In the history of Uzbek and Turkestan literature, there are remarkable figures whose names are inseparably linked with the awakening of the nation and the ideals of enlightenment and freedom. One of these outstanding personalities is Abdulhamid Cho‘lpon. He was not only a talented poet and writer, but also a courageous intellectual who lived with the pain of his nation and devoted his life to the spiritual awakening of his people.
A Path Toward Knowledge and Enlightenment
Cho‘lpon created his works under several pen names, including “Cho‘lpon,” “Qalandar,” “Mirzaqalandar,” and “Andijonlik.” Although the writer lived relatively recently, different sources provide varying information about his birth year. Some mention 1883, 1896, 1897, and 1898. According to most researchers, the most reliable date is 1898. It was in this year that he was born in the Qoraterak neighborhood of Andijan.
The poet’s father, Sulaymonqul Bazzoz, was a merchant but also one of the enlightened and progressive people of his time. Hoping that his son would follow in his footsteps, he even opened a shop for him. Cho‘lpon managed the business responsibly; however, his heart was drawn not to trade but to knowledge and literature.
Recognizing his son’s passion for learning, his father supported him wholeheartedly. Subscribing to various newspapers and journals—even those published abroad—greatly broadened the young Cho‘lpon’s worldview. He studied both in a madrasa and in a Russian-native school, distinguishing himself from an early age with his deep thirst for knowledge.
The First Steps in His Creative Journey
Cho‘lpon began writing at around the age of sixteen. His earliest articles and literary works were published in the newspapers Sadoi Turkiston and Sadoi Farg‘ona, as well as in the journal Sho‘ro, which was published in Orenburg.
Unfortunately, due to the complex historical circumstances of that period, many of the poet’s works written before the revolution have not survived to the present day. Today, only a few of his early works remain, including the articles Railways in Our Homeland Turkestan and What Is Literature?, the essay Osh, the feuilleton The Victim of Ignorance, and the short story Doctor Muhammaddiyor. Through these works, the social problems of that era, the hardships of the people, and the urgent need for enlightenment become clearly visible.
Jadidism and National Awakening
At the beginning of the twentieth century, Turkestan was experiencing a complex socio-political period. During this time, a group of enlightened intellectuals emerged from among the people, dedicating themselves to the progress and awakening of the nation. Among them were figures such as Mahmudxo‘ja Behbudiy, Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Avloniy, Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziy, and Munavvarqori Abdurashidxonov. Alongside these devoted reformers stood Cho‘lpon.
The Jadids promoted the renewal of society through education and enlightenment. They called for the development of Turkic languages, the advancement of national literature and culture, and the spread of modern knowledge. Cho‘lpon became an active advocate of these ideals. Supporting the idea of Turkestan autonomy, he participated in propaganda and awareness campaigns in various cities.
The Soul of the Nation in Poetry
Cho‘lpon’s literary works stand out for their deep reflection of the people’s spirit. His poetry vividly expresses the suffering of the nation, the hardships of the people, and their hope for freedom.
Through the following lines, the poet powerfully expresses his purpose:
I am a traveler who has set out on a long and difficult road,
On this path, my guiding star shines above me.
I am the pure strength of my homeland’s aspirations,
The rising of that star is the coming of the day.
These lines reflect not only the poet’s personal emotions but also the collective aspiration of an entire nation striving for freedom.
The Days When Justice Was Restored
During the Soviet era, patriotic writers like Cho‘lpon were subjected to persecution. Their works were banned, and their names were suppressed for many years. Yet history has a way of revealing the truth.
With the independence of Uzbekistan, the invaluable legacy of Cho‘lpon and other Jadid intellectuals was returned to the people. Today, their works are being republished, studied, and honored with great respect.
The life and творчество of Cho‘lpon remind us of an important truth: those who serve the progress of their nation are never forgotten. Even today, his works play a vital role in educating the younger generation in the spirit of patriotism, enlightenment, and free thought.
Indeed, the name of Abdulhamid Cho‘lpon continues to shine brightly in the sky of Uzbek literature. His words, his ideas, and his dreams will forever live in the heart of the nation.
FORMATION METHODOLOGY OF STANDARDIZATION SKILLS IN THE FORMALIZATION OF GRAPHIC DOCUMENTS IN SCHOOL TECHNICAL DRAWING
Associate Professor of the Department of Art Studies, Qoʻqon Davlat Universiteti: A.X. Abdullayev
3rd-year student of the Department of Fine Arts and Engineering Graphics, Qoʻqon Davlat Universiteti: Tuychiyeva Odinaxon Ahmadjon qizi
Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqola maktab chizmachilik darslarida grafik hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirishda standartlashtirish koʻnikmalarini shakllantirishning samarali metodikasini ishlab chiqish va amaliyotga tatbiq etishga bagʻishlangan. Zamonaviy sanoat va texnologiyada muhandislik grafikasi va standartlarga rioya qilishning muhimligini hisobga olgan holda, maktab oʻquvchilarida ushbu koʻnikmalarni rivojlantirish zarurati tadqiqotning asosiy muammosi hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot doirasida tajriba-sinov ishlari olib borilib, unda anʼanaviy va taklif etilayotgan metodika boʻyicha taʼlim olgan oʻquvchilar guruhlarining grafik hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirish sifatidagi farqlari tahlil qilinadi.
Kalit so’zlar: Chizmachilik, grafik hujjatlar, standartlashtirish, ko’nikmalar, metodika, maktab ta’limi, pedagogika.
Аннотация: Данная научная статья посвящена разработке и внедрению эффективной методики формирования навыков стандартизации при оформлении графических документов на уроках черчения в школе. С учётом важности инженерной графики и соблюдения стандартов в современной промышленности и технологиях, необходимость развития данных навыков у школьников рассматривается как основная проблема исследования.
В рамках исследования проводятся опытно-экспериментальные работы, в ходе которых анализируются различия в качестве оформления графических документов у групп учащихся, обучающихся по традиционной и предлагаемой методике.
Ключевыеслова: черчение, графические документы, стандартизация, навыки, методика, школьное образование, педагогика
Abstract: This scientific article is devoted to the development and implementation of an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in the preparation of graphical documents in school drafting classes. Considering the importance of engineering graphics and compliance with standards in modern industry and technology, the need to develop these skills among school students is identified as the main research problem.
Within the framework of the study, experimental work is carried out to analyze the differences in the quality of graphical document preparation between groups of students taught using traditional methods and the proposed methodology.
Keywords: drafting, graphical documents, standardization, skills, methodology, school education, pedagogy.
Introduction
No other subject develops students’ imagination and thinking abilities as effectively as technical drawing. In a developed society, the importance of engineering graphics and technical drawing is steadily increasing. It is impossible to imagine any technical project, production process, or construction work without clear and well-structured graphic documentation. For such documents to be understandable, they must comply with specific standards, that is, unified rules and requirements.
At a time when special attention is being paid to modernizing the education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and preparing young people for modern professions, developing skills for preparing graphic documents in accordance with standards in school technical drawing classes has become an urgent task.
Currently, in school practice, the focus in teaching technical drawing is mainly placed on the technique of drawing itself. Graphic literacy (the ability to create and read drawings) is considered the primary condition for mastering technical drawing knowledge. However, insufficient attention is paid to developing students’ skills in formatting drawings according to state standards (GOST, O‘zDSt) or international standards (ISO). As a result, after graduating from school, students face difficulties in higher education institutions or vocational colleges when studying technical specialties, particularly in formatting graphic documentation. This may negatively affect the training of qualified engineers, designers, and technologists in the future. This problem necessitates the development of a new methodology aimed at effectively forming standardization skills in educational practice.
The purpose of this research is to develop scientific and methodological foundations for forming standardization skills in preparing graphic documents in school technical drawing lessons and to test them in practice. The main objectives of the study include analyzing existing teaching practices, identifying the didactic potential of standardization, developing methodological approaches considering students’ age characteristics, and experimentally proving their effectiveness.
Research Methodology
The theoretical foundation of the study is based on works of domestic and foreign scholars in the field of technical drawing and engineering graphics didactics, pedagogical technologies, and the theory of skill formation.
The following research methods were applied: pedagogical observation, interviews, questionnaires, testing, pedagogical experiment, and statistical analysis.
The current practice of teaching technical drawing and the initial level of students’ knowledge and skills in standardization were examined. Surveys were conducted among teachers and students to determine their attitudes toward learning standardization and to identify existing difficulties. Textbooks and curricula were analyzed in terms of how standardization elements were reflected in them.
Based on the identified problems and analysis results, a new methodology aimed at forming standardization skills was developed. This methodology was based on the principles of systematicity, consistency, visualization, practicality, learner-centeredness, and differentiated instruction.
The methodology included special learning tasks, practical assignments, project-based learning elements, and recommendations for working with computer graphics software (such as simplified versions of AutoCAD, SolidWorks, or similar free tools). Special attention was paid to adapting standards such as GOST 2.104-2006 (Main inscriptions), GOST 2.301-68 (Formats), and GOST 2.303-68 (Lines) to school conditions.
To determine the effectiveness of the developed methodology, a pedagogical experiment was conducted. Two groups participated: a control group and an experimental group. Each group consisted of 18 eighth-grade students, with a total of 36 participants. The control group was taught using traditional teaching methods, while the experimental group used the newly developed methodology.
At the beginning and end of the experiment, tests and practical assignments were conducted to assess students’ skills in preparing graphic documents in accordance with standards. Practical tasks included drawing detail sketches, filling in the title block (main inscription), and correctly applying dimensions. The results were analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods.
Literature Review
The issue of forming skills in preparing and standardizing graphic documentation in school technical drawing has been reflected in numerous studies in engineering graphics and pedagogy.
Scientific sources on engineering graphics widely cover the theoretical foundations of graphic documentation, drawing rules, and the system of standard requirements. Regulatory documents, especially GOST standards, establish unified rules for formatting graphic documents, including formats, scales, line types, fonts, dimensioning rules, and title block requirements. These standards serve as an essential methodological basis for developing students’ technical literacy.
Pedagogical research emphasizes the importance of competency-based approaches, practical training, and step-by-step formation of skills. Ensuring the integration of theory and practice, applying the principle of visualization, and organizing independent work contribute significantly to the effective development of standardization skills.
In recent years, particular attention has been given to the application of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching technical drawing, improving graphic literacy, and developing engineering thinking. However, existing literature does not sufficiently address the systematic formation of standardization skills in formatting graphic documentation at the school level.
Therefore, this research is scientifically and practically significant as it aims to develop and implement an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in school technical drawing lessons.
Analysis and Results
The results of the pedagogical experiment clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed methodology. At the initial stage of the experiment, the level of knowledge and skills related to standardization in both groups was approximately the same. The average scores of the control and experimental groups were 58% and 60%, respectively, indicating no statistically significant difference.
At the end of the experiment, the results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group. The average score of the experimental group reached 85%, while the control group achieved 65%.
In a five-point grading system, students’ level of compliance with standards reached 3.9 points.
Observations indicated that students in the experimental group began to approach standardization consciously during the drawing process. They performed line types, dimensioning rules, and title block formatting more accurately and quickly. Errors related to GOST 2.303-68 (Lines) decreased by 2.5 times, and errors related to GOST 2.104-2006 (Main inscriptions) decreased by three times.
Students’ creativity and independent work skills also improved significantly when completing project-based tasks. Their ability to use computer graphics software improved, enabling them to comply with standards in digital formats.
Survey results showed increased motivation and interest in technical drawing among experimental group students. They began to perceive standardization not as a collection of dry rules but as an integral part of technical culture.
The success of the methodology can be explained by several factors:
First, it presents standardization as a practical and professionally significant skill rather than a set of abstract rules.
Second, it ensures a systematic and consistent approach, gradually increasing task complexity.
Third, it integrates computer graphics tools, which enhance accuracy and adapt students to digital drawing environments.
Although the study confirms the effectiveness of the methodology, it was conducted with a limited number of students and within a specific age group. Further research is required to test its applicability in other educational contexts and to evaluate its long-term effectiveness.
Conclusion
This study was aimed at developing and implementing an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in preparing graphic documents in school technical drawing lessons.
The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methodology significantly improved students’ knowledge and practical skills related to standardization. The higher performance of the experimental group confirms the scientific validity and practical relevance of the methodology.
Students not only learned to comply with standards but also developed greater interest in technical drawing and enhanced their engineering thinking.
The developed methodology can be integrated into school technical drawing curricula and serve as a strong foundation for preparing qualified engineering professionals in the future. The formation of standardization skills improves not only technical literacy but also accuracy, responsibility, and systematic thinking.
Future research may focus on applying this methodology to other age groups and vocational institutions, as well as studying the role of digital drawing technologies in developing standardization skills. Long-term monitoring of graduates’ academic and professional success would also be valuable.
FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR ROʻYXATI
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4. OʻzDSt 2.104-2006. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Asosiy yozuvlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.
5. OʻzDSt 2.301-68. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Formatlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.
6. OʻzDSt 2.303-68. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Chiziqlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.
7. ISO 128-1:2020. Technical product documentation (TPD) – General principles of presentation – Part 1: Introduction and fundamental requirements. International Organization for Standardization.
8. Shishkin, P. I. (2015). Metodika prepodavaniya cherchaniya v obshcheobrazovatelnoy shkole. Moskva: Akademiya.
9. Vinnikov, V. I. (2017). Inzhenernaya grafika i osnovy konstruirovaniya. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks.
10. Mirziyoyev, Sh. M. (2021). Yangi O’zbekiston strategiyasi. Toshkent: O’zbekiston.
11. Tursunov, R. (2016). Grafik kompetensiyalarni shakllantirishning pedagogik-psixologik asoslari. Pedagogika fanlari nomzodi dissertatsiyasi. Samarqand.
12. G’aniyev, B. T. (2022). Chizmachilik darslarida zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish. Xalq ta’limi jurnali, (3), 45-50.
13. Smirnov, S. A. (2019). Didaktika vysshey shkoly. Moskva: Urait.
14. Khojiyev, J. S. (2020). O’quvchilarda texnik tafakkurni rivojlantirishning didaktik imkoniyatlari. Yosh olimlar axborotnomasi, (2), 89-94.
Talented Student/ Biology and Chemistry / International Certificate Holder
Date birth: October 2
Place of birth: Uzbekistan
Education: Student at Shakhrisabz School number 38
Fields of activity: Advanced Biology learning, international projects, personal growth
Early Achievements and Educational path
Durdona Shafqatullayeva is a high-achieving and intellectually capable student with strong academic performance an active volunteer and a participant in international conferences.
The Human Skeletal System: General Overview of Bones Student of 38-School
Shafqatullayeva Durdona
Abstract.
The human skeletal system provides the fundamental structural framework of the body and plays a vital role in movement, protection of internal organs, mineral homeostasis, and hematopoiesis. Bone is a dynamic, living tissue that continuously adapts to mechanical, hormonal, and metabolic influences. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the human skeletal system, emphasizing bone classification, structure, biological functions, growth, remodeling processes, and clinical relevance. Understanding skeletal biology is essential for medical and health sciences, as skeletal disorders significantly impact human mobility and overall quality of life.
Keywords
Human skeleton, bones, skeletal system, bone structure, bone remodeling
Introduction
The skeletal system is a cornerstone of human anatomy and physiology. It not only defines the shape of the body but also enables movement and protects vital organs. Unlike the common perception of bones as rigid and inert, skeletal tissue is metabolically active and responsive to both internal and external factors. Throughout life, bones undergo constant remodeling to maintain strength and mineral balance. A detailed understanding of the skeletal system is therefore fundamental for medical education, clinical practice, and preventive healthcare.
Organization of the Human Skeletal System
In adults, the human skeleton consists of 206 bones, systematically arranged into two major divisions:
Axial skeleton (80 bones), comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, which primarily protect the central nervous system and thoracic organs.
Appendicular skeleton (126bones), including the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which facilitates locomotion and interaction with the environment.
This structural organization reflects a balance between protection, support, and mobility.
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified according to their shape and functional characteristics:
Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, act as levers for movement and support body weight.
Short bones, including carpals and tarsals, provide stability with limited motion.
Flat bones, such as the cranial bones and sternum, protect internal organs and offer broad surfaces for muscle attachment.
Irregular bones, including vertebrae, serve specialized structural and protective roles.
Sesamoid bones, exemplified by the patella, improve mechanical efficiency by reducing friction at joints.
This classification demonstrates how bone morphology is closely linked to biomechanical function.
Bone Structure and Composition
Bone tissue consists of an organic matrix and an inorganic mineral component. The organic portion, primarily collagen fibers, provides flexibility and tensile strength, while the inorganic component, mainly calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite, confers rigidity and resistance to compression.
Structurally, bones contain:
Compact (cortical) bone, forming the dense outer layer
Spongy (trabecular) bone, which is lighter and distributes mechanical stress efficiently
Within certain bones, bone marrow is present and plays a critical role in blood cell formation.
Physiological Functions of Bones
The skeletal system performs several essential physiological functions:
Structural support and posture maintenance
Protection of vital organs, including the brain, heart, and lungs
Facilitation of movement through muscle attachment
Regulation of mineral storage, particularly calcium and phosphorus
Hematopoiesis within red bone marrow
These functions highlight the skeletal system’s importance in maintaining systemic homeostasis.
Bone Growth and Remodeling
Bone development and maintenance depend on a tightly regulated remodeling process involving osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During childhood and adolescence, bone formation exceeds resorption, leading to growth and increased bone mass. In adulthood, remodeling preserves skeletal integrity and adapts bone architecture to mechanical stress.
Nutritional factors, physical activity, hormones, and aging significantly influence this process.
Clinical and Medical Relevance
Skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, fractures, scoliosis, and degenerative joint diseases pose major public health challenges worldwide. Understanding bone biology is essential for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in imaging techniques and orthopedic medicine have improved outcomes yet maintaining skeletal health through proper nutrition and physical activity remains a cornerstone of prevention.
Conclusion
The human skeletal system is a dynamic and multifunctional framework essential for survival and movement. Bones are living tissues that continuously adapt to physiological demands, underscoring their role beyond mechanical support. A comprehensive understanding of skeletal structure and function is fundamental for medical research, clinical practice, and the promotion of lifelong musculoskeletal health.
References
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Standring, S. (2021). Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.) Elsevier.
Ross, M.H., &Pawlina, W. (2020). Histology: A Text and Atlas (8thed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Clarke, B. (2008). Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3(Suppl3), S131– S139.
Compston, J.E., McClung, M.R., & Leslie, W.D. (2019). Osteoporosis. The Lancet, 393 (10169), 364– 376. Raggatt, L.J., &Partridge, N.C. (2010). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285 (33), 25103– 25108.
