PHILOSOPHY OF VALUES (AXIOLOGY), THEIR ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT

Navoi State University

Faculty of Natural Sciences and 

Medicine First-Year Student

Rahmatullayeva Elmira

Rahimjon qizi

Research Supervisor:     

 Ashurov Shodmon Sharofovich 

ABSTRACT:

This article analyzes the philosophy of values — axiology — its subject matter, stages of formation, main categories, and its significance in human life. The social, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic manifestations of values, their role in the development of society, and the transformation of value systems in the context of modern globalization are scientifically examined. Furthermore, the philosophical essence of the harmony between national and universal values is revealed.

Keywords: value, axiology, spirituality, morality, aesthetic values, national values, universal values, evaluation, value system, concept of heritage. It occupies an important place in human life. It is one of the main branch of philosophy that studies moral, aesthetic, and social criteria. Throughout the development of humanity, values have been an integral part of social life. Every era lives based on its own spiritual and cultural values. Values are considered an important factor that determines a person’s worldview and behavior, and they have been formed during the development of society and transmitted from generation to generation. During each stage of social development, a specific system of values is formed, and social relations emerge on this basis.

MAIN PART

In all philosophical teachings of the past, special attention was paid to the essence of values and their role in society, emphasizing their importance in spiritual development. The active relationship of human beings to objective reality, as well as the development of the material and spiritual environment, leads to the formation of new values based on continuity or renewal. As a result, opportunities for social, spiritual, and political development expand.

Any phenomenon that occurs in the process of social development rises to the level of a value not only because it had positive significance in the past, but also because it creates new opportunities for the future.

Values are considered an important factor in understanding and transforming the world. The essence of each value is determined by its ability to help comprehend society and the human spiritual world, as well as its influence on spiritual development. The diversity and enrichment of values reflect the expansion of human cognitive abilities.

When evaluating values, it is important to take into account the historical conditions in which they emerged. Each value is a product of its time, and in assessing it, the social, political, and cultural opportunities of that period should be considered.

In general, values are material and spiritual assets that are formed and developed in the course of historical progress and exert a positive influence on social life. They become embedded in people’s consciousness and acquire social significance.

Values have both objective and subjective aspects. Objective values are formed on the basis of the material living standards and opportunities of society, while their subjective aspect is determined by people’s attitudes and evaluations of them. In the process of adhering to and evaluating values, both personal and universal interests play an important role.

Types of Values

According to their essence, values are divided into material and spiritual values.

Material values include architectural monuments created by humans, works of art, and the beauties of nature.

Spiritual values include concepts such as morality, etiquette, knowledge, science, faith, skills, and belief. These two types are closely interconnected and complement one another.

1. Values Related to the Material Environment

These include the beauty of nature, nature reserves, and the necessary conditions for human life.

2. Values Manifested in Traditions, Customs, and Rituals

These values are reflected in a person’s behavior, morality, and etiquette. Various customs and rituals find expression in everyday life.

3. Values Related to Knowledge and Practical Activity

Human skills, abilities, experience, and talent are also considered values. For example, the creation of a great artwork by an artist depends on their experience and capability.

4. Values Related to Age, Profession, and Gender

At different stages of human life, values also change. For instance, national clothing or profession-specific traditions express certain social values.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the philosophy of values occupies an important place in human and social life. Values shape human spirituality and elevate a person’s attitude toward the surrounding environment. Through values, mutual respect, justice, and solidarity are established in society.

Therefore, preserving values, instilling them in the consciousness of the younger generation, and applying them in practical life are important tasks. Indeed, the formation of values plays a fundamental role in human development.

References

1 Aksiologiya (Qadriyatlar falsafasi) asoslari. (2016). Fan va texnologiya. (50–65-betlar).

2 Aristotel. (2016). Nikomax etikasi. G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot.

3 Falsafa qomusiy lug‘ati. (2004). Sharq.

4 Forobiy, A. N. (2016). Fozil odamlar shahri. Yangi asr avlodi.

5 Karimov, I. A. (2008). Yuksak ma’naviyat – yengilmas kuch. Ma’naviyat.

6 Qodirov, A. (Ed.). (2018). Falsafa: Oliy o‘quv yurtlari uchun darslik (1-bob: Aksiologiya predmeti). O‘zbekiston.

7 To‘rayev, B., & Haydarov, B. (2020). Falsafa fanidan ma’ruzalar matni. Toshkent.

GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND SCREENING

Yunusova Sarvigul Siroj qizi

2nd year student at Bukhara Medical Institute

Annotation Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the urgent problems in modern medicine, and their detection at late stages is the cause of high mortality rates. This article extensively covers the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and the importance of early diagnosis and screening programs for gastrointestinal cancers. It also analyzes the possibilities of modern screening methods – endoscopic examinations, laboratory and molecular diagnostics. Based on the article, it is possible to significantly increase the survival rate of patients through early detection of the disease.

Keywords: stomach cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, screening, early diagnosis, endoscopy, biopsy, oncology, risk factors, prevention.

Introduction

Gastrointestinal cancers include tumors of the stomach, colon and rectum, esophagus, small intestine and other digestive organs. Among them, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are especially common oncological diseases worldwide. According to World Health Organization data, colorectal cancer occupies one of the leading positions in terms of morbidity and mortality.

The main problem of gastrointestinal cancers is that the disease is often asymptomatic or has vague symptoms in the early stages. As a result, patients seek medical attention at a late stage. Therefore, early diagnosis and screening programs are of great importance in preventing the disease and reducing mortality.

Main part

1. Etiology and risk factors of gastrointestinal cancers

The following factors play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal cancers:

•  Unhealthy diet (salted, smoked products, low-fiber foods)
•  Chronic inflammatory diseases
•  Hereditary predisposition
•  Smoking and alcohol consumption
•  Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
•  Chronic infections (e.g. Helicobacter pylori)
•  In particular, Helicobacter pylori infection can cause a long-term inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa, leading to dysplasia and subsequent malignant transformation.

2. Clinical signs and problems

In the early stages, patients experience the following common symptoms:

• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
•  Abdominal pain
•  Bleeding (occult or overt)
•  Anemia

However, these symptoms are often confused with simple gastritis or colitis. As a result, an accurate diagnosis is delayed.

3. Early diagnostic methods

Early diagnosis is a set of measures aimed at detecting the disease before the clinical symptoms become obvious.

Main diagnostic methods:

Endoscopy (FGDS, colonoscopy) – allows for visual detection of tumors and biopsy.

Biopsy and histological examination – the “gold standard” for making an accurate diagnosis.

Immunochemical tests – detect occult blood.

CT and MRI – determine the extent of tumor spread.

Molecular genetic tests – are important for determining the risk group.

Regular screening examinations are recommended for people over 50 years of age for colorectal cancer. In developed countries, screening programs have increased the rate of early detection of the disease.

4. The importance of screening programs

Screening is a screening system aimed at detecting the disease in a population without clinical symptoms.

Advantages of screening:

Detection of cancer at stages 0–I

Reduction in mortality

Increasing the effectiveness of treatment

Economic efficiency

For example, early detection and removal of colon polyps can prevent the development of cancer in the future. Therefore, screening is not only diagnostic but also has a preventive value.

Conclusion

Gastrointestinal cancers are a global health problem, and their late detection is the cause of high mortality. The widespread implementation of early diagnosis and screening programs allows for early detection of the disease, effective treatment, and increased survival rates. Promoting a healthy lifestyle among the population, reducing risk factors, and undergoing regular medical examinations are important areas of cancer prevention.

Used literature

1. Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries // CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. – 2020.

2. Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L., Laversanne M., Soerjomataram I., Jemal A., Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: Worldwide burden of cancer // CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. – 2021.

3. World Health Organization (WHO). Cancer fact sheets: Colorectal and gastric cancer. – Geneva: WHO Press, 2023.

4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. – Lyon: IARC Publications, 2020.

5. DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. – 11th ed. – Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.

6. Jameson J.L., Fauci A.S., Casper D.L., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. – 21st ed. – New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2022.

7. Feldman M., Friedman L.S., Brandt L.J. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. – 11th ed. – Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020.

8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer and Gastric Cancer. – Version 2023. – Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA.

9. Rustamov Sh.A. Fundamentals of Oncology. – Tashkent: Abu Ali ibn Sino Medical Publishing House, 2020.

10. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Clinical protocols for stomach and colon cancer. – Tashkent, 2022.

NIGHT OF THE CURACH

I want to live

Where the sea is the end of the world

And the curach sways 

Sweet as the nightingale

In the melody of the galan 

To her sweet high-pitched thorn

I surrender

To the curach’s guttural waves and chatter

Bleeding ink across the bay

Through the eyes of Inishturk

Cast your nets

To the Trinity’s lone hand

That waits

In the driftwood

In the smoke on the hills, moves a hush

Till evening comes in

In its enormity

Let the end of the world

Wash over me

In your golden lugent hair

Sweet Niamh

Where the black curach sways as

Sweet as the nightingale

In the stillness of 

A dodecahedron

Isn’t that how the world 

Took your mind

In Reading Gaol

In the night of the curach

I am perched upon 

Such worlds

“Kamilah the Miracle Filly,” by Angela Alioto, wins the Courage for Freedom Film Award

San Francisco. The “Courage for Freedom Film Award” has been awarded to Angela Alioto’s film “Kamilah the Miracle Filly” narrated excellently by Joe Mantegna, winner of a Tony Award, multiple Emmy nominations, and honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 

The coveted award was presented to Angela Alioto last week by Count Federico di Wardal.

The citation is: “for creating a work of high cinematic value based on saving a life through courage and faith, with unparalleled determination “

Angela Alioto, politician, president of the Knights of St. Francis, and one of the most esteemed lawyers in the United States, has taken actions considered of historic importance for human and civil rights and for peace, upholding the creed of St. Francis of Assisi of universal love, which is the goal of SF founded by the Franciscan missions.

Alioto gave also a strong contribution to San Francisco concerning cinema.

The SF Film Commission is attributed specifically to her legislative initiative as its creator.

But let’s get back to the film “Kamilah, the Miracle Filly”. 

It is the true story of the filly Kamilah that doctors had decided to put down, refusing to operate on her legs. 

The story captivated California, spread throughout the USA, landing in Europe, where Angela Alioto is known too, and in the rest of the world, via social media. 

Through UC Davis, Alioto operated on Kamilah, saving her life, during months of tribulation. 

At that point she committed to making the film “Kamilah the miracle filly” selected in 2025 at the LA Tribune IFF, chaired by Moe Rock and Emily Letran and winner at the SF New Concept IFF chaired by Joanna Zhang and at the Vesuvius FF, in Pompeii (Italy) chaired by Giovanna D’Amodio. 

Alioto, as well as the Count Federico Wardal, was friend of the film legend Federico Fellini and she always was involving in an international film entourage. 

At the same time, Francesco Garibaldi Hibbert, a descendant of the hero of two worlds Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his friend Count Federico di Wardal met in LA last summer and decided to found the “Courage for Freedom Film Award” and “Courage for Freedom” and to create the film “Anita,” with music by Andrea Ceccomori, centered on a touching poem of the highest artistic value by the hero Garibaldi on the agony and death of his young Brazilian wife Anita. 

For this, an unusual aspect emerges for a hero: being also a poet and poetry is close to the border with cinema. 

Here’s what the coveted award is: The “Courage for Freedom Film Award” is issued by the “National Giuseppe Garibaldi Association” to honor excellence in films that exalt the universal values ​​that inspired the revolutionary Hero of Two Worlds, Giuseppe Garibaldi, in his quest for freedom, equality, and justice for oppressed peoples.

The award immediately became one of the most coveted internationally, supported by institutions for peace, the protection of human rights, the environment, and film festivals with these missions. 

Congratulations again to Angela Alioto and a call to everyone to cultivate a profound awareness of inner peace.

Mini Essay on The Book of Love and Mourning (prose poems and photographs)

87 pages print 

105 pages electronic 

colour photography 

independent 

publication, (February 2026)

-Brian Barbeito

The book is out and a copy arrived. I think it’s well done in content (the writings and photos) and the physical book looks and feels nice. A large softcover work, perfect to go on coffee tables or carry around, not dissimilar to the first two collections, Still Some Crazy Summer Wind Coming Through, and When I Hear the Night. The covers and the yellow of this one are cheerful and upbeat, positive. 

Plus, it’s different, interesting, and unique. Inside and the actual book as I said. When I think of it; who needs another book that looks like all other books? There are millions that look so regular. Something different has been done! For instance, there are not nearly as many ‘prose’ poets as there are regular poets in the poetry worlds. Secondly, the poet is the photographer and it’s his work (my work), on the covers and throughout. 

Everything about it is original. 

If Tara hadn’t put this volume together, though I had written and photographed and compiled the manuscript, I don’t know if I could have. It takes patience and some technical skill and learning. Also, there is a picture of Bear and one of Paws (next to Raquel’s artwork, a painting of dogs on the wall beside Paw’s cat tree in the picture). So, Bear, nearer the start of his life, represents new beginnings, and Paws closer to the end of his life, the last chapter if one will, is seen dignified and independent and is remembered, honoured, immortalized through this photograph. Love and mourning. We love them of course when they are with us, and we mourn their loss. 

The book works on several levels. Poetry book. Photography book. Travel companion. Coffee table work. Conversation piece. Honoring the past. Acknowledging the present. And looking to the future…

-Brian Barbeito 

February 2026. 

Zulfiyaxonim –A Poet Who Left a Lasting Mark

Zulfiya Isroilova, widely known as Zulfiya, was one of the most respected and loved poets of Uzbekistan. She was born in 1915 in Tashkent, she showed a passion for literature from a young age. Her first poem was published when she was only seventeen years old , marking the beginning of a lifelong dedication to writing. Throughout her life, she not only wrote poetry but also worked as a journalist, editor, and translator. Her contributions left a permanent mark on Uzbek literature and inspired many people.

Zulfiya’s poetry is known for its depth and emotional power. She wrote about love, hope, sorrow, and the struggles of her people, connecting personal feelings with social and historical events. After the early death of her husband, the famous poet Hamid Olimjon, her works became even more expressive and heartfelt. Through her poems, she shared her personal grief and reflected the difficulties faced by society during war and challenging times. Her creativity was not limited to poetry; she also translated works of foreign writers into Uzbek, helping to introduce international literature to her readers.

One of the most remarkable aspects of Zulfiya’s work is her commitment to women’s rights and education. She encouraged young women to express themselves and participate actively in society. Through her poems and journalistic work, she highlighted the value of equality, justice, and moral responsibility. She believed that literature could teach, inspire, and influence positive change in people’s lives. Her efforts earned her prestigious awards, including the title of People’s Poet of Uzbekistan, Hero of Socialist Labor, and international recognition such as the Nilufar Prize.

Zulfiya’s influence continues today. Her poetry remains a source of inspiration for both students and professional writers. She showed that writing is not only an art but also a tool to educate, unite, and heal. Through her legacy, we learn about resilience, compassion, and the importance of cultural heritage. Her life proves that one person’s dedication can leave a lasting impact on society.

In memory of Zulfiya, we honor her creativity, courage, and devotion. Her words continue to live in the hearts of readers, reminding us of the power of literature and the responsibility of artists to inspire others. Zulfiya’s life and work teach that through art, dedication, and empathy, one can make the world a better place. She remains a shining example of how poetry can transcend time, touch lives, and leave an everlasting legacy.

I am Jurayeva Barchinoy Boboqulovna, a second-year student at the University of World Languages in Uzbekistan, majoring in English Philology. I am passionate about poetry, reading, writing, and exploring new ideas. I enjoy creating essays and articles that reflect my thoughts and perspectives on literature, culture, and creative expression.

ANDIJAN: ON THE CROSSROADS AIMING FOR THE FUTURE

 “My Andijan, which saved my soul there, remained with me…”

  (Babur)

     Uzbekistan is a Motherland that lives forever in our hearts! O dear country, which has captured the morning shimmer of the sun in your orbits, I feel helpless, no matter how many words I find to describe you. You are a sacred land where stars embrace in your mountains, where the wind writes pages in your steppes, and where the breath of life sparkles in your rivers and lakes! Sun particles smile and scatter across your sky. Every morning your dawn breeze creeps through my soul. These breezes feel as if they carry not just the air, but the living breath of history. You are like a perfect picture drawn for the face of the earth; I feel the breath of tranquility at your every point. You are not the pearl of the East; you are the crown set within its bosom! Thousands of dreams blossom in your every inch of soil, and the birds that fly in your sky sing the song of freedom.

     Andijan! The rays of dawn are reflected in your white tunics, the wings of swallows harmonize in your silk belts. You are radiant like a bride whose solar hair is scattered across the sky. You are a miracle that has made both the sun and the stars fall in love with you. You are a mother who bestows hope in the hearts of your children and courage in their gaze.

     In the heart of every person is imprinted the bright image of the land where they were born and raised, where they took their first breath. This image is not only a geographical location but a part of the soul, the beginning of destinies, the first foundation of the future. Andijan, in turn, is the lifeblood of blessed Uzbekistan, a living witness to a thousand years of history, the inspirational abode of the great Mirzo Bobur, the land of hardworking and sincere people, the supporting mountain of the nation. The description of this land, where every inch of soil is kneaded with the traces of history, and every drop is moistened by the sweat of a hardworking farmer’s brow, is beyond an epic poem. My chest is full of pride and honor for growing up under the warm sun of Andijan and being raised among its rich culture and generous people. This is not just a fleeting emotion, but a feeling ingrained in my heart and soul, an eternally connected spirit, a dear fortress to me. It is not only the apple of the eye of the Fergana Valley but also a majestic land standing tall as the Eastern gate of the country, a symbol of the harmony of historical heritage and modern development.

     The great personality who stamped his seal on Andijan’s glory is undoubtedly Zahiriddin Bobur. The great writer of his time, statesman, and great commander, this world conqueror who founded the Mughal Empire in India, was born in the dignified bosom of this land. Talented poets and poetesses, including Nodira and Muhammad Yusuf, the Venerable Jadid Abdulhamid Chulpan, the world-recognized Shaykh Muhammad Sadiq Muhammad Yusuf, Shaykh Hasan, Husayn Yahyo Abdulmajid, and many other scholars and intellectuals originated precisely from this region.

     Andijan is the most invaluable gift nature has bestowed upon the local people. This land, which is one of the most fertile and lush areas of the valley, is deservedly called the “Jewel of the East.” Even the thistle that grows here is a cure for a thousand ailments. The true wealth of the province, I believe, lies in its simple, hardworking, and sincere people. Andijan residents are known for their devotion, sincerity, and hospitality. Their every word and gaze reflect boundless love for the homeland, respect for labor, and gratitude for life. Here, let alone speaking a harsh word to a person seeking refuge, even looking at them coldly is considered a sin. Their tables are always open, and their magical hands are always ready to prepare pilaf.

Their friendly words and unique, sincere dialect are proof of their warm embrace, even for strangers who come from afar. The juicy accent is like a stream rushing through the blood of every Andijan resident. I also speak this dialect, and it always gives me a special warmth and pride.

     Andijan people are very emotional individuals who completely immerse themselves in work, friendship, and even sorrow with their entire being. The neighborhood is the center of life in Andijan. The ties of neighborliness here are extremely strong. There are such close neighbors who share fresh bread when baked, and meat from their meal when cooked, that an unaware person might think they were born from the same mother. Their affection, kindness, and generosity are extraordinarily high. Those who are too shy to address each other as “you” are Andijan residents; those who hold weddings for forty days and forty nights are Andijan residents; it is exactly them who have turned unity and community into a core value! In particular, Andijan is a crossroads of cultures, a magical land where the vigor of people whose hearts are as bright as their faces is reflected, a place upon which the Creator’s gaze has fallen.

     Today’s Andijan fundamentally differs from yesterday’s. The province is known not only for its cotton fields but also as the powerful heart of modern industry. Moreover, Andijan is considered a center of the sacred religion of Islam, a hearth of science and enlightenment. This region has presented countless talented individuals to society—from scholars and philosophers, famous religious figures to undefeated athletes, sharp-penned poets and writers to Honored People’s Artists of Uzbekistan—all have emerged from this land. In the remote villages of the region, there are still countless women and girls faithful to their “paranji”, accomplished reciters of the Quran, as well as students worthy of various named scholarships and honorary titles, striving intensely in the pursuit of knowledge. This is, of course, a vivid proof that the future of Andijan is bright.

Dilafruz Muhammadjonova was born on January 2, 2007, in Qorghontepa District, Andijan Region, Uzbekistan. She is currently a second-year student at the Faculty of Philology of the Uzbekistan National Pedagogical University named after Nizami, majoring in Uzbek Language and Literature Education.

She is proficient in Uzbek, English, Turkish, and French. She holds national certificates in Mother Tongue and Literature as well as English.