Specific psychological and pedagogical characteristics of primary school students

Otabayeva Khusniya Sharofiddin’s daughter

Urgench State Pedagogical Institute

4st-year student of the Primary Education Department

Abstract. This article analyzes the characteristics of mental, emotional, and social development of primary school students, as well as their changing needs in the educational process. The article provides a practical analysis of teaching methods based on the specific developmental stages of students, their attitude towards learning, self-awareness, and communication characteristics.

  Keywords: developmental stages, needs, psychological characteristics, primary school, students, activity.

Each age stage is characterized by a special position of the child in the system of relations accepted in a particular society. Accordingly, the lives of children of different ages are filled with specific content: special relationships with surrounding people and specific activities that lead to a certain stage of development are determined. The initial period of school life occupies an average age range from 6-7 to 10-11 years (1st-4th grades). This period is associated with increased physical and mental stress, the expansion of the child’s social boundaries, and adaptation to society. The child evaluates themselves and their abilities differently, experiences another crisis, and learns to be an independent and responsible person. In elementary school age, children have significant developmental reserves.

In primary school age, significant changes occur not only in the physical development of the child, but also in mental development: the cognitive sphere qualitatively changes, personality is formed, and a complex system of relationships with peers and adults is formed. The transition to systematic education places high demands on children’s mental activity, which is still unstable in young students, with low fatigue resistance. Although these indicators are increasing with age, in general, the productivity and quality of work of younger schoolchildren is half the corresponding indicators of older schoolchildren.

Leadership in primary school age – educational activity. It determines the most important changes occurring in the development of the psyche of children of this age. As part of this activity, psychological neoplasms are formed, which characterize the most important achievements in the development of younger students and are the basis for ensuring development at the next age stage.

Primary school education plays an important role in the mental, emotional, and social development of students. Students of this age are not yet fully aware of their psychological and pedagogical potential in many ways, but they are in a stage of rapid development, learning new knowledge, communicating, and adapting to the social environment. Therefore, studying the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of primary school students and taking them into account in the educational process contributes to the effective work of teachers [3]. Through this, teachers can achieve many results.

An important place is occupied by the process of psychological growth of primary school students, their worldview, interests, and attitude towards learning. At the same time, from a pedagogical point of view, special methods and approaches are necessary in teaching students. During this period, students develop independent thinking, concentration, and the ability to express their thoughts, which increases the effectiveness of the educational process [1]. If these aspects are developed, their creative abilities will also be formed.

Taking into account the psychological characteristics of primary school students in the educational process accelerates their emotional and mental development. This, in turn, increases students’ interest in learning, strengthens their learning motivation, and facilitates their social adaptation. Also, the correct choice of pedagogical approaches and their application in accordance with the individual needs of students ensures their comprehensive development. These processes guide Therefore, the study of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of primary school students remains relevant for the development of today’s education system. This topic contributes to the improvement of teachers’ pedagogical skills, as well as provides the necessary knowledge for more effective and successful organization of the educational process [1]. Therefore, the approach of teacher-educators to working with students, taking into account such characteristics, increases the effectiveness of the educational process: social, spiritual, and intellectual development.

In conclusion, the study of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of primary school students not only contributes to the quality education of students, but also allows teachers to understand the process of student development and contributes to the further improvement of the education system.

References:

1. Farhodova S.S “Psychological and pedagogical characteristics of primary school students” “Journal of science-innovative research in Uzbekistan” -2025. – Pp. 332-339.

2. Abdullaeva N, “The Role and Importance of Psychology in Primary Education” Tashkent: Uzbekistan Psychologists Association – 2019.

3. Mammadov F. “Features of Psychological Development of Primary School Students.” Tashkent: Science and Technology – 2018.

4. Tuliyeva D.A. “Organization of the Educational Process Taking into Account the Psychological Characteristics of Primary School Students” “Best Intellectual Research” – 2024. – Pp. 176-180.

A TRUE FRIEND – THE MOST PRECIOUS TREASURE IN THE HEART

Shomurotova Sevinchoy

Urgench State Pedagogical Institute

Primary Education Department

4th-year student

Who is a friend? Every person thinks about this question at least once in their lifetime. For some, a friend is a companion in joy; for others – a shoulder in sorrow. In fact, friendship is an invisible yet strong bond between two hearts. This bond is not tied by interest, but by loyalty, trust, and affection.

Every person meets many acquaintances, peers, and colleagues throughout life. But not all of them can be called friends. Because friendship is a feeling that finds its way from heart to heart and is strengthened by loyalty, trust, and love. The value of friendship becomes especially clear in difficult times and during trials. A true friend cannot be bought with money – such a friend is found only through life’s challenges. A true friend is one of the rarest and most priceless gifts Allah grants to the human heart.

I can proudly say: I too have such a priceless gift – a true friend! Along with granting me the blessing of studying at a higher education institution, Allah also placed in my path a faithful, sincere, kind-hearted friend who is close to my heart. Throughout my life, I have met many people who claimed to be “friends.” Unfortunately, among them were many who wore the mask of friendship only for their own benefit – they were near in times of joy, but far away in sorrow. They stayed with me only until they reached their own goals and then moved on with their lives. However, when my student life began, a new chapter opened for me – in that chapter, I understood the true meaning of genuine friendship. Being a friend does not only mean walking beside someone – it means living in their heart, leaving a sincere and lasting mark on their soul. No matter how many definitions I give, it still doesn’t seem enough – because my dear friend Gulshoda is worthy of each and every one of them.

Gulshoda is one of the greatest blessings Allah has given me. She has always been by my side in any situation – rejoicing in my happiness, sharing in my sorrow, and even being happier than me in my successes. Every day spent with her is one of the brightest pages in my life. Always reminding me of Allah, bringing light into my heart, lifting my spirit with patience and faith in every difficult moment – this is my advisor, my beloved, my kind support: Gulshoda. She is not just a friend – she is Allah’s mercy gifted to me, one of the most beautiful human feelings that fills my heart.

True friendship is the greatest blessing and the biggest treasure in life. Such a friend doesn’t always have to be physically near – they live in your heart and are present in your prayers. If a person finds even one true friend in their lifetime, they are indeed very fortunate. And I consider myself one of those lucky people – because Allah gifted me with a friend like Gulshoda. I will cherish this friendship in my heart with love until the end of my life.

Stay healthy and happy always, my dear person – Gulshoda!

MODERN PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS OF LOGISTICS TECHNOLOGIES

Rakhimov Rakhmatullo Rafikjan’s son

Andijan State Technical Institute

Assistant Department of Transport Logistics

Abstract; Inadequate integration of Logistics Information Systems, outdated infrastructure, slow introduction of digital technologies and automation in transportation processes, disruptions in supply chains and increasing transport and logistics costs.

Also, climate change, increased environmental demands and increased energy resources have a direct impact on logistic activities.

In this article, the issue of digitization of services performed by logistic technologies is considered.

Keywords: logistics technology, Transport technology, Time-based logistics (exact time scale logistics), Value added logistics (value added logistics), Virtual logistics (virtual logistics), e-logistics (electronic logistics).

Introduction; the growing interest in modern logistic technologies is determined by the effectiveness of the approach in terms of providing transport services to systems and passengers engaged in material flows and organizing service activities on the basis of modern logistic technologies. At this point, it is necessary to emphasize the relevance of logistics in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the extreme importance of issues of its further development and integration into international levels.

 Table 1.

Signs of relevance of logistics for enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Sign of relevance	Character description
High cost of producing and selling local products	According to various assessments, they are 2-8 times higher than the world level, in most cases, production technologies do not correspond to the requirements of the Times
Periodic lag of the service sector behind the manufacturing sector	• manual labor in trade is equal to 70% ;• the level of mechanization of increase-drop work is 20-30%• • length of time from receiving an order for transportation to its completion
Lack of a well-thought-out strategy for developing a product distribution system, the presence of numerous intermediary structures	* intermediaries, generating transactional costs 2-2. 5 times higher than the initial cost of the product;• underdevelopment of centralized distribution systems by region
Lack of organized large and medium-sized wholesale markets	The number of wholesale intermediaries in Uzbekistan is 0.05 Enterprises per 1 thousand people, for comparison, in the United States this figure is 1.9, and in Japan-3.4
Low level of development of modern information and electronic communication tools	Low or no internet connectivity in remote areas of the republic, lack of or high cost of satellite tracking devices
Transport infrastructure backlog	• The average daily rate of delivery of products in Uzbekistan is 5-6 times lower, and the share of products delivered through terminals is 5-10 times lower;* the average carrying capacity of the main highway is 15 in Uzbekistan t.ga equal, in the USA, France, Sweden, this figure is 25-30t.ni organizes
High level of wear and tear of transport vehicles and infrastructure facilities	• more than 1/3 of highways do not meet modern requirements;• more than 90% of vehicles employed in international freight transport do not meet European environmental standards
Low level of development of the production and technical base of warehouse management	* the area of ¼ part of the warehouses is less than 500 m2;• 12 percent of warehouses have 2/3 of the total warehouse space;• about 30% of the main funds of the warehouse farm are physically and spiritually outdated
Poor development of the industry for the production of modern packaging types	Due to insufficient supply of packaging materials and their poor quality, up to 40 percent of fruits and vegetables are lost every year.
Lack of highly qualified personnel working at international levels in logistics technologies	low quality of education compared to global standards, insufficient development of foreign language communication skills of specialists in remote regions of the republic

These issues are the most pressing ones in their place. As a solution to the problems, such a priority issue as the application of modern logistic technologies in all areas, the development of the transport sector through the digitization of the economy, the radical reform of the personnel training system is laid.

Special attention is paid to digitization measures in order to further develop transport activities in Uzbekistan, increase its prestige in the international services market.

A digital economy is not some kind of different economy that must be created from scratch. This means moving the existing economy into a new system by creating new technologies, platforms and business models and introducing them into everyday life.

Signs of the digital economy:

• high degree of automation;

* Electronic Document Exchange;

* electronic integration of accounting and management systems;

* databases;

* Availability of CRM (customer interaction system;

* corporate networks.

The comforts of the digital economy:

1. Costs for payments are reduced (for example, a trip to the bank and other resources are saved).

2. More and faster information about goods and services is obtained.

3. The opportunities for goods and services in the digital world to enter the world market are great.

4. Due to the rapid acquisition of Fidbek (consumer opinion), goods and services are rapidly improved.

5. Costs for payments are reduced.

Table 2

Description of the “traditional” and modern supply chain

Chain description	” Traditional ” chain	Modern chain
Description of management decisions	Each of the participants of the chain receives within their personal interests	Focus is adopted by the company in order to increase the competitiveness of a whole chain
Inventory management	The individual interests of each participant are taken into account.	The entire chain is coordinated by a management entity.
Executable functions	Each participant’s specialization and interests are determined.	It can be redistributed among participants based on the overall task of the supply chain.
Costs	Each participant minimizes their own interest.	The maximum competitiveness in the last round is distributed among the participants.
Information	Each participant is monitored individually.	Only focus is possible for the company.
Risk	Focused on individual enterprises	The chain is distributed among the participants.
Planning	It is carried out within individual enterprises, mainly based on a strict planning scheme.	For all links in the chain, in most cases, the “rapid targeting” scheme is used.
Cooperation between participants	Focused on achieving their own goals by individual businesses	The final link is set to meet the interests of the supply chain.

Conclusion

In the conditions of today’s global economic development, logistics technologies are taking the field as one of the main factors determining the effectiveness of logistics systems. However, there are also a number of pressing problems in this process: inadequate integration of Logistics Information Systems, outdated infrastructure, slow introduction of digital technologies and automation in transportation processes, disruptions in supply chains and increasing transport and logistics costs.

Also, climate change, increased environmental demands and increased energy resources have a direct impact on logistic activities.

As a solution to these problems, the following measures are important: implementation of digital logistics systems and their integration into a single information space; the use of systems based on modern technologies, including E-logistics, SCM, AI and IoT; ensuring environmental safety by implementing green logistics (Green Logistics) approaches; improving efficiency in cargo transportation through the development of multimodal transport technologies.

Thus, only when modern logistic problems are solved on the basis of a comprehensive approach and innovative technologies, the logistics system achieves high competitiveness and stability.

 Literature used

1. Rahimov Rahmatullo Rafuqjon o’g’li. (2022). TIRSAKLI VALLARNI TAMIRLASH ISTIQBOLLARI. Conference Zone, 333–342. Retrieved from http://www.conferencezone.org/index.php/cz/article/view/868

2. A Rakhmanov, R Rakhimov, I Nazarov.( 2019). URBAN WASTE AS ORGANIC FUEL.Точная наука. УДК: 662.(39),35-37.

3. Rahmatullo Rafuqjon, O. G. Li Rahimov (2022). Avtomobil Transportida Tashuv Ishlarini Amalga Oshirishda Harakat Xavfsizligini Ta’minlash Uslublarini Takomillashtirish Yo’llari. Образование И Наука В Xxi Веке, 750-754..

4. Raximov, R., G’ulomova, Z., & G’ulomov, I. (2023). SHISHA ISHLAB CHIQARISH VA UNI KLASIFIKATSIYASI. Yangi O’zbekiston talabalari axborotnomasi, 1(2), 9-15.

5. Odiljonova, O., Ro’zioxunova, O., & Raximov, R. (2023). POLIMERLARNING ISHLATILISH SOXASI. Бюллетень студентов нового Узбекистана, 1(3), 24-26.

Unspoken War

Some wars are fought without weapons,
Without cries of pain or roars of rage.
Emotions silently reveal
What words fail to express.

Blood-tinged tears that melt on the eyelids
Etch the chronicles of such battles.
Sometimes, a few words fall like thunderbolts,
Shattering the silence.
Nightmares, in their chaos,
Strike sleep like lightning.
Sleepless nights
Stand vigil for stone-hearted souls.

Days pass like trains on forgotten tracks.
Yet, memories that refuse to leave
Wait like lonely stations.
Sleepless nights keep rolling by,
And hopes — like unreachable grapes —
Toss and turn in disturbed dreams.

A sudden tremor
Shakes her awake.
With courage anew for yet another battle,
She sets out again.

Dr. B. Bindu Madhavi is an Associate Professor at Kallam Haranadha Reddy Institute of Technology, Guntur. She earned her Ph.D. in English Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, specializing in Indian English Fiction. With over 16 years of academic experience, she is a passionate educator and a prolific writer. Dr. Bindu Madhavi is also a published author, known for her evocative poetry and compelling short stories that often reflect deep human emotions and cultural nuances.

As a visual artist, photographer and painter and also a drawer, I have for very long in my life taken interest in the sacred geometry matter and issues…

Relatively recently, about ten years ago, I took back my geometry studies whilst trying to figure out how can be drawn a close surfaced square after a given circle.

I rapidly found out that if you derive from the unscripted square inside a circle, with your ruler and a compass, to find the two tangent lines in prolongation of this first unscripted square, that are tangent to the circle and form a new square at their intersection : well you have just drawn here very easily a second square, as marked on my figures, which surface is very, very close to the surface of the given circle considered.

Starting from this very interesting new finding, and encouraged by the good acceptance of my drawings by the Parisian mathematics community (Institut Poincaré, CNRS site Curie, etc.) then I went through other reflections about notably the duplication of the cube, the trisection of the angles and the unscripted regular heptagon. With – may I say that – some interesting results, as I was told. 

Then I also worked on the various concepts of the « prosperous isosceles triangle » in shapes and relations… And presently I am trying to get back some better algebra notions, in order to get for myself a better understanding and culture of these endless fields of interest that are the mathematical models.

All I did of modest good through my life of work was as a humble and obedient servant of Jesus Christ, Saint Mary, and for my country France. 

A Priest Asks

He’s waiting in the

American Airlines line 

At the airport in Asheville

And a priest approaches him

And asks him

If the he can cut

To the front of the line

The priest says that

He’s about to

Miss his flight

Before he can respond

Another woman in line

Says yes Father

Please go ahead

And this seems fine.

Taylor Dibbert is a poet in Washington, DC. He’s author of, most recently, “Takoma.”

My impressions from Erkin Vohidov’s epic poem “Rebellion of Souls”

“Rebellion of Spirits” is a work written by Erkin Vahidov, a prominent representative of modern Uzbek literature. It is an epic poem about the Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. The work is composed of several legends and parts, which narrate the lives of characters who lived in different historical periods.

 The poem is dedicated to the heroic and tragic fate of the fiery Bengali poet Nazrul Islam, who lived and worked in the first half of the last century. Nazrul Islam’s bitter fate served as a means for the poet to express the pain in his own heart. The poem “Rebellion of Spirits” is based on the life of this rebellious Bengali poet. The following lines by Nazrul Islam are used as an epigraph to the epic:

You were born free, forever

Be free!

Regarding the creation of this work, the poet himself says:

 “If the task of a writer or poet were simply to narrate the life and adventures of a person, then there would be no easier craft in the world than writing. After all, a creator must artistically analyze the life and fate of their protagonist, and use that opportunity to present their own observations and reflections about life! The fate of my hero, Nazrul Islam, offered rich material in this regard. A difficult period of creative searching began. I had to abandon the initial draft of the epic, and after many attempts, the current version—presented to readers—emerged.”

 Formally, the epic consists of an Introduction, a Tale about Eternity, five chapters, and a Conclusion. Each of the five chapters is divided into different stories and narratives:

In the first chapter: “The Poet’s Heart,” “The Song of Rebellion,” “The Tale of Selflessness”

In the second chapter: “Rebellion,” “The Tale of Ignorance”

In the third chapter: “In Captivity,” “The Tale of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb”

In the fourth chapter: “Shadows,” “A Tale about Higher Spirits”

The fifth chapter includes: “Freedom,” and “The Tale of Ascetics and Mystics”

 When analyzing the parts of the epic in terms of content, the following conclusions can be drawn: In the “Introduction” (Muqaddima), the poet describes human behavior and the turning points in their way of life. He emphasizes that each path has an entrance and an exit. Even life’s hardships can be avoided—but there is one feeling that is impossible to escape.

 In the section “The Poet’s Heart,” the writer emphasizes: “The nature of your talent is rebellion.” The “Tale of Selflessness” highlights the bravery of those who did not accept injustice and violence on earth. It presents, for example, the ancient Indian custom of burning a wife along with her deceased husband. At the end of the tale, the poet calls people to fight for truth and emphasizes that one should not fear death on the path of justice.

 At the beginning of the “Rebellion” part of the second chapter, the poet introduces it with the words: “Calcutta, 1926.” It depicts a conflict between Hindus and Muslims in Calcutta. Nazrul Islam was wrongly accused of inciting religious hatred, even though it was the invaders who had sparked the conflict. Nazrul’s only “fault” was that he openly spoke the truth to the people and tried to prevent the bloodshed. As a result, he was arrested. This part of the work teaches readers many lessons and encourages them to live with gratitude for the present.

 Since the entire poem is dedicated to the memory of Nazrul Islam, the poet does not want to remain a silent observer of the injustices in Nazrul’s homeland. He remembers many others who have also been victims of injustice across the world. He repeatedly emphasizes that it is the ordinary person who suffers the most from the injustice and oppression present in society.

References:

Erkin Vohidov “Rebellion of Souls” – Tashkent. Nodirabegim Publishing House, 2020.

Nizomiddinov A.A. “Interpretation of character and social environment in Erkin Vakhidov’s epic “Rebellion of Souls” – “Central Asian research journal for interdisciplinary studies” 2022.

Norboyeva Sh.J., Ochilova N.U. “Sketches in the Fate of the Poet in the Work ‘Rebellion of Souls'” – “Scientific-Practical Conference of Young Scientists” – pp. 120-122.

Khusniya Sharofiddin qizi Otaboyeva was born in 2004 in a family of intellectuals in the Khonka district of the Khorezm region, Uzbekistan. She is currently a fourth-year student majoring in Primary Education at Urgench State Pedagogical Institute.

She is the author of more than 30 articles and 3 books and has participated in several anthologies and literary almanacs. A recipient of the prestigious Alisher Navoi state scholarship, she has demonstrated academic excellence and a deep commitment to educational and literary pursuits.

Otaboyeva is also the winner of numerous national and international competitions and an official member of various international organizations. She has been honored with multiple international diplomas, certificates, and medals. Her articles have been consistently published in leading journals and newspapers from countries such as Germany, Italy, Poland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and Argentina.