

Friends before

Mom tells me that

Girls are not supposed 

To be friends like this

I tell her it feels natural

My Sun fades and

My world grows a little

Darker

I tell my Mom that

My world is dim

She tells me that

Everyone’s world is dim

I don’t want to believe her

I want to show her

The door in my room

That closes off the dark

She does not follow me there

I stand in front of the door

And I feel the girl stand beside me

I reach for the handle and

The Sun in my room flickers

The door swings open and

I see myself

He is scared and he is young

And he is me

My Sun flickers out.

———————–