Examine a close reading of Excerpts from Amar Jiban with textual references and critical perspectives.

The bildungsroman heroine’s feminism and womanhood distinctly enlightens revolutionary iconoclasticism in this canonical colonial third world cosmos reechoing resonances foreshadowed by the lion of literary and social London, Mary Wollstonecraft’s polemical treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Unladylike pursuits overwhelms diabolical fretters of patriarchy and misogyny into obscuration and oblivion through overarching radical free thinking intellectualism pioneered by the foundational wave of feminism and advocacy of womens’ rights movement. Dethroning the quintessence of manhood from the legacy of thronedom and the exilic banishment of masculinity creeps as gothic macabre to androgynous imperialism. Commodification of women as reproductive machinery is the penultimate masculinist subjectivity of the object of male gaze, viewing womanhood and femininity through the polarizing lens of fetishization and/or voyeurism.

Manhood cannot penetrate into the kingdom of womanhood being a stingless bee drudge and thus cease into the brink of annihilation. As a cornerstone and milestone of women writing, autobiographical excerpts from Amar Jiban, chronicles the opportunity of education; ushering emancipation and liberation of femininity and womanhood from being entangled and mired by subservience and servitude within the hearths and parlours of the domesticity and/or domicile. Responsibilities and obligations ought to be performed as a coalition of egalitarian fraternity and gendered pluralistic solidarity. Women possess their freedom and liberty vis a-vis men and thus the otherization of gender stereotyping shouldn’t relegate them through subjugation and subordination, subservience, servitude and servility.

Entitlement to their feminist identity bears testimony of individuality which must be preserved even after wifedom and maternity. Stagnation of a conservative microcosmic milieu inextricably, nonetheless handicaps this female empowerment phenomenon into the quagmire of dormancy. Bolstering economic independence of training female workforce and contraceptive pills for preventive birth control measure policies in case of incessant bondage of child-bearing were to be fought in the then contemporary reactionary revolution.

Oftentimes women are perennially perpetrated into the rigidities of flesh trade for the sustenance of her soul as relevant still today. Overwork from overtime work at night and wage inequality underpay status quo exacerbate inhumane working conditions chilled by cold and exhausted by heat, subjected to the perils of unguarded machineries and poisonous fumes. Then the leisure and pleasure of married life’s housekeeping and homemaking, unfortunately strikes catastrophic consequences of fatalistic dowry and/or widowhood.

Advancing intellectual professionalism of females visavis the progressive career orientated educated males is inevitable for the companionship furthering continuity of the human race. Observant and sensible daughters, affectionate and empathetic sisters, faithful and chaste wives and reasonable and tenderhearted mothers idolizes womanhood and femininity which the author lionized through the characters and settings of her novel that alludes to Vindication of the Rights of Women: idiolect of feminism: “I do not wish women to have power over men but over themselves” and “it is not empires, but equality and friendship which women want” through exerting womanliness in context of truth, freedom, education, wealth, experience and knowledge of life.

“One of the philosophizing serpents that we have in our bosom” and “hyena in petticoats” alludes to the then contemporary anti feminist perspectives in view of gynocentric transgressions. However, holistic betterment of mankind essentializes the vis a-vis coexistence of manhood and womanhood as an egalitarian ethos and thus womanliness is not enmeshed within subjection of objectivity and fragmentation of selfhood. Material, financial, intellectual and emotional bursaries prolifically transform feminine empowered individuals to prosper and progress whether the public discourse of political philosophy or the private discourse of domesticity.

Rassundari Devi’s prose narrative is the embodiment of persistently tenacious girlhood, maidenhood, womanhood transcending the recalcitrant barriers of patriarchy’s misogynist locked room adversities. Her bold rage and fiery temper are shrewd and poignant to subvert the enslavement of housewives as reflected in these rhetorics: “Is this my fate because I am a woman? … Just because I am a woman does it necessarily mean that trying to educate myself is a crime?” To Rassundari Devi’s histrionic protest, bondage and imprisonment forthrightly laments powerlessness and captivity of womankind.

Misfortunes of widowhood furthermore exacerbates the drudgery of existentialism in case of women like her as vindictive in the prolific denunciation of widowhood: “Toward the end of my life I have been widowed. I feel ashamed and hurt by the realization that even if a woman has lived her life fully, has brought up her children and lives behind her sons and daughters to carry on, her widowhood is still considered a misfortune.” Rassundari Devi inexplicitly abolishes conservative widowhood custom to eradicate funebrial crisis associated with survival instincts of women’s individuality.

Predicament of womenfolk always coerces womankind and relegates them to the status of a caged bird or fish caught in a net. The protagonist is grief stricken and frozen hearted as epitomized by the state of an elegiac plaintiff; who has been engulfed by the blazing forest until Lord of the Heavens’ celestial grace bestows “womenfolk to get together and study books”.

Further Reading, References and Endnotes

Rassundari Devi’s Amar Jiban: Challenging the Norms, Dr. Ritambhara, Notions, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 1-6

Feminism and the Economic Independence of Woman, Guoin Griffis Johnson, The Journal of Social Forces, May 1925, Volume. 3, No. 4, pp. 612-616, Oxford Journals.

Chapter Title: Introduction to Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1891 New edition, London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd, 2-30, Book Title: Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Book Subtitle: Selected writings, Book Editor(s): Melissa Terras, Elizabeth Crawford, Published by: UCL Press. (2022)

Chapter Title: Style as Noise: Identity and Ideology in A Vindication of the Rights of

Woman, Book Title: Feminist Theory, Women’s Writing, Book Author(s): Laurie A. Finke

,Published by: Cornell University Press, pp. 1-41.

Reconceptualizing Gender, Phule, Brahminism and Brahminical Patriarchy, Uma Chakravarti

Rassundari Devi Amar Jiban pp. 1-13

https://ananenglishliterature.wordpress.com/…/rassunda…/

Whispers of the Unseen

Beneath the veil of twilight’s hue,

Where shadows dance and dreams renew,

A whisper stirs the silent air,

A tale of love, beyond compare.

In gardens where the moonlight weaves,

Its silver threads through autumn leaves,

Two hearts, once lost, now find their way,

Guided by stars that never stray.

The night, a canvas, vast and deep,

Holds secrets that the heavens keep,

Each constellation tells a part,

Of journeys bound by fate’s own art.

Through time’s embrace, they softly glide,

On waves of hope, with love as guide,

No distance far, no hour late,

For destiny will not abate.

So let the winds of change blow free,

Across the seas of memory,

For in the end, the truth is clear,

Love’s whispers always draw us near.

And as the dawn breaks through the night,

With golden rays and soft sunlight,

The whispers fade, but leave behind,

A bond eternal, pure, refined.

RIGHTS, WRONGS, & REAL ESTATE

President Donald Trump on Tuesday continued pressing his

plan for the United States to take ownership of the Gaza Strip

and displace the 2.1 million Palestinians living there…

— Independent, 2/12/25

How do you dislodge a population?

Remove them from their homes, ancestral lands?

Make sure they don’t sneak back, or interbreed?

There’s masterful, if ugly, precedent.

When Hitler sought to extirpate the Jews,

he studied U.S. Indian Bureau schemes

to wipe out native tribes with laws and lies,

with broken treaty after broken treaty.

Read about the “Trail of Tears,” the march

that moved all Cherokees from homes and farms

to live or die out of invaders’ sights.

What happened to the promised aid and land?

If reservation land had fertile soil,

or copper mines, or silver, or black gold,

Natives were moved out, their grant replaced

by landscapes of bleak beauty, but no water.

So Trump suggests that Netanyahu end

the Gaza war by drastic ethnic cleansing.

This policy, pursued for many years,

has led to all this killing, solving nothing.

We need Solomon, not a real-estate agent,

to deal with grievances, be fair and wise.

Making millions into refugees

is not the recipe for lasting peace.

Copyright 2./2025              Patricia Doyne

The Effectiveness of Economic and Legal Approaches in Addressing Environmental Issues

Faculty of Ecology and Law
First-Year Law Student
Adaboyev Maqsad

Abstract:

This article provides an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of economic and legal approaches in addressing environmental issues. It examines the causes of environmental problems and their negative impacts on society and the economy. The discussion includes economic measures such as environmental taxes, financial incentives, and the implementation of “green” technologies. Additionally, it analyzes the expansion of environmental legislation, the development of new legal documents, and mechanisms aligned with international standards. To effectively tackle environmental challenges, coordination among the government, scientific communities, and civil society is essential. Therefore, addressing environmental problems requires the development of legislation suited to the modern world, paving the way for sustainable progress.

Keywords: environmental issues, economic and legal approaches, green energy, legal documents, international standards.

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Introduction

In today’s global economic and social development, environmental problems have become one of the most pressing challenges that require urgent solutions. Increasing pollution, the rapid depletion of energy resources, and climate change are among the most significant threats to humanity’s future. This article aims to highlight the causes and consequences of environmental issues and assess the effectiveness of economic and legal approaches in solving these problems.

Currently, environmental threats have become critical concerns for many countries, directly linking the stability and competitiveness of economies to their ecological characteristics. The planet is facing an ecological crisis caused by rapid scientific and technological advancements. While these developments meet various human needs, they also deteriorate the conditions necessary for human existence. The continuous growth of civilization has led to biodiversity loss, depletion of energy resources, and increased pollution.

For instance, in 1950, the world produced around 2 million tons of plastic annually, which has now risen to 419 million tons. Research indicates that plastic decomposition can take up to 400 years, and unfortunately, 95% of plastic products are not recycled, posing a severe threat to both marine and terrestrial wildlife. Approximately 100 million animals suffer from plastic pollution, mistaking it for food and ingesting it unintentionally. Additionally, around 4 million tons of plastic waste are dumped into the oceans annually, breaking down into microplastics that harm aquatic life.

Another critical issue is air pollution, which results from the emission of harmful substances due to human activities, such as burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Power plants, industrial facilities, and vehicles are the primary sources of these emissions.

Air pollution can lead to severe health problems, including respiratory infections, strokes, and lung cancer. In 2019, air pollution caused an estimated 6.7 million premature deaths worldwide. In Uzbekistan’s capital, Tashkent, air pollution results in approximately 3,042 premature deaths annually, with economic damages estimated at $488.4 million. About 83% of the city’s population lives in areas with high levels of air pollution.

Furthermore, the global demand for energy resources has surged dramatically. The world consumes around 100 million barrels of oil daily, with the United States, China, and India being the largest consumers. In 2023, global natural gas consumption reached 3.9 trillion cubic meters, while coal accounted for 27% of global energy production. This trend threatens resource depletion and severe environmental, economic, and social crises if left unchecked.

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Economic Approaches to Environmental Issues

Economic strategies play a vital role in addressing environmental challenges. For example, to tackle plastic pollution, I propose introducing financial incentives based on the volume of plastic waste collected or recycled. This approach not only reduces plastic waste but also encourages recycling. Countries like Germany and Scandinavian nations offer deposit schemes for plastic and glass containers, encouraging people to return them for refunds.

Additionally, providing subsidies and tax breaks to companies that adopt eco-friendly alternatives to plastic can significantly reduce environmental damage. Supporting innovations in sustainable materials and technologies can create new opportunities for environmental conservation.

In terms of air pollution, promoting renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower is essential. Renewable energy not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also creates job opportunities in green industries. Investing in clean technologies, such as filtration systems for industrial emissions, can further mitigate environmental damage.

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Legal Approaches to Environmental Issues

Legal frameworks are critical in regulating activities that impact the environment. Governments should implement strict laws to limit the production and use of single-use plastics and establish penalties for non-compliance. Additionally, designating specific days as “Environmental Protection Days” can raise public awareness and encourage community involvement in conservation efforts.

On an international level, agreements like the Paris Agreement hold countries accountable for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. The “Polluter Pays Principle” requires companies responsible for environmental damage to bear the financial costs of mitigation and restoration. This principle promotes corporate responsibility and environmental sustainability.

Legal mechanisms should also focus on protecting biodiversity, preserving natural habitats, and regulating waste management practices. Strengthening environmental governance and ensuring public participation in decision-making processes are vital for effective environmental protection.

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Conclusion

Environmental problems are complex, resulting from both natural and human activities such as industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices. These issues pose serious threats to biodiversity, climate stability, and human well-being. Therefore, addressing environmental challenges requires a comprehensive approach that combines economic, legal, and social strategies.

Economic approaches, such as environmental taxes, financial incentives, and green investments, encourage sustainable practices by influencing market behavior. Legal measures, including strict environmental laws, international agreements, and enforcement mechanisms, ensure accountability and promote environmental justice. The integration of these approaches can create a strong foundation for sustainable development and effective environmental protection.

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Recommendations

To effectively address environmental issues, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Strengthen Environmental Laws:
   Governments should continuously update and enforce environmental legislation to reflect current challenges and ensure strict compliance by industries and individuals.
2. Promote Sustainable Economic Policies:
   Implementing green taxes, subsidies for renewable energy, and supporting eco-friendly businesses will help reduce environmental degradation while fostering economic growth.
3. Enhance International Cooperation:
   Since environmental issues often transcend national borders, countries should actively participate in international agreements and collaborate on global sustainability initiatives.
4. Invest in Environmental Education:
   Raising public awareness about environmental protection and sustainability through education programs can inspire responsible behavior and community involvement.
5. Encourage Research and Innovation:
   Supporting scientific research and technological innovation in environmental conservation can lead to new solutions for mitigating climate change, reducing pollution, and preserving natural resources.
6. Improve Waste Management Systems:
   Developing efficient waste management infrastructure, including recycling programs and sustainable waste disposal methods, will minimize environmental pollution.

By implementing these recommendations, it is possible to create a sustainable future that balances economic growth with environmental preservation.

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References:

1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5722678
2. https://earth.org/the-biggest-environmental-problems-of-our-lifetime/
3. https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/environmental-health-hazards/item/499-air-pollution
4. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-06-2024-health-consequences-of-air-pollution
5. https://www.gazeta.uz/oz/2024/10/10/air-pollution-tashkent/
6. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics.html
7. https://www.oecd.org/

In the morning … The spring if the horizon is spreading. From the coldest winter, the spring was lifted by a spring temper to the spring. The river laughed again in the sky in the sky in the sky. The wings birds towards the hot land will return to the hot country again. Exclusive of just the exception. The butterflies also give a more charm to spring flowers with their elegance. For some reason the whole being, for some reason, a tree never flowered. If Nahot He does not want to flower, Nahot was foreigner to him?

Those questions had made a butterfly dream on the flower. The butterfly did not think for a long time. Has his curiosity? He went to that floral tree and began to ask questions. Why didn’t you even want to bloom when the whole being demonstrated his beauty? I also wanted you to land in the flowers of you too. Then the tree: I would also flow like other trees. I bloomed even from them. But regret. I was in a hurry. I was deceived in the sunset. I opened an early bud. As a result, my flowers are freezing because of my impatience. Then I was frozen. Now I can’t help me either. Neither the winter blame for me to fall into this case nor his belly. All the guilt is on myself. I wish I was not a hassle. I was also now the brains of spring. Sorry …

Mushtariy Tòlanboyeva, Student of the 8th grade of the Erkin Vohidov School of Creativity  

Ozod Sharafiddinov – The Star of Uzbek Literature After Navoi

Ozod Sharafiddinov, a distinguished figure in Uzbek literary criticism and philology, has left an indelible mark on the field. His creative and scholarly legacy remains highly relevant today. He was not only a literary critic but also a translator, publicist, and an enlightened intellectual.

Looking at his life path, he was born on March 1, 1929, in the village of Okhunqaynar, near Kokand. He graduated from the Faculty of Philology at the Central Asian State University. His thirst for knowledge led him to complete postgraduate studies in Moscow, where he earned a PhD in 1955. Later, he continued his work at the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, conducting in-depth research in literary studies.

Ozod Sharafiddinov’s works focus on the development of Uzbek literature, creative freedom, and the study of talented writers. He authored numerous literary-critical articles and monographs. One notable example is the book “Zamon. Qalb. Poeziya” (“Time. Soul. Poetry”), which analyzes the essence of Uzbek poetry and the emotional depth of poets.

Another book that deeply impressed me is “Iste’dod jilolari” (“The Sparkles of Talent”, 1976). This work explores the creativity of gifted Uzbek poets and writers. Sharafiddinov examines their writing style, mastery, and role in the literary process. The book provides an in-depth study of writers such as Oybek, G‘afur G‘ulom, and Abdulla Qahhor.

His work “Adabiy etyudlar” (“Literary Etudes”, 1968) discusses the relationship between literature and society, creative freedom, and the role of literary criticism. Sharafiddinov emphasizes that literary criticism should not only highlight shortcomings but also serve as a tool for the development of writers.

Another remarkable book, “So‘nggi satr Vatan shoniga aylandi” (“The Last Line Became the Glory of the Homeland”) delves into the theme of patriotism, explaining its artistic and spiritual significance.

Sharafiddinov also made significant contributions as a translator. He translated many masterpieces of world literature into Uzbek. Among his notable translations are Leo Tolstoy’s “Confession”, Paulo Coelho’s famous novel “The Alchemist”, and Anton Chekhov’s psychological short stories. His translations preserve the artistic and spiritual essence of the original works, making them accessible to Uzbek readers.

His contributions to Uzbek literature were highly esteemed. On August 23, 2002, he was awarded the title of “Hero of Uzbekistan.”

In his works, Ozod Sharafiddinov not only analyzed the artistic aspects of literature but also examined its social significance. He established himself as a leading literary scholar and a master of criticism. His scientific and artistic legacy solidified his position as one of the greatest figures in Uzbek literature after Navoi. His contributions played a key role in shaping new directions in literature beyond Navoi’s era. Today, Sharafiddinov remains one of the brightest representatives of Uzbek literature, and his academic and creative legacy continues to be relevant. His works are not only valuable for literary scholars but also for writers and readers.

In conclusion, I must say that reading Ozod Sharafiddinov’s works has been a true intellectual and spiritual nourishment for me. Each book deepened my perspective on literature and enriched my thoughts. I highly recommend exploring his works, as they offer not only knowledge but also profound enrichment for the soul.

Odina A’zamqulova

1st-year student at the University of Journalism and Mass Communications of Uzbekistan

METHODS OF LEARNING ENGLISH

 Abduraximova Farida Komiljon qizi

teacher of Samarkand State Foreign Language of Institute

Ravshanbekova Asalkhon San’atbekovna

Samarkand State Foreign Language of Institute English faculty Foreign language and literature: student of the 1^st year group 2403

asaloyravshanbekova1606@gmail.com 

+998337511512

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Abstract. English is one of the most widely spoken languages globally, playing a significant role in communication, business, science, and culture. Effective methods for learning English can enhance language acquisition and improve students’ efficiency. This article explores various approaches: the grammatical method, communicative method, interactive teaching, and the audio-visual method. The grammatical method emphasizes understanding language structure and rules, while the communicative method focuses on real-life applications of language skills, helping students engage in practical interactions. The interactive teaching method encourages active student participation, enhancing critical thinking, collaboration, and motivation. The audio-visual method facilitates learning through multimedia, improving comprehension of pronunciation, intonation, and context. Lastly, self-study, through online resources and mobile applications, fosters independent learning. Combined, these methods enable students to develop language proficiency through diverse, engaging approaches, preparing them for practical communication.

Keywords: English language learning, grammatical method, communicative method, interactive teaching, audio-visual method, self-study, language acquisition, practical communication

English is one of the most widely spoken languages globally and is important in modern communication, business, scientific research and culture. Choosing effective methods for learning English can speed up the process of language acquisition and increase the efficiency of students.

 The first is grammatical method. Grammatical method mainly focuses on students learning the structure, rules and grammatical rules of the language. With this method, students will be able to learn the rules of the language, make sentences and use the language logically. However, this method can often be dry and uninteresting, so it should be combined with independent study and practical training.

The next one – communicative method is a teaching method designed to focus on communication during the language learning process. This method helps students to apply the language practically, communicate and use the language effectively in real-life situations. The main features and advantages of the communicative method are as follows:

Real Life Situations: During the lessons, students are given the opportunity to simulate real life situations. This includes, for example, situations such as shopping in a store, checking into a hotel, or participating in conversations.

Communication-Oriented Activities: Students learn the language through activities that encourage interaction and exchange of ideas, such as group discussions, role-plays, and conversations.

Pronunciation and Intonation: The communicative method emphasizes the importance of pronunciation and intonation. Students will learn in practice how to use pronunciation and intonation in real communication.

Language Acquisition: Students learn language rules through practical application rather than just theory. This makes language learning more intuitive and fun.

Interactivity: Students will have the opportunity to express their opinions, ask questions and discuss through active participation. It increases students’ ability to express themselves.

There are a lot of pluses of these methods. Advantages of them are:

– Developing Communication Skills: With this method, students develop communication skills and learn to use the language in real situations.

– Motivation: Fun and hands-on activities increase students’ motivation, which makes the learning process more effective.

– Interest in Language: Students develop interest in language learning because they are able to express themselves and communicate.

– Critical Thinking: Students develop critical thinking skills through problem solving and brainstorming.

– Individual Approach: Students will have the opportunity to further personalize the lesson based on their abilities and needs.

The communicative method is distinguished by the fact that communication is the center of the language learning process. This method helps students to apply the language in practice, prepare for real-life situations and develop communication skills. By using this method in their classes, teachers can encourage students to learn English in an effective and interesting way.

Interactive teaching method is a teaching method aimed at ensuring active participation of students. This method, unlike traditional teaching methods, encourages students to express themselves, discuss, and work collaboratively rather than passively accepting. The main features and advantages of the interactive teaching method are vital for teaching at schools.

Firstly, students work in small groups to complete specific tasks or solve problems. This allows mutual exchange of ideas and strengthening of knowledge.

Secondly, through classroom discussion, students have the opportunity to express themselves, share ideas with others, and learn new ideas.

Besides, students will have the opportunity to use the language in an environment close to real life situations by playing different roles. It promotes communication.

Furthermore, through games, simulations, and other activities, students learn the language in a fun and engaging way.

Moreover, students can develop their knowledge and skills through peer assessment and feedback.

The interactive teaching method ensures that students are actively involved in the language learning process and prepares them for real-life situations. The use of this method serves to increase the level of knowledge of students and to develop mutual communication. By using this method in their classes, teachers can encourage students to learn English in a more effective and interesting way.

There are several benefits of this method, such are active participation, motivation, developing competencies, interaction and adaptability.

Through active participation, students absorb more of their knowledge and apply what they learn in practice. Interactive activities increase student interest and encourage interaction, which increases motivation. Students develop skills such as critical thinking, problem solving and teamwork. By interacting with each other, students acquire practical language skills and improve their ability to express themselves. This method can be adapted for different students and teachers to meet the needs of each student.

The third – audio-visual method focuses on the use of multimedia materials, such as films, videos, and audio materials, in learning English. This method facilitates language learning through listening and viewing, as students gain a better understanding of pronunciation, intonation, and contextual meaning. At the same time, it also plays an important role in increasing the interest of students.

Meanwhile, self-study increases students’ interest in learning English independently. This method includes the use of online resources, mobile applications, books and teacher support. In self-study, students have the opportunity to choose the materials that suit them, taking into account their time and interests.

As a conclusion, the process of learning English is multifaceted and individual. Students can develop their language skills using different methods. For best results, students are encouraged to use multiple methods together.

References

1.  Abduraximova F. Improving virtual education through innovative methods. Development of pedagogical technologies in modern sciences. Vol. 2 No. 10 (2023). https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=ru&user=hXRYYwIAAAAJ&citation_for_view=hXRYYwIAAAAJ:3fE2CSJIrl8C

2. Brown, H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Pearson Educationa. 2007

3. Harmer J. The Practice of English Language Teaching. Pearson Longman. 2007

4. Scrivener, J.  Learning Teaching: The Essential Guide to English Language Teaching. Macmillan Education. 2010

5. Ur P. A Course in Language Teaching: Practice and Theory. Cambridge University Press. 1996