Let’s Dance

One, two, buckle your shoes.

Three, four get on the floor.

Five, six, step on your feet.

Seven, eight, dance on the beat.

Nine, ten, move like the wren.

Eleven, twelve, roll like the fawn. 

Thirteen, fourteen sway like the swan

Fifteen, sixteen, swing on the tune.

Swirl with joy, transcend time. 

Dance, the form of cultured minds.

Feel the rhythm and dance divine.

Let’s dance!

Dance Across the World

Dance across the world, 

All leave their own trace.

Ballet, balanced, flawless grace, 

Eight body limbs poised in perfect space, 

From Italy to France it spread,

Angels with pointed toes waltzing pirouette overhead

Flying on clouds, ravishing danseuse, 

Each movement a dream, tender and loose.

Ballroom couples’ alluring smiles that gleam, 

Elegant posture, rolling shoulders in style, a flowing stream.

Europe to the USA curving patterns, swaying hips, 

Thrusts and lifts; locks and drops they flip.

A story of passion silently told in a gist.

From San Francisco, the Contemporary began,

Beginnings of Modern Dance, where freedom ran. 

Legwork strong and body controlled;

Contract, release, daring and bold.

Shifts of rhythm, sudden speed,

Floor work, fall and recovery freed. 

Flamenco flames from Spain arise, 

Posture proud are main, spirit flies. 

Fierce glances turn with daring, artful charm;

Swirling flounces of dress; upheld naked arms;

Flirtatious gestures, hasty, heated rhythms;

Clapping the castanets, spread darting flame’s prism.

Street dance, hip-hop, energy vast.

Borrowed, versatile style, the die is cast.

Tap, tango, jazz dances flow.

From European, African, the American modern shows. 

Emotions and moods to design their steps, 

Feet like drums, rapid footwork sets.

Dancer’s foot and shoe work, so intricate.

Salsa and Rumba, down in Cuba, 

Fusion of dance and music of Ganzá,

Mambo, Cumbia, Festejo roll. 

Break steps, spins, loud moves and drops. 

Trinidad and Tobago do the Calypso.

Everybody dances to the beat of the disco.

Buenos Aires hums with Tango’s heat,

Milonga, flamenco, rhythms meet.

Fast, sensual dance from Argentina; 

Influences from the Cuban habanera. 

Brazilian Samba, hypnotic, bright,

Guatemala’s Marimba dances the night.

Egyptian belles sway with might,  

Dynamic shaking solo with torso twists in moonlit light.

Middle Eastern rhythms ignite. 

Torso isolates, artistry shown with body parts;

Fascinating, beautiful body art.

From India’s heart, classical dance,

Bharatanatyam tells tales at a glance.

From Tamil Nadu, southern India 

Hand mudras tell a story that’s the idea. 

Kathakali: southwestern India’s religious dance. 

Inspiration from Ramayana and Shiva’s romance 

Ramayana’s lore,

Kathak:  northern India, 

A dance of love, ghungroos implore.

Manipuri from Manipur, northeastern India.

Folk traditions and rituals, from life of God Krishna. 

Smooth and graceful, oh what charisma! 

Andhra Pradesh: Kuchipudi, sensual dancing, 

Sprinkling holy water, a ritual with singing.

Odissi, from Orissa in eastern India 

Fifty mudras, lyrical, sensuous dance

Goddesses rise, deities loom.

Dazzling, daring goddesses, deities pursue.   

Indian dance lifts souls and leaves all in a trance.

Soulful hearts immerse in beautiful romance. 

Bhangra, vibrant martial movements, folk dance from Punjab

Jhumer dancers sway folk dance with roots in Punjab, Balochistan, 

Dhali, war- themed, martial arts dance with swords and shield

Baul, mystic tradition with expressive moves and spiritual themes,

soul is healed.

Manipuri, Santal tribal dances graceful and intricate moves revealed.

Festival dances from Bangladesh fascinate the audience; they beam.

Methodical, precise, yet free;

Dancing soft, swift feet to the beat in harmony.

Perfection with passionate emotions ignite; 

Eases mind and lifts high to divinity, excites. 

Glittering garments shine like tremulous waves

Sparkling trinkets sparkle with rhythmic display. 

Dancers’ eyes ravish with rapture,

Amazing aura, audience easy to capture

Dance from east to west, north and south

Continents with diverse traditions and muse.

Dance, dance! Dance with the steps 

Shake your body, the way you can best

Let it touch your heart and soul

Let music lift you and make you whole.

Let the onlooker applaud and smile;

Stress will fade, your spirit will sing,

Poetry births song, and dance takes wing.

Poetry gives birth to music, song and dance. 

Poetry gives life, meaningful contrasts. 

Brief Biography of Tasneem Hossain

Tasneem Hossain, a multi-lingual poet, author, educator, translator and columnist from Bangladesh has left an undeniable mark on the literary world. With a major in English language and Literature, she is a prolific writer who crafts poetry in English, Bengali and Urdu. Her works span from poetry, fiction, op-eds, translations and educational writings making her a versatile and influential literary figure.   

She has immersed herself in the timeless essence of literary creations. She believes, ‘poetry is music through words, an ever-flowing river reflecting all that surrounds us.’ Tasneem writes poetry only when her passion is aroused and this can be observed in the powerful flow of her ink.  

A strong literary presence, she is a multifaceted author, a talented and gifted soul, an experienced educator and a business leader. Her profound and emotive writings have captured the hearts and illuminated the lives of countless of readers worldwide. Tasneem’s works have transcended geographical boundaries, reaching readers from diverse cultures and backgrounds. Her impactful writings have been featured in more than 280 esteemed anthologies, journals, daily newspapers and international magazines worldwide. Some of her books are available in 40 countries.

Her op-eds and columns create awareness about social and human rights issues- including domestic abuse, war and peace. Her writings are a powerful call to humanity to stand against injustice and war. As an op-ed writer, she has written more than 175 articles. 

Several of her articles and poems are utilized as teaching material in universities and academies in Bangladesh and China; some have found their way in university research papers and some have been referenced in university research papers. She also conducts international workshops on haiku writing.

Adjudged the ‘100 most influential literary figures of 2025’, by Barcelona Adibia. She is the winner of The International Literary Association Creative Tribune, Walt Whitman 2025 Contest and first place holder in the English Language category of The International Literary Association CREATIVE TRIBUNA’s ” Friedrich Schiller International Literary competition 2025”. She has also won the prestigious Giovanni Pascoli Award for 2026-2027 and Shahittyapata Award 2025 and 2026. She has won many other awards and recognition from different literary groups around the world. Her poems have been translated in 18 languages and her powerful writings are regularly featured in esteemed publications around the globe. A member of World Writers’ Union, she has been recognized as World’s Contemporary Writers 2024 and 2025 in several anthologies and interviewed on several literary platforms in recognition of her contributions to world literature. She has also been recognized as ambassador of peace and Humanities by ‘The Egyptian International Organization for Ambassadors of Peace and Humanities’

She is the Editorial Ambassador, Bangladesh for the popular international literary magazine, Wordsmith International Editorial, USA and Board Ambassador of Literacy and Culture of the Asih Sasami Indonesia Foundation, Indonesia for five years (2025-2030). 

An author of three poetry collections—Grass in Green, The Pearl Necklace, and Floating Feather and a book of articles Split and Splice, she also leads an international poetry project and group called Life in Lyrics. Additionally, four more books are currently in progress.

She served as a faculty member of Business English at Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology. Currently, she is the director of the prominent human resource development organizations, Continuing Education Centre (Bangladesh), and Cansaz Services and Distribution LLC (Canada). With 29 years of experience, she is a highly regarded Business consultant, and English Language and Communication Management trainer. 

She actively participates in sports whenever the opportunity arises. She also participated in the national badminton championships in Bangladesh. For 10 years, she worked as a newscaster, commentary reader, interviewer and radio presenter for Radio Bangladesh. She has also directed plays, including Shakespeare’s ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.

You can connect with Tasneem Hossain through email: cec.tasneem@gmail.com 

Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tasneem-hossain-280b891aa/ 

Iraqi poet Kareem Abdullah

1- In the breath of destiny

I felt you in the wind that caresses the sea,

in every wave that bows to the sky to touch your name.

My veins are rivers seeking your shore,

and my breath—a white horse—runs toward your dreams.

Among the stars, I have built a bridge of silence,

to walk toward you with steps of desire.

Do not fear the distance, nor the wait:

I am already on the horizon where you call me.

And when time casts its cloak over the evening,

you will find me there—

in the heartbeat you recognize as yours,

in the embrace that knows no bounds.

2- A hesitant laugh, its charm bottled in a jar.

She bowed her heart, heavy with memories, burying its sharp pains.

She buried the makeup of her life behind a bridge destined for an untimely death, and said goodbye to what fate had shattered in the pockets of caprices. It continues, in its sky,

the leaves of salvation hover, adorned with the stumps of tears.

And among its flowers, a hesitant laugh hides, amazed by the crowd of wrinkles.

A cacophony of yellow spreads through the joints of its thresholds, its moans suffocating it.

Who tied the wings of its tentacled dawn?

She shakes off the legacy of isolation and the air that suffocates her every time a dream caresses her hair, a dream that has abandoned her waking conversation.

And that cold touch, timidly hastening,

repeats itself in its distant circles.

A crack in her heart widens. 

Like a faceless fetus,

shattering everything else,

a warm whisper lingers beneath his dream-soaked clothes,

trembling with mourning. 

Throats of lament spill over his winter bed, tracing his bewilderment. He curls up under the tattered blanket of a time that sweeps away his tender flowers. 

His strings murmur of piercing ghosts escaped from his window. Many promises, like arrows, struggle impossibly among the branches of memory. 

The strings of calls grow hoarse, and the unconsciousness of estrangement devours his pain-stricken day. Grief wallows in the shards of his mirror, practicing anguish, burying his smiling yesterday in a thick crypt that dismantles the rebirth of the future. 

He entrusts his secrets, prodigal of disappointment, to the pillows of absence. 

Without permission, he refines the hammer of displacement. 

Her sleepy waterwheels, from the windows of her days, escape the tranquility of her imprisoned curtains, her enchantments locked in a bottle of suffocating expectation in unknown ports. In her voice, the exhausting distances are shortened in the neigh of femininity, while the topography intertwines in a mirror that has smuggled the collapse of flowers, thus a torpor creeps in, floating,

covering the skin of hope.

Kareem Abdullah – Irak 

THE RОLE ОF THE NАTIОNАL CENTER FОR HUMАN RIGHTS IN IMPLEMENTING DECISIОNS ОF UN TREАTY BОDIES.

Tаshkent Stаte University оf Lаw 

Mаster’s student in Mediа Lаw 

Аshurоvа Dinоrа Аnvаrqul qizi 

Аbstrаct: This аrticle exаmines the mechаnisms fоr implementing cоncluding оbservаtiоns аnd decisiоns аdоpted by UN treаty bоdies аt the nаtiоnаl level. The reseаrch fоcuses оn the rоle оf Nаtiоnаl Humаn Rights Institutiоns (NHRI), specificаlly the Nаtiоnаl Center оf the Republic оf Uzbekistаn fоr Humаn Rights, in this prоcess. The аrticle аnаlyzes institutiоnаl mоdels fоr implementing internаtiоnаl recоmmendаtiоns intо nаtiоnаl legislаtiоn. Relying оn the “Pаris Principles”, the аuthоr reveаls the Nаtiоnаl Center’s functiоn аs а “bridge” between stаte bоdies аnd internаtiоnаl оrgаnizаtiоns. Аs а result оf the study, scientific prоpоsаls fоr imprоving the mоnitоring system fоr the implementаtiоn оf treаty bоdy decisiоns аre put fоrwаrd.

Keywоrds: UN treаty bоdies, institute, mechаnism, Nаtiоnаl Center, implementаtiоn, humаn rights, mоnitоring, cоncluding оbservаtiоns, nаtiоnаl mechаnism, “hard law”, “soft law”, “Follow-up”. 

MАVZU: BMT SHАRTNОMАVIY ОRGАNLАRI QАRОRLАRINI АMАLGА ОSHIRISHDА INSОN HUQUQLАRI BО‘YICHА MILLIY MАRKАZNING О‘RNI.

Tоshkent dаvlаt yuridik universiteti

ОАV huquqi mutаxаssisligi mаgistrаnti

Аshurоvа Dinоrа Аnvаrqul qizi. 

Аnnоtаtsiyа: Ushbu mаqоlаdа Birlashgan Millаtlаr Tаshkilоti (keyingi о‘rinlаrdа BMT) shаrtnоmаviy оrgаnlаri tоmоnidаn qаbul qilingаn yаkuniy mulоhаzаlаr vа qаrоrlаrni milliy dаrаjаdа ijrо etish mexаnizmlаri tаdqiq qilingаn. Tаdqiqоt mаrkаzidа Insоn huquqlаri bо‘yichа milliy institutlаrning (NHRI), xususаn, Insоn huquqlаri bо‘yichа О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsi Milliy mаrkаzining (keyingi о‘rinlаrdа Milliy mаrkаz) ushbu jаrаyоndаgi о‘rni yоtаdi. Mаqоlаdа xаlqаrо tаvsiyаlаrni milliy qоnunchilikkа implementаtsiyа qilishning institutsiоnаl mоdellаri tаhlil qilinаdi. Muаllif “Pаrij prinsiplаri”gа tаyаngаn hоldа, Milliy mаrkаzning dаvlаt оrgаnlаri vа xаlqаrо tаshkilоtlаr о‘rtаsidаgi “kо‘prik” sifаtidаgi funksiyаsini оchib berаdi. Tаdqiqоt nаtijаsidа shаrtnоmаviy оrgаnlаr qаrоrlаrini аmаlgа оshirishning mоnitоring tizimini tаkоmillаshtirish bо‘yichа ilmiy tаkliflаr ilgаri surilgаn.

Kаlit sо‘zlаr: BMT shаrtnоmаviy оrgаnlаri, institut, mexаnizm, Milliy mаrkаz, implementаtsiyа, insоn huquqlаri, mоnitоring, yаkuniy mulоhаzаlаr, milliy mexаnizm, “hard law”, “soft law”, “Follow-up”. 

ТЕМА: РОЛЬ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ЦЕНТРА ПО ПРАВАМ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В ВЫПОЛНЕНИИ РЕШЕНИЙ ДОГОВОРНЫХ ОРГАНОВ ООН.

Ташкентский государственный юридический университет

Магистрант по специальности права СМИ

Ашурова Динора Анваркуловна.

Аннотация: В данной статье рассматриваются механизмы реализации на национальном уровне заключительных замечаний и решений, принятых договорными органами Организации Объединенных Наций (далее – ООН). Исследовательский центр фокусируется на роли национальных правозащитных учреждений (НПИ), в частности, Национального центра по правам человека Республики Узбекистан (далее – Национальный центр), в этом процессе. В статье анализируются институциональные модели имплементации международных рекомендаций в национальное законодательство. На основе «Парижских принципов» автор раскрывает функцию Национального центра как «моста» между государственными органами и международными организациями. В результате исследования выдвигаются научные предложения по совершенствованию системы мониторинга выполнения решений договорных органов.

Ключевые слова: договорные органы ООН, институт, механизм, национальный центр, осуществление, права человека, мониторинг, заключительные замечания, национальный механизм, «жесткое право», «мягкое право», «последующие действия».

INTRODUCTION. In the contemporary international legal order, the system of human-rights protection is shifting from purely declarative documents to practical mechanisms capable of producing tangible results. Decisions and recommendations adopted by United Nations treaty bodies serve as a “mirror” of member states’ international obligations in the field of human rights. However, the extent to which these “soft law” instruments (i.e., documents of a recommendatory character) are effectively implemented at the national level depends directly on the activities of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs). In the context of Uzbekistan, the National Centre is emerging as the key coordinating body responsible for integrating these decisions into the national legal system.

To understand the essence of the research topic more deeply, it is first necessary to pay attention to the etymology of the concepts “institution” and “mechanism”:

“Institution” (from Latin institutum) denotes an apparatus, establishment, order, or custom. Originally this term conveyed the meaning of “to establish” or “to set up” something. In a legal context, institution refers not only to a building or organization, but also to a system of rules and norms that regulate stable social relations. Therefore, an institutional analysis of the National Centre allows us to view it not merely as an agency, but as a “constellation of arrangements designed to establish a human-rights culture.”

“Mechanism” (from Greek mēchanē) means a device or apparatus. Etymologically, a mechanism denotes the movement of parts that are organically interconnected in order to achieve a certain result. The phrase “national implementation mechanism” implies that state organs, legislation, and monitoring processes must function as a single, coherent whole, operating “like a clock” with precise internal coordination.

In the annex to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated 23 June 2020, “On Approval of the National Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Field of Human Rights,” existing shortcomings in the human-rights sphere at the national level are identified. Findings obtained from analyzing the current situation in the human-rights field in the country, as well as the systematic analysis of recommendations issued within the framework of the United Nations treaty bodies, special rapporteurs who have visited Uzbekistan, the Universal Periodic Review, and other international mechanisms, indicate that in order to ensure effective protection of human rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests, democratic reforms in this sphere must be deepened and consistently continued.

• First, it is necessary to establish mechanisms for ensuring the protection of human rights and legitimate interests, and to eliminate legal gaps in the implementation of international human-rights standards into national legislation and the practice of law enforcement.
• Second, clear mechanisms for implementing human-rights-related activities by state-governance bodies and civil-society institutions in a spirit of cooperation have not yet been developed. In addition, the system of parliamentary and public oversight over the adequate implementation of Uzbekistan’s international human-rights obligations needs further improvement.
• Third, it is necessary to bring the activities of state-power and governance bodies in the field of human rights under clear legal regulation, adopt required programmatic documents in this area, and define a precise procedure for their development and implementation.
• Fourth, it is essential to expand the practice of applying norms of international human-rights treaties in the decisions of courts and law-enforcement bodies, to improve the monitoring system for the observance of the rights of persons held in pre-trial detention facilities and places of deprivation of liberty, and to develop clear mechanisms for implementing the recommendations of treaty-body committees.
• Fifth, it is required to strengthen guarantees for the protection of an individual’s civil, economic, social, political, and cultural rights and freedoms, including by intensifying responsibility for violations of these rights.
• Sixth, it is necessary to systematically foster a culture of respect for human rights and freedoms in society, and to professionally support judges, law-enforcement personnel, and other state-body employees by systematically improving their capacity and training on human-rights issues, so as to ensure full implementation of the recommendations of international and regional mechanisms.

At the same time, in order to further reform the activities of the National Centre, the Presidential Decree No. PQ-4056 “On Improving the Activities of the National Centre of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Field of Human Rights,” effective from 11 December 2018, and the Presidential Decree No. PQ-46 “On Approval of the National Education Programme in the Field of Human Rights,” effective from 8 February 2023, were adopted. These documents are regarded as fundamental foundations that turn the system of human-rights protection in Uzbekistan from a purely theoretical framework into practical mechanisms. From the standpoint of institutionalism theory, their significance can be analyzed as follows:

• Decree No. PQ-4056 – Establishing the primacy of the National Centre

The 2018 Decree re-defined the National Centre as the single, central coordinating body of the state in the field of human rights:

• Institutional strengthening: The Centre was granted not only monitoring powers, but also the authority to provide binding, mandatory recommendations to state bodies on human rights. This transformed the “building” into a real-life institution endowed with substantive powers.
• Bridge to the UN: The Decree formally designated the Centre as the principal national representative for cooperation with United Nations treaty bodies and other international organizations.
• Accountability: A clear procedure (set of “rules of the game”) was established for collecting and systematizing human-rights-related reports submitted by state bodies.
• Decree No. PQ-46  “Protection through Knowledge” (Education Programme)

Signed on 7 February 2023 and entering into force on 8 February 2023, this document is regarded as the “educational layer” of human-rights reforms.

• Institutionalizing society: In order for human rights not to remain mere text on paper, society needs a form of “legal immunity.” The National Education Programme approved by this Decree aims at teaching human rights to all categories of state officials and different segments of the population.
• Training professional cadres: A systematic training system for law-enforcement bodies and the judiciary, based on United Nations standards, has been introduced. This reduces errors in the implementation of UN decisions caused by the “human factor.”

The adoption of Decree No. PQ-4056 and Decree No. PQ-46 indicates that a comprehensive national system for fulfilling Uzbekistan’s international obligations in the field of human rights has been created. While the first document strengthens the institutional structure (the “framework”), the second ensures the content-related and educational sustainability of that structure.

Although the legal foundations for cooperation with United Nations treaty bodies have been established in Uzbekistan, the need remains to further enhance the National Centre’s institutional competences and monitoring methods for implementing international decisions at the national level. The purpose of this article is therefore to reveal the institutional nature of the National Centre and to analyze its participation in the implementation of United Nations decisions through the lens of a new theoretical model.

In modern legal and political scholarship, the concept of “institution” carries a meaning far broader than that of a physical infrastructure or a mere building. As Douglas North, one of the pioneers of institutionalism theory and a Nobel laureate in economics, emphasized, “Institutions are the rules of the game in a society, shaping the patterns of human interaction.”

METHODS. Applying the outlined institutional-theoretical model, an analysis of the National Centre enables us to uncover its essence at three levels:

• Sum of formal rules (Formal constraints) The National Centre is not merely an administrative unit composed of staff and office space, but rather a normative-legal system oriented toward the implementation of the international treaty obligations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Its internal regulations, monitoring procedures, and reporting mechanisms function as “legal channels” that “import” decisions and recommendations of United Nations treaty bodies (for example, the Human Rights Committee) into the domestic legal order and thereby concretize international obligations into national practice. 
• Institutional “bridge” function (“Bridge” Model). Drawing on Ryan Goodman and Derek Jinks’s socialization theory, states internalize and implement international norms most effectively not only under external pressure, but when domestic institutions assimilate those norms as part of their own institutional logic. In this sense, the National Centre operates as an institutional “bridge” between the global human-rights order and local practices: it mediates international standards (BMT treaty-body decisions, UPR recommendations, soft-law instruments), translates them into domestic procedures, and embeds them into the behavior of state organs and civil-society actors. This twofold perspective-viewing the Centre both as a system of formal constraints and as a social-institutional bridge-provides a richer framework for analyzing its role in the implementation of United Nations decisions and the broader institutionalization of an international human-rights culture in Uzbekistan.

Within this process, the National Centre:

• Performs the role of a transformer that converts the UN’s “soft law” into national “hard law”: it acts as a key node that channels the non-binding, recommendatory character of UN treaty-body decisions (“soft law”) into binding domestic instruments such as Presidential decrees and resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers (“hard law”).

In other words, the National Centre functions not only as a monitor and coordinator, but as an institutional converter that re-codifies international guidance into concrete, enforceable national legal and administrative acts, thereby operationalizing BMT-level recommendations in Uzbekistan’s domestic legal order.

• In the perspective of institutional design and independence (“The Logic of Design”), the way in which a human-rights institution is evaluated depends not on how modern its building is, but on how far it is designed in accordance with international standards (the Paris Principles). The National Centre’s interactions with UN treaty bodies and its participation in national law-making show its functional institutionalization.

In summary, an institutional analysis of the National Centre shows that it functions as a dynamic system transforming international standards in the field of human rights into everyday national practice, rules, and obligations of state bodies. As the classical representative of institutionalism theory, D. North emphasizes, institutions are understood as systems of rules that shape social interactions. From this perspective, the National Centre for Human Rights is not merely an administrative structure or a building, but a system of formal arrangements designed to integrate the decisions of United Nations treaty bodies into the national legal order. 

According to the approach of R. Goodman and D. Jinks, such institutions carry out a “socialization” function, embedding international norms into domestic legal and political practice. This, in turn, ensures that United Nations recommendations are not reduced to mere paper commitments, but are transformed into real, functioning national mechanisms.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The practical mechanisms of the National Centre for the implementation of decisions of United Nations treaty bodies. The National Centre’s institutional activities in ensuring the implementation of “Concluding Observations” issued by UN treaty‑body organs (for example, the Human Rights Committee or the Committee against Torture) are manifested at three main stages:

• Developing national action plans (“roadmaps”);

United Nations bodies’ recommendations are often of a general nature. The National Centre is regarded as the key body responsible for converting these recommendations into the legal system of Uzbekistan. Once UN recommendations are received, the National Centre develops national action plans for their implementation. For example, governmental decrees of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the implementation of treaty-body recommendations, as well as “roadmaps” and similar recommendatory-character documents (“soft law”), are transformed by the Centre into imperative norms (“hard law”) and applied within the national legal order. This role confirms the Centre’s function as a translating and operationalizing institution that turns abstract international-rights guidance into concrete, binding national rules and institutional practices.

• Monitoring and coordination function;

The National Centre is not merely an implementing body, but also a central body that monitors the execution of these recommendations by other state agencies (such as the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the Prosecutor General’s Office). In this context, the National Centre performs the role of an “internal watchdog.” It collects reports from each state agency, analyses them, and issues guidance on how to address identified shortcomings.

• Follow‑up mechanism with the UN (“re‑engagement” mechanism). 

The National Centre acts as the state’s “single information window” before the international community. It submits interim and periodic reports to the UN Committees, and this process constitutes an institutional mechanism that demonstrates the state’s commitment to its international obligations. Thus, the National Centre does not merely function as an agency that collects and transmits statistical data on the implementation of UN decisions but rather appears as a strategic coordinating centre that internalizes international standards into national law and policy. This indicates a high degree of institutionalization of the National Centre. 

Research findings show that although the National Centre occupies a central position in ensuring the implementation of UN treaty-body decisions, several institutional reforms are necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the process. For example: 

• Strengthening the “parliamentarization” mechanism 

United Nations treaty bodies frequently call in their recommendations for an increased role of parliaments in the implementation of international decisions. It is recommended to legally strengthen the mechanism whereby the reports on the implementation of UN recommendations, prepared by the National Centre, are mandatorily heard each year by the chambers of the Oliy Majlis. This may enhance the institution’s political authority and accountability in line with the Paris Principles.

• “Smаrt-mоnitоring”;

At present, data collection is carried out in most cases by traditional methods. A single electronic database designed to monitor the implementation of UN recommendations in real-time should be fully brought into operation. In this system, each responsible ministry (for example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the Ministry of Health) would be required to upload the implementation status of the relevant provisions. This would help to eliminate unnecessary bureaucracy (“paper-free” system).

• Institutionalizing relations with civil society and the media. 

Of course, in this context the role of the “fourth power,” that is, the media, is highly important. The independence and credibility of state reports can be ensured by activating the work of a “Public Council” under the National Centre that monitors the implementation of UN decisions and by broadly involving independent journalists and representatives of non-governmental non-profit organizations (NNT) into this body. 

CONCLUSION. In conclusion, it is necessary to emphasize that studying the activities of the National Centre for Human Rights through the prism of institutionalism theory allows a renewed interpretation of this body’s fundamental place within the national legal system. As the analysis has shown, the National Centre is not merely an administrative building or a static institution, but rather a dynamic institutional mechanism that transforms international human-rights standards into a stable, nationally embedded set of rules and procedures. Functioning as a functional “bridge” between the will of the international community and the implementing power of the state apparatus, it ensures the coherence of the legal order.

The National Centre therefore appears not simply as an administrative structure, but as a strategic institutional mechanism that shapes Uzbekistan’s standing in the international legal arena. From the standpoint of institutionalism theory, this body is the primary channel through which United Nations decisions are “institutionalized” and converted into concrete, everyday legal norms at the domestic level. The proposed reforms will not only strengthen the Centre’s coordinating role, but also elevate its supervisory function to a new level.

As demonstrated in the article, the recommendations issued by international treaty bodies – elements of “soft law” – are, precisely through the National Centre’s coordinating activities, converted into binding national norms, “hard law.” This process guarantees that international standards are not merely inscribed on paper, but are implemented in practice through national “roadmaps” and regulatory instruments. Moreover, the “Follow-up” system (implementation monitoring and re-engagement) operated by the Centre has been identified as one of the most effective means of monitoring the state’s adherence to its international obligations.

At the end of the investigation it can be stated that the effectiveness of reforms in the field of human rights in Uzbekistan is directly linked to the degree of refinement of this national mechanism. Enhancing the National Centre’s institutional capacity – particularly by expanding digital monitoring systems and strengthening its organic linkage with parliamentary oversight – will serve the unconditional implementation of UN decisions at the national level. In this way, a mechanism supported by a solid institutional foundation will continue to act as the key filter and transformer through which international legal norms are embedded into Uzbekistan’s domestic reality, thereby reinforcing the country’s legal authority on the global stage.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

National legal documents

1. О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsi Prezidentining Fаrmоni. (2020). Insоn huquqlаri bо‘yichа О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsining Milliy strаtegiyаsini tаsdiqlаsh tо‘g‘risidа, PF-6012-sоn. Qоnunchilik mа’lumоtlаri milliy bаzаsi. https://lex.uz/uz/dоcs/-4872355 
2. О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsi Prezidentining Qаrоri. (2018). Insоn huquqlаri bо‘yichа О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsi Milliy mаrkаzi fаоliyаtini tаkоmillаshtirish tо‘g‘risidа, PQ-4056-sоn. Qоnunchilik mа’lumоtlаri milliy bаzаsi. https://www.lex.uz/uz/dоcs/-4098056
3. О‘zbekistоn Respublikаsi Prezidentining Fаrmоni. (2023). Insоn huquqlаri sоhаsidаgi Milliy tа’lim dаsturini tаsdiqlаsh tо‘g‘risidа, PF-46-sоn. Qоnunchilik mа’lumоtlаri milliy bаzаsi. https://lex.uz/uz/dоcs/-6378537 

International scholarly literature

4. Gооdmаn, R., & Jinks, D. (2013). Sоciаlizing Stаtes: Prоmоting Humаn Rights thrоugh Internаtiоnаl Lаw. Оxfоrd University Press. https://аcаdemic.оup.cоm/bооk/4460 
5. Hаll, P. А., & Tаylоr, R. C. (1996). Pоliticаl Science аnd the Three New Institutiоnаlisms. Pоliticаl Studies, 44(5), 936-957. https://dоi.оrg/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x
6. Nоrth, D. C. (1990). Institutiоns, Institutiоnаl Chаnge аnd Ecоnоmic Perfоrmаnce. Cаmbridge University Press. https://www.cаmbridge.оrg/cоre/bооks/institutiоns-institutiоnаl-chаnge-аnd-ecоnоmic-perfоrmаnce/ААE1E27DF8996E24C5DD07EB79BBА7EE
7.  Pegrаm, T. (2012). Nаtiоnаl Humаn Rights Institutiоns in Lаtin Аmericа: Pоlitics аnd Institutiоnаl Design. In R. Gооdmаn & T. Pegrаm (Eds.), Humаn Rights, Stаte Cоmpliаnce, аnd Sоciаl Chаnge. Cаmbridge University Press. https://www.cаmbridge.оrg/cоre/bооks/аbs/humаn-rights-stаte-cоmpliаnce-аnd-sоciаl-chаnge/nаtiоnаl-humаn-rights-institutiоns-in-lаtin-аmericа/А2F66DEE90680171C9EFD9CDB1АEE707 

Documents of international organizations

1. United Nаtiоns. (1993). Principles relаting tо the Stаtus оf Nаtiоnаl Institutiоns (The Pаris Principles). Аdоpted by Generаl Аssembly resоlutiоn 48/134. 

https://www.оhchr.оrg/en/instruments-mechаnisms/instruments/principles-relаting-stаtus-nаtiоnаl-institutiоns-pаris-principles

2. ОHCHR. (2023). Nаtiоnаl Humаn Rights Institutiоns: Histоry, Principles, Rоles аnd Respоnsibilities. Prоfessiоnаl Trаining Series Nо. 4/Rev.1. https://www.оhchr.оrg/en/publicаtiоns/prоfessiоnаl-trаining-series/nаtiоnаl-humаn-rights-institutiоns-histоry-principles    

Rome. An astonishing Mega-Event and Spectacle dedicated to Dante Alighieri on Via Margutta—a Street linked to Fellini, Picasso, Gregory Peck, Audrey Hepburn. Billy Wilder Celebrated in SF and Naples.

By Federico Wardal

Rome. In early December of last year, *Il Messaggero*—a newspaper that frequently reaches one million readers a day—published a massive article about me (https://www.ilmessaggero.it/roma/eventi/wardal_amato_da_fellini_da_hollywood-9232025.html?refresh_ce), an article that would restore my full renown throughout Italy. Around Christmastime, a magical encounter took place between myself and Tina and Teresa Zurlo—the curators of one of Europe’s most important art galleries. 

It is located  at number 90 on the legendary Via Margutta, this street is inextricably linked to my mentor, Federico Fellini (who lived at number 110), as well as to Pablo Picasso; it is also famously known as the setting for the film *Roman Holiday*, starring Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn, which was filmed at number 51. 

Via Margutta also played a starring role during the years of Fellini’s *La Dolce Vita* and the era of his paparazzi—foremost among them the globally famous and celebrated Rino Barillari, known as “The King.” 

During our meeting, the Zurlo sisters and I discussed Fellini, as well as a major exhibition dedicated to him by the renowned painter Mario Russo—an event graced by the exceptional presence of his daughter, the famous actress Adriana Russo, serving as its godmother. However, as I was unable to return to Rome due to filming commitments in Hollywood, I sent a video message offering my greetings and recalling my personal bond with Fellini. The video proved to be a great success, and the brilliant Zurlo sisters subsequently informed me that they wanted me to serve as the absolute star of a grand event dedicated to the “Supreme Poet ” Dante Alighieri—an event that would extend into a subsequent tribute to Pier Paolo Pasolini and Dario Bellezza.

Inspired, I bring forth—from “the strata of the rock of history”—a short theatrical piece titled: *Dante, Pasolini, Dario Bellezza, Wardal: Infernal… all of them*. It is a reverse journey for the poet Virgil, who guides Dante into the contemporary world of Pasolini, Dario Bellezza (a friend of mine), and myself. Enrico Bernard—a playwright and director of exceptional caliber—directs me; the popular flutist Andrea Ceccomori graces the performance with magical musical moments (much like in the film *Anita*); and Antonio Zaru has designed for me a floor-length tunic of “Inferno-red” sequins.

My entrance is planned to take place from a luxurious automobile—naturally, also “Inferno-red.” An event constructed from such elements—never before blended in this way—has already circled the globe before it has even taken place. The glamour enveloping the event serves as a garment through which—with increasing clarity—emerge political, social, and moral issues: questions regarding peace, and the rampant psychological toxicity pervading both personal relationships and fluid modern connections. It feels as though a “Golden Age of Hollywood” has returned—a legacy that belongs to me through my friendships with Alfred Hitchcock and Billy Wilder. Indeed, I am bringing Billy Wilder back into our present times, envisioning him as the potential protagonist of a mega-event spanning San Francisco and Pompeii—the latter being close to Ischia and Sorrento, where Wilder filmed *Avanti!* with Jack Lemmon.

From the Cannes Film Festival, stars are already booking their attendance for the Roman event scheduled for May 22nd; meanwhile, in Egypt, *The Times International*—edited by Ibrahim Shehata—has published a fascinating article on the subject: https://www.thetimesinternational.com/?p=169588. A flurry of activity is currently underway, forging connections between an American film festival—active across California, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New York State—and the Vesuvius Film Festival in Pompeii, presided over by architect Giovanna D’Amodio. Meanwhile, the film *Anita*—based on a poem by the hero Garibaldi and a winner at both the SF New Concept IFF and the Vesuvius FF—is enjoying special screenings in Brazil at the Gramado IFF, as well as at Andrea Priori’s Cortintelvi IFF (located between Como and Milan); it has also garnered interest in France at the *Festival International du film d’histoire*.

By now, the role of “puppeteer” seems to be taking hold of me—a role I embrace in order to bring to life these cultural and artistic bridges that constitute my lifelong dream. The very latest news concerns the event scheduled for May 22nd in Rome: the occasion will be graced by exceptional patrons—the legendary impresario of Tina Turner, Domenico Modugno, and the longtime head of the Sanremo Festival, Adriano Aragozzini—alongside Francesco Garibaldi Hibbert, a direct descendant of the “Hero of Two Worlds” who is currently making waves in the film world with *Anita* (a film about his famous ancestress, Anita Garibaldi). The event’s distinguished hostess will be the great actress Adriana Russo. Also taking center stage will be prominent ladies such as the Hon. Angela Alioto and *Cavaliere* Silvia Gardin.

We anticipate a veritable flood of VIPs, aristocrats, academics, stars (whose names we will reveal only after the performance), and filmmakers—including, of course, the performance’s director, Enrico Bernard. They will be joined by directors Antonello Altamura (*Ancient Taste of Death: The Sinister Legend of Wardal*)—who has a “top-secret” surprise in store!—as well as Andrea Marfori (*SHEMSU-HOR*), Jason Zavaleta (*Start on Market*), Sherif El-Azma (*Al-Maza*), and Jennifer Glee (*Narcisse Fluid*). All will be there with me, accompanied by the stars of their respective films—my heartfelt thanks to them all! Also in attendance will be director Agostino Marfella, who, like me, shares a theatrical bond with the poet Dario Bellezza.

But hopefully, all of this will be replicated live in NYC, LA, SF, and the Bay Area—and certainly on both Italian (TV programs featuring Maria Luisa Lo Monte) and American television networks.

Ways to Improve the Efficiency of the Service Sector in Uzbekistan

Kattakurgan State Pedagogical Institute
Student of the Economics (Branches and Sectors) program

Azamova Feruza Abduholiq qizi

E-mail: azamovaferuza68@gmail.com
Tel: +998-95-373-76-78
ORCID ID: 0009-0000-6122-5666

Abstract:This article analyzes the role of the service sector in the economy of Uzbekistan, its current level of development, and ways to improve its efficiency. The service sector constitutes a significant share of the country’s gross domestic product and plays an important role in ensuring employment. The study examines existing problems in the service sector, including low service quality, insufficient level of digitalization, and lack of qualified personnel. The results show that the introduction of innovative technologies, digitalization of services, improvement of human capital, and the development of effective management systems are key factors in enhancing the efficiency of the sector. In addition, the need to improve state support mechanisms and expand private sector participation is substantiated.

Keywords:service sector, efficiency, digitalization, innovation, service quality, management, economic development

Introduction

In the modern economy, the service sector is one of the fastest-growing industries. The experience of developed countries shows that the share of services in the economy plays a dominant role and becomes a key driver of economic growth. In Uzbekistan, special attention has been paid in recent years to the development of the service sector. In particular, large-scale reforms are being implemented to increase the volume of services, create new jobs, and improve the standard of living of the population.

However, despite these efforts, a number of problems still exist in this sector. In particular, insufficient service quality, low level of adoption of modern technologies, and underdeveloped service culture negatively affect efficiency. The purpose of this study is to identify scientifically grounded ways to improve the efficiency of the service sector in Uzbekistan.

Methods

This study is grounded in a systematic and integrative approach to analyzing the development trends of the service sector in Uzbekistan. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were employed to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the subject. In particular, economic analysis was used to evaluate the role and contribution of the service sector to national economic growth, while comparative analysis allowed for the examination of differences between Uzbekistan and selected international benchmarks.

Statistical data were collected from national and international sources and were processed through generalization and trend analysis techniques to identify key patterns in service sector development. Additionally, elements of empirical observation were applied to assess real-world practices within service enterprises.

A review of international experience was conducted to identify best practices in improving service efficiency, especially in countries with advanced service economies. Furthermore, the study incorporated a factor analysis approach to determine the key drivers influencing service sector efficiency, including digitalization level, workforce qualifications, management practices, and market competitiveness. This multi-method approach ensured the reliability and validity of the research findings.

Results

The results of the study reveal several strategic directions for improving efficiency in the service sector of Uzbekistan. First, the acceleration of digitalization processes has a significant positive impact on both the speed and quality of service delivery. The integration of electronic services, digital platforms, and automated systems reduces operational costs, minimizes human error, and enhances customer satisfaction by providing faster and more accessible services.

Second, the improvement of human capital within the service sector emerged as a critical factor. The findings indicate that organizations with highly skilled and well-trained employees demonstrate higher service quality, better customer interaction, and increased operational efficiency. Continuous professional development, training programs, and education initiatives are therefore essential for sustainable sector growth.

Third, the adoption of customer-oriented management systems was identified as a key determinant of service efficiency. Businesses that actively incorporate customer feedback, personalize services, and implement modern customer relationship management (CRM) practices achieve stronger customer loyalty and competitive advantage.

In addition, the expansion of small businesses and private entrepreneurship plays a vital role in enhancing market dynamics. Increased competition within the service market encourages innovation, improves service standards, and drives firms to optimize their performance. The study also finds that regions with higher levels of entrepreneurial activity tend to exhibit more diversified and resilient service sectors.

Overall, the results highlight that a combination of digital transformation, human capital development, effective management strategies, and competitive market structures is essential for significantly improving the efficiency of the service sector.

Discussion

The results of the study show that a comprehensive approach is necessary for the development of the service sector. In particular, it is important to widely introduce innovative technologies, develop digital infrastructure, and improve service quality control systems.

Moreover, strengthening cooperation between the public and private sectors, attracting investments, and improving support mechanisms for the service sector are essential. International experience demonstrates that the development of the service sector is a key factor in ensuring economic stability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, improving the efficiency of the service sector in Uzbekistan requires the implementation of digitalization, innovation, enhancement of human capital, and the establishment of effective management systems. These measures will contribute to improving service quality, meeting consumer needs, and ensuring sustainable economic growth.

References

1. World Bank. (2023). World Development Report 2023: Digitalization for Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2022). Enhancing the Contributions of SMEs in a Global and Digitalised Economy. Paris: OECD Publishing.
3. United Nations. (2021). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. New York: United Nations.
4. State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. (2024). Statistical Review of Uzbekistan. Tashkent.
5. Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan. (2023). Annual Report on Economic Development. Tashkent.
6. Asian Development Bank. (2022). Uzbekistan: Country Partnership Strategy 2022–2026. Manila: ADB.
7. International Monetary Fund. (2023). Republic of Uzbekistan: Staff Report for the 2023 Article IV Consultation. Washington, DC: IMF.

A New Beginning???

I can’t tell

if it’s early morning

or late evening,

it’s not cold,

a little warm,

comfortable,

everyone sitting outside,

fluffy chairs,

relaxed,

quiet,

not waiting but

content,

with no buildings,

no houses,

no mountains,

no hills,

just a slight curve

of the earth,

waiting for

the sun

to come up,

and the stars

to shine

into the far distance

of a city of gold.

Since the beginning of time, men have always sought for power, an ability to make other men do things with or without their will power. To induce submission and perhaps loyalty, to bend others to their will. Kings and emperors in ancient times lived in power, a dynasty of strong people. This power was the very fuel that ignited their dominance. The strong preyed on the weak, who wouldn’t wish to be the former. The struggle for power has pushed men into condemnation, its pursuit has been characterized with murder, lies, cowardice and deception. Power has been the line that divides the society, the origin of class and hierarchy. Whoever possessed power was feared or respected and in rare cases, they had both.

It is important to pinpoint a fact, from whatever any angle your view emanates from, all would agree that all fingers are not the same, some are short while others are long. This is the same with humans and humanity as a whole. Some possessed or were blessed more than others. Some were born with a deformity, however humanity has put us all in the same world and has interconnected us with a fabric of similarities so that no matter how powerful or strong you are, at the tail end you were human liable to death, sickness, thirst and starvation.

Power is said to be like alcohol, or a drug of some sort so that it changes people. Men who have been used to power react differently as opposed to men who were recently introduced to power. Like a slave who became king, and a king who came from a long line of kings (dynasty), there is always a visible difference. Naturally, all men are greedy, power is the blood that runs through the veins of this greediness. A man who was just introduced into power tends to be, for a lack of a better word mad or drunk. He tends to show qualities and behaviors that even he himself did not know he had inside him. An illustration would suffice, therefore picture this scenario.

In a company or a household, MR A used to be gatekeeper, while MR B was the owner of the estate, MR B displayed pride, bending MR A to his will with a confident minded willpower that MR A would not be able to do otherwise even if he wanted to. MR A possessed a sort of wittiness and envied MR B for the power he possessed, all of a sudden, either by the work of providence or metaphysics, MR A becomes the new estate owner, another side of his personality would be born, he has acquired the silk from India. For the first few weeks, MR A would display cockiness at an extreme capacity while exhibiting his newfound power.

The principle of Dominance
Dominance has been in existence along with humanity since Cain killed Abel, stronger cities conquered weaker ones and annexed them while enforcing taxes and coercing their women and children into slavery. Anyone who toples or conquers a strong principality replaced it. Men ignorantly sought power, without a proper understanding of how dominance works. It is one thing to be powerful and it is another thing to remain in power so that if you kill Goliath, you become the new Goliath. You need to understand this principle if you want to understand how power and dominance works.

I am from a country called Nigeria, during my National youth service at the Keffi orientation camp Nasarawa state, i understood how shallow men can be while searching for power, like a slave that became king, they lacked a knowledge of the principle of dominance. My experience there showed me one thing, men are shallow, myopic and stupid if i was to add. The quest to dominate one another pushed them into a stupendous cycle that projected their ignorance at the highest height. The principle of dominance is the territory no one shows you on your quest for power.

Conclusion
Power and dominance goes hand in hand, like the two sides of a coin, one can not exist without the other. Dominance is the after product or the result of expressing or exhibiting power, not just an expression but a successful expression of power. One must possesse the ability to be champion and to stay the champion.