Poetry from Alan Catlin

This Is Not Art

: an assemblage

“The Americans call photography an art.  They have

galleries, institutions, exhibitions. But what I’m doing

is not art.”  Don McCullin

Cholera victim. Eyes rolled back into her head.

Cradled in arms of her husband as an offering to

Death.

Shabby woman of no particular age.  Standing in 

her, three-rungs-below-hell, dwelling.  “Rats the

size of cats,” her son says. Whoring is a way of

life here.  You have to eat.  So do the boy with no-future 

eyes.

An American soldier in Hue city. During the offensive.

Throwing a grenade amid the ruins toward an unseen

enemy.  Seconds before his arm is blown off

by a sniper’s bullet.  Before another soldier takes his

place. Throws a grenade. Is shot. Before another

man is ordered forward.

Three heavily armed, cocky young American soldiers

in South East Asia.  Their captive forced to his

knees, arms trussed behind his back, rope around his

neck like a leash. Eyes blindfolded with a dirty once-

white rag.  The village behind them about to burn.

Three blind black women fast walking in bare

feet past heavily armed guerrilla force on the last

days of the Smith regime in Rhodesia.

American army chaplain lifting an confused, dazed old

woman from bombing raid rubble.

A face only portrait of a starving boy in Biafra.

Oh, the Humanity!

Insanity: a poem with an epigraph and a closure by

The Poet Spiel

“It’s a good thing to die at least once in a lifetime.”

Life had become a place where

you could fall asleep in a world

that adhered to moral principles

and natural laws, and wake up in

another where all those rules had

been suspended.  Even the environment

unrecognizable. All the buildings,

public spaces transformed into

creations by narcotects, city planners

on cocaine using blueprints crafted

from splatter art like those pock- 

marked Bill Burroughs’ paint smeared

canvases randomly created by shotgun

spray patterns and arterial blood.

All the faceless men and  women

stick figures fashioned from coat

hangers, high tension wire art made

bright with electrical charges that

illuminate the night.  Nothing moves

but the poison gas clouds, the blood red 

sickle of a waxing moon.

“What if, in fact, the world does not end

but just goes on and on and on….and….”

After Reading What Light Becomes: The Turner Variations,

by George Looney

Is this how the dead

assemble, by fire light,

on river’s edge near

where the spires give

themselves to the flame?

The night is charred by

all this burning, are smoking

screens that descend from

blackened clouds as secrets

contained by ash.  No reason,

to direct water where

total conflagration reigns,

the passion of all this fire

must be spent, consumption

the end of this, of all things

mortal, of all things made

by man, even that, even those

who purport to rule the world.

One Life Is Not Enough

after artwork by Edward Boccia

for the allegorical voyages of all

these independent minded souls.

For the men rescued from a filthy house

of cards, pulled from the wreckage

of a breaking hall of mirrors 

unfolded now as an accordion,

a shaped enclosure reduced to shards

of crystal lodged in the near perfect

eyes of a princess dreaming of her

mythic lover. For that half-man, half-beast-

thing, sent in exile to sea with a fleet

of confusion boats, consigned to

onerous duties, trials, and elemental

war. For, a lifetime of tasking before

the tempestuous days of false ecstasies.

For dancing on the heads of ship to shore

lynch pins, pulled from the tortured

flesh of soon-to-be-sacrificial virgins,

defilement inevitable as the monstrous

heart excavated from a sacred ruinous

place beyond understanding. For an 

inexactness tiles fitting into a mosaic-

a map of love more lasting than all t

he misleading dreams that layered, 

obstructive dead adhere to, blocking 

the way inside; here, at land’s end,

the final choices are offered and

made. For the man with the lasting vision

is the one who come out whole on

the other side of night.

This war, that war, the next war, war everlasting:

with lines from Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon

“Out there, we’ve walked quite friendly with Death;

Sat down and eaten with him, cool and bland,

Pardoned his spilling mess-tins in one hand.”

Wilfred Owen, “The Next War”

Oh, brave new world of gravity rainbows,

long range death by guided missile, satellites,

drones;

all those Space X unscheduled midair disassembling,

air space disruptive, debris spewing on residential

homes and gardens;

all those air show explosions casting shrapnel 

to the wind like Turner fireworks falling, 

like Owen’s fleeting flares;

Oh, those happy days in the arms of death

like close combat in the green, all those mad minute

tracer rounds before the final fight,

before the shock and awe of carpet bombing

civilian targets, concussive assaults, in great

fireballs forged and deadly as Death From Above;

all those polluted by stealth bombers and super sonic

jet fighters, skirting toxic clouds and the acidic rain

that falls after;

Oh, the odd beauty of it all, the way the world

is ending with a blustery tweet, a nuclear winter

without Strangelove’s unearthly chorus singing,

“Until we meet again, I don’t know when…”

“War’s a joke for me and you

While we know such dreams are true”

Siegfreid Sassoon

Post Card to Thompson May 6, 20–: The Poet at Kurt Cobain 

Landing wearing a rubber dog mask 

and hand painted answers to 

Kurt C questions, Private Keep Out

He wrote Anthems for the Doomed

Youth: not Wilfred Owen but Cobain.

He’d be a one name rock star if he

were living now. So famous he didn’t need

a first and a last one, just a brand name.  For

personal appearances all he world have to do

is show, act cool, preen. Just being was enough.

Mega.

Man.

Went directly from his mansion to

rock and roll heaven with a shot gun in his mouth.

Fuck Go, fuck the two hundred dollars,

fuck Courtney Love.

He was already in Nirvana. What more

could he possibly need?

“I say shot gun, shoot em ‘fore he run now….”

Junior Walker

Poetry from Dr. Kathleen Bryson

50th Anniversary of the Moon Landings  

I. Day  

I scan London for some sign,  

but no one seems to remember  

so I’m watching Google Doodle  

to get a real sense of the undiscovered  

lands. Men can go to the moon but I  

I cannot even be bothered to go to south of the  river or Dalston to watch the commemoration film I’ll  I’ll see it tomorrow I promise myself.  

I looked earlier in the morning for moon  

moon jewellery, scavenged through my necklaces  but found nothing. Stars,  

stars, I think later in the day,  

I could have worn star jewellery.  

Google Doodles. The banality.  

This is not what I expected, which I  

I might as well admit happened to be global peace  the world united in Western commemoration.  Girls in silver go-go boots, young men painted chrome,  a U.N. Declaration to call it Moon Day.  

Everything stops just like the footage  

video I duckduckwent all the  

all the way to YouTube.  

Only three London cinemas  

movie theaters theatres cinemas theaters theatres  screening the big day.  

Maybe the programmers forgot the  

the momentous occasion but  

but most likely it’s generation y z born after  

but x still remembers the child blips of  

of space boots tang. Or maybe not.  

I am American. I am an extraterrestrial here.  

Different history but  

but my fate has converged here in London like  like my mother’s egg and  

and my father’s sperm against the odds.  

Everyone in the world gets along in love and beauty.  Beauty. I’d like to teach the world to sing.  

Sing. We have sailed to the stars. We have touched up Luna.    

Instead everyone taps their smartphone in deep thought I  I console myself to say maybe they’re watching the  the landings too or at least the Google Doodle.  I was seven months old but we  

we were in the Arctic with no TV or  

or even radio so my mother told me  

several years ago when she elaborated that 

she never could in fact have held me up  

to see the screen as I had always assumed.  

My mom too only saw it properly for the  

the first time this year at the age of 75.  

Instead we have a slither in the  

the White House bleating soundbytes on Mars a  

a desecration no communion tongue to cheek  

frenching the white tongue of the cool moon,  

our opal rising blue and gold green glittering  

like a Turk’s eye in the old form of  

of turquoise adjective admixture earthrise protect us  

us against the evil eye we are one people,  

we are one, we are al one.  

Like Knut at tides we stare at our phones at  

at inevitable earthset cut off from it it all but  

no we I one in the queue for the 249 bus one  

one woman at last is wearing a shirt  

with ostentatious stars on it that’s  

got to be it has to be a tribute I think but  

but I say nothing nothing to her.  

II. Night (when it is eerie to consider the scope of our passions a half year before the  pandemic)  

I will try not to let it go to my head.  

But Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins  

just liked one of my space paintings on  

Instagram today of all days.  

I was just thinking that if someone ever  

ever offered me a free trip to  

the international space station I  

I would turn it down I think. Chicken a  

squawking earthbound chicken a flightless bird.  

Would you? I text my friends  

whilst humblebragging about social media valentines.  

I’d really have to think about it,  

friend one says. I couldn’t live easily myself  

if I turned down the chance, friend two says.  

I would go too, I say, because I’ve now changed my mind.  

Ha ha, no one’s asked, says friend two.  

My new friend MC is begging me to  

come with on his next launch, I text,  

claims he got a little bored with just Armstrong and Aldrin.  

I was going to go to bed, but I got so overexcited over the  

Michael Collins contact I poured myself a glass of champagne and  and went out looking for the moon.  

However, I also dropped the Ikea glass and  

and then cut my hand whilst being a responsible citizen. I  

I give a hoot and don’t pollute. I was  

was walking down a road next to mine home champagne 

Widow Click actually and  

and bleeding from my hand. I text this. Life in second person.    

Perfect, says friend two, that’s peak life.  

A guy tried to pick me up and I said  

I was looking for the moon, I elaborate.  

Then he saw my bleeding hand and desisted.  

“I dig crazy chicks,” says friend two.  

“Crazy chicks are easy…  

Oh wait, her hand’s bleeding… Nah.”  

I am texting with one hand. Time for a bandaid.  

Goodnight. Goodnight, Moon.  

London on the Moon  

Moon on a Stick is a good name for a pub  

or a retrofuturist dessert or a prog-rock album. 

I wonder how often it has occurred to you that 

all space medical doctors are essentially veterinarians  

due to their expertise in multiple species  

A.L.F., Vulcans, E.T., greys their 

cats, hamsters, bluebirds, dinosaurs.  

It has occurred to me. 

And now you have looked askance  

on my latest commission, 

on the anatomically incorrect Crystal Palace dinosaurs  

I was bribed to paint for £200 

alongside watercolour Routemaster omnibuses.  

I have defied you and painted this anyway.  

Despite my benign pareidolia that has me detect  

fizzing physiognomies in nearly everything  

with increasing regularity these days 

including the predictable jolly man  

like a 1970s smiley decal plastered on my planet’s rocky satellite. Yes, I know you can’t see the curve of the moon when you’re on it;  yes, I know you cannot see stars save the sun from the moon;  yes, I know there are no Crystal Palace dinosaurs or red buses on the moon.

Kathleen Bryson is an Alaskan-born evolutionary anthropologist and an EU virtual reality research fellow, with previous posts at Oxford and QMUL. She has had four novels previously published; 25+ short stories in publications ranging from Aesthetica to Bending Genres; and 45+ poems in venues from Magma, Star*Line, Always Crashing to Ranger.

Poetry from Jasmila Talić-Kujundžić

Levitating

I have never had my feet on the ground

I have never been deaf to the sound

Of clapping wings

I always had multiple rings

As a proof I am a wife to the world of Beyond

As a proof I have a strong bond

And unity with the Self

I have piles and piles of books on the shelf

But Words are coming straight from the Soul

As Alice I am falling into Rabbit’s Hole

I have no fear of becoming small and insignificant

I have no fear of touching my inner infant

I have great fear of becoming large

I have great fear of being deceptively in charge

Of keeping an illusion of masquerade ball

I would rather scream and call

Everyone to rip off their masks

To give up on their made up tasks

And hear the sound of wings clapping

Or maybe I should be tapping

Myself to the ground?

High voltage woman

There should be a sign on my forehead

So everyone could just sleep and go to bed

Instead of trying to be awake with my high-maintenance Self

They should just leave me on the shelf

Full of misunderstood books

I just don’t care about looks

About shallowness

About being less

I have never stopped being much and more

I have never stopped searching for soul’s core

A sign should say:

“Caution, high voltage”

I am somewhere near middle age

But it doesn’t stop me to engage

Myself fully to every emotion

To every life motion

I admit, it is exhausting

Sometimes I wish I could just sit and sing

Just dance and stare at sky

Just watch the birds fly

But I am a mother 

I cannot just say I don’t care, I don’t want to bother

With life’s biggest responsibility

I want to learn how to have ability

To relax

But still be me

But still be someone who deserves True Love

Just the way I am 

So dangerous, high-voltage woman.

Jasmila Talić-Kujundžić

Short biography:

Jasmila Talić-Kujundžić was born on December 26, 1989 in Banja Luka. She completed primary and secondary school in Zenica, and in Sarajevo, where she still lives, she obtained a master’s degree in Psychology at the Faculty of Philosophy.

Her first novel “The Sky Window” (BMG, Bosanska medijska grupa, Tuzla, 2025) was awarded as the best manuscript at the “My First Book” festival competition.

Jasmila worked for six years as the editor of the youth magazine “Preventeen”. She has a lot of experience working with children and young people, and has worked in schools and day care centers. She has published poetry, prose, essays, and articles on numerous portals, magazines, and anthologies.

She also won first prize in the competition for the best newspaper story organized by “Naša riječ” Zenica in 2008.

Jasmila is currently focused on motherhood and writing.

Eva Petropoulou interviews Richard C. Bower

Richard C. Bower

Dear Richard, I am very happy to have this interview with you. Let’s talk about you. How was your childhood? Your dream?

I was fortunate to have a good upbringing, with supportive parents and a stable home, growing up in a working-class town – Mansfield – in Nottinghamshire. It was a grounded childhood – simple in many ways, but rich in the things that mattered: love, encouragement, books, and space to think.

Books were always part of my life. I have been reading from a very young age, and I still remember getting books every Christmas. My Mum once told me a story that stayed with me: she had gone to order some books I’d asked for, including the works of William Blake, and the shop assistant remarked on what good taste I had for someone so young. That says a lot about where my mind was even then.

Writing was there from the beginning too. I wrote constantly as a child, and one of my English teachers recognised something in it early on, telling me that one day I would write a book. He was right – I’ve now had five published. But at the time, writing never felt unusual to me. I didn’t “dream” of being a writer because I simply assumed it was something everyone did – writing in journals and note pads, etc. It felt natural, like breathing.

Poetry always fascinated me. I would often find myself drawn to the poetry sections of libraries, trying to understand what it was. There was a wonder to it – something elusive, almost sacred. Alongside poetry came philosophy and psychology: questions of existence, meaning, and the workings of the mind. Looking back now, I can see that all of these threads became woven into my work.

I never consciously set out to become a writer. Life seemed to shape that path for me. But I do remember when I first went to university thinking how powerful it must be to write words that could genuinely affect, and inspire, another person’s life!

Now, through my books, essays, and my freelance writing – including my own column in local lifestyle magazines – I find myself in that very position. Looking back, it all makes sense. What once felt ordinary has become my life’s work, and I feel deeply grateful for that.

2. When did you meet poetry? Who inspired you?

Poetry found me early, though I only truly recognised it later. It became a language for the things ordinary speech could not hold. I have been inspired by many voices across time – from  William Blake to Jim Morrison. But life itself has been my greatest teacher.

3. What is poetry giving to the world?

Poetry gives the world pause. In an age of speed, distraction, and noise, poetry asks us to stop and feel. It reminds us of what is essential – love, grief, beauty, impermanence, truth. It keeps alive the inner life of humanity.

4. What about young people? Are they interested in literature and books?

I believe many young people are hungry for meaning, but they are growing up in a world that often fragments their attention. Literature asks for patience, and patience is becoming rare. But the hunger remains. The challenge is not that literature has lost its value, but that the world has changed its rhythm.

5. Tell us about your book. Why would you suggest your book to the reader?

My latest book, Introspective Soliloquies, is perhaps the clearest expression of who I am as a writer at this stage of my journey. It is a collection rooted in reflection, contradiction, rebellion, and inner searching – exploring themes of nature, identity, suffering, resilience, and the eternal tension between shadow and light. The title itself speaks to the essence of the work: a dialogue with the self, an honest confrontation with the inner landscape.

What makes this book especially meaningful to me is the journey it has taken beyond the page. It became my first work to enter the UK curriculum, now being studied in schools across the Midlands – something that felt both surreal and deeply humbling. That achievement also made headlines in India, because the book was published by the esteemed Indian publishing house Birutjatio, a publisher long associated with literary prestige and academic significance. Their catalogue has included giants such as Rabindranath Tagore, Nobel laureates, Bollinger Prize winners, and Pulitzer finalists. To become their first contemporary British author is an honour I hold close.

In many ways, Introspective Soliloquies represents a bridge – between the romantic inwardness of Lord Byron and the spiritual universality of Tagore. Some have described my work as occupying that middle ground, and I think there is truth in that. It carries both rebellion and reverence; both grit and grace.

The book also forms part of my wider literary journey – one that has seen my work recognised by UNESCO and Nottingham City of Literature, where I have been placed in conversation with the legacy of Nottinghamshire writers such as Lord Byron, D.H. Lawrence, and Alan Sillitoe. That lineage means a great deal to me, not because of status, but because all of them, in their own way, wrote against the grain.

I would recommend Introspective Soliloquies to readers who value honesty over polish, depth over distraction, and poetry that does not merely decorate life, but interrogates it.

Available here:

6. What is your favourite quote?

At the moment, my favourite quote is: 

“The energy of the mind is the essence of life.” 

                                                   – Aristotle. 

It’s a quote that resonates deeply with me and one that will appear at the front of the book I am currently working on. I won’t say too much about that yet, because I don’t want to give too much away, but I think the quote itself offers an insight into the spirit of the work.

It also reflects something central to me as a writer – my long-standing fascination with philosophy, consciousness, and the workings of the mind, which I mentioned earlier. Those themes have always run alongside my poetry.

I’ve always chosen quotes carefully for each of my books. They act almost like doorways into the work – particular fragments of thought that help frame the journey ahead. Over the years, those guiding voices have included figures such as Jack Kerouac, Hunter S. Thompson, and Carl Jung – writers and thinkers whose words have stayed with me, each for different reasons, at different times in my life.

7. What are your future plans?

At the moment, my future plans are rooted very much in the place I come from. As Poet Laureate of Mansfield, I am working closely and passionately with my hometown to inspire and encourage local writers, helping to nurture creative voices that may otherwise go unheard.

Over the past months, I have been giving workshops, talks, and recitals of my own work at colleges and various venues around the town, sharing not just poetry itself, but the deeper idea that writing can be a means of understanding ourselves and our communities.

A major part of that work has been my role as judge for Mansfield’s Writing on the Wall poetry competition – a heritage project tied to the restoration of the historic Old Town Hall. The competition invited writers to respond to themes such as hope, courage, reflection, and community, and the winning pieces will not only be published in an anthology – for many, perhaps the first time they will ever see their words in print – but fragments of those poems will also be woven permanently into the fabric of the town itself, inscribed onto the historic stonework of Mansfield’s Old Town Hall. I think there is something incredibly powerful about that: words becoming part of the landscape, part of the town’s memory.

Beyond that, my ambition is to build on the talent we are uncovering and create something lasting – an annual literature festival in Mansfield that is recognised not just locally, but nationally. Mansfield has a rich creative spirit, and I want to help give it the platform it deserves.

For me, the future is not only about my own writing. It is about creating opportunities for others, strengthening the literary identity of my hometown, and ensuring that the next generation of writers knows that their voice matters.

8. A wish?

My wish is that people return to themselves – to silence, to reflection, to authenticity. In a world that constantly asks us to perform, I hope more of us remember how to simply be.

Thank you.

Richard C. Bower

Author | Poet Laureate of Mansfield

UNESCO-Recognised Literary Contributor

Cultural Ambassador, Mansfield UK

Interviewer Eva Lianou Petropoulou

Poetry from Ananya S. Guha

Untitled

How much of these

hills have they besmirched

by the savage onslaught of 

time?

I go to them only

when colour fades

and they erase all time’s

beginnings from my mind

these hills are not only history

but riverine enters them

and they are soaked by rains

a tapestry which when sundered

will eclipse time’s denudations

I watch everyday, a fantasy

a myth spelling out of dreams

and a quiescence which is

unbearable, I go there

sit, watch and narrate stories

It will rain soon and the muddied

earth will enter the hills

flailing arms, composing 

night songs and bringing 

unease to this quietude

of rainbow coloured dreams

Do you still feel that we should live here?

hands clasped praying for every day to end?

a subversive act of loving

but not knowing what to do 

among dark shadow lines

intersecting these hills into 

cut wounds of sorrow

as night comes to escape from

realities.

Essay from Sardor Raximov

THE CRISIS OF MULTILATERALISM AND THE FUTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM: GLOBAL GEOPOLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS AND REFORM STRATEGIES 

Sardor Raximov 

Student of School No. 52, Gijduvon District, Bukhara Region, Republic of Uzbekistan 

ABSTRACT 

This scientific article provides a deep analysis of one of the most pressing issues in contemporary international relations: the crisis of multilateralism (multilateral cooperation) and its profound impact on the functioning of the United Nations (UN). Geopolitical tensions that emerged in the first quarter of the 21st century, escalating competition among major powers, violations of international legal norms, and global crises (pandemics, climate change, regional conflicts) call into question the effectiveness of the UN. The article examines the reform of the UN Security Council, the transformation of the financial and institutional mechanisms of the organization, and the initiatives of the Republic of Uzbekistan in developing global multilateralism. In conclusion, forecasts and recommendations regarding the future prospects of the UN system are developed. 

Keywords: Multilateralism, UN, UN Security Council, geopolitical crisis, global security, international law, sovereignty, reforms, Uzbekistan initiatives, diplomacy, global governance, veto power, peacekeeping, climate change, new world order.  

INTRODUCTION: THE CONCEPT OF MULTILATERALISM AND ITS HISTORICAL EVOLUTION 

The system of international relations that emerged in the post-World War II period was built upon the principles of multilateral cooperation, namely multilateralism. Multilateralism is a mechanism where three or more states establish relations based on common rules and institutions to jointly resolve international problems. As the central pillar and supreme institution of this system, the United Nations (UN) was established in 1945. The UN Charter became the foundation of international law, institutionalizing fundamental principles such as the sovereign equality of states, the non-use of force or threat of force, and the peaceful settlement of disputes. 

However, entering the 21st century, the relative stability that characterized the post-Cold War era has been replaced by profound geopolitical transformations. Today, the international community faces a profound crisis of global governance. Multilateral institutions, particularly the UN, are exhibiting severe limitations in maintaining world peace and security, preventing major conflicts, and guaranteeing the supremacy of international law. The intensifying rivalry among global powers like the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union has led to multilateral agreements being sidelined in favor of unilateral or bilateral interests. 

The purpose of this study is to uncover the root causes of the crisis of multilateralism in contemporary international relations, analyze the institutional and structural deficiencies within the UN system, and evaluate the future prospects of this global organization alongside its potential for reform. Furthermore, the article provides an analytical review of Uzbekistan’s modern strategy in supporting global and regional multilateralism. 

1. THE ESSENCE AND CAUSES OF THE CRISIS OF MULTILATERALISM IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 

The crisis of multilateralism is not a sudden phenomenon but the culmination of systemic problems accumulated over the past two decades. The first and most fundamental cause of this crisis is the shifting global balance of power and the emergence of a multipolar world order. The unipolar world and US hegemony that took shape after the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 are coming to an end. Today, China’s economic and military rise, Russia’s revisionist foreign policy, and the demands of emerging power centers like India and Brazil for greater representation in global governance no longer align with the existing architecture of international institutions. 

The second critical factor is the rise of national egoism and economic protectionism. Global globalization processes have triggered internal economic and social challenges within several states. Consequently, populist and nationalist movements have gained political power in numerous countries. Clear examples include the “America First” policy in the United States, the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union (Brexit), and the frequent circumvention of World Trade Organization (WTO) regulations. Nation-states have increasingly prioritized short-term national interests over global obligations. 

Thirdly, a severe erosion of international legal norms is being observed. Major powers openly violate the UN Charter and international treaties or interpret them selectively to achieve their geopolitical objectives. Military interventions and actions in Iraq, Libya, Syria, and most recently in Ukraine have completely disrupted the global security architecture. This reinforces the perception that international law has deteriorated into a tool for the powerful, thereby diminishing the trust of small and medium-sized states in the international system. 

2. SYSTEMIC PROBLEMS AND STRUCTURAL CRISIS IN THE UN OPERATIONS 

The United Nations stands as the heart of multilateral diplomacy; however, today this very heart is struggling to function effectively. The structural crisis of the organization manifests in several vital areas: 

The Paralysis of the UN Security Council. The Security Council (UNSC) is the sole organ capable of adopting legally binding decisions to maintain international peace and security. However, the veto power held by its five permanent members (United States, Russia, China, United Kingdom, France) currently paralyzes any decisive collective action. The UNSC has failed to adopt unanimous and resolute measures regarding any major geopolitical crisis (the Syrian conflict, wars in the Middle East, the Ukrainian crisis) due to clashing interests triggering a veto from one of the permanent members. This reduces the organization to an impotent bystander in preserving global peace. 

Anachronistic Structure. The current composition of the UNSC reflects the geopolitical outcomes of World War II in 1945. It entirely excludes India, which holds a population of nearly 1.4 billion, economic giants like Japan and Germany, and does not grant a single permanent seat to the entire continents of Africa and Latin America. This geopolitical asymmetry severely undermines the legitimacy and fairness of the Security Council. 

Financial and Bureaucratic Impediments. The UN has evolved into an immense and excessively bureaucratized apparatus. The organization’s financing is perpetually on the brink of crisis as several large states delay their mandatory assessments or utilize funding as a mechanism for political leverage. The activities of various UN agencies and programs are frequently redundant and inefficient, prioritizing administrative reporting over tangible field results. 

3. THE TRIAL OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY IN THE FACE OF GLOBAL THREATS 

In the contemporary world, states confront transnational threats that no country can resolve independently. These include climate change, global pandemics, international terrorism, cybercrime, and food insecurity. Theoretically, these challenges should compel states to unite around multilateral frameworks, yet practice has demonstrated the opposite. 

During the COVID-19 pandemic, “vaccine nationalism” became painfully evident. Advanced and wealthy nations hoarded vaccines for their domestic populations while neglecting impoverished countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) lacked the necessary political authority to effectively coordinate global operations. Similarly, obligations under the Paris Agreement on climate change are consistently unfulfilled by major economies, laying the groundwork for future global catastrophes. 

In the sphere of global economics, institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank are failing to fully meet the development needs of emerging economies. Because these institutions are perceived as preserving the economic hegemony of Western nations, alternative frameworks such as the New Development Bank within BRICS or the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) are being established by China and other states. This trend further accelerates the fragmentation of multilateralism. 

4. REFORMING THE UN SYSTEM: PRINCIPAL APPROACHES AND MODELS 

To overcome this crisis and restore its authority, the United Nations requires deep systemic reforms. Today, international experts and member states propose several distinct models for reforming the UN, particularly its Security Council: 

1. Expanding the Composition of the Security Council. The G4 nation bloc (Germany, India, Japan, and Brazil) demands permanent seats on the Security Council alongside veto capabilities. Concurrently, the African Union advocates for the allocation of at least two permanent seats to represent the collective interests of the African continent. This model aims to democratize the UNSC and enhance its representational scope. 

2. Limiting the Use of Veto Power. Spearheaded by France, proposals have been introduced to voluntarily restrict or suspend the veto power of the five permanent members in instances involving mass atrocities, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. This mechanism could prevent the Security Council’s paralysis during catastrophic humanitarian emergencies. 

3. Enhancing the Role of the UN General Assembly. Various structural proposals aim to expand the powers of the General Assembly, where all 193 member states hold equal voting rights. For instance, frameworks are being discussed to transfer deadlocked issues from the Security Council to the General Assembly, granting its resolutions a more binding legal character under specific conditions. 

5. UZBEKISTAN’S INITIATIVES IN ADVANCING GLOBAL MULTILATERALISM 

Under its renewed foreign policy strategy, the Republic of Uzbekistan stands as an active proponent of multilateral diplomacy and the strengthening of the UN’s authority. Under the leadership of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Uzbekistan has advanced a series of vital initiatives addressing global and regional security from the high rostrum of the UN General Assembly. 

First, Uzbekistan has elevated regional multilateralism in Central Asia to an entirely new level. Upon the initiative of the Head of State, the Consultative Meetings of the Heads of State of Central Asia were institutionalized. Through this platform, long-standing regional issues (borders, water resources, transport corridors) began to be resolved via mutual dialogue and consensus, completely free from external interference. 

Second, a series of landmark resolutions have been adopted within the UN framework upon Uzbekistan’s initiative. These include resolutions on “Strengthening regional and international cooperation to ensure peace, stability and sustainable development in the Central Asian region”, “Enlightenment and Religious Tolerance”, “Enhancing connectivity between Central and South Asia”, and declaring the Aral Sea region a zone of ecological innovations and technologies. The unanimous endorsement of these resolutions by the global community demonstrates Uzbekistan’s tangible contribution to resolving challenges collectively amidst the crisis of multilateralism. 

Third, to restore inclusive global dialogue, Uzbekistan put forward the “Samarkand Solidarity Initiative for Common Security and Prosperity”. This initiative aims to overcome geopolitical confrontations, rebuild mutual trust among states, and ensure global stability, serving as a comprehensive conceptual response to the contemporary crisis of multilateralism. 

CONCLUSION: THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND THE FUTURE OF THE UN 

The crisis of multilateralism indicates that the world can no longer function under archaic rules, yet the parameters of the new world order are not yet fully established. During this transitional phase, the future of the UN system depends entirely on the resolve of the international community. Dismantling or marginalizing the UN would plunge international relations into absolute anarchy and endless warfare, as no alternative global platform exists today that matches its universal legitimacy. 

The most optimal scenario for the UN’s future lies in its evolutionary reform, adaptation to contemporary geopolitical realities, and the enhancement of its operational efficacy. To achieve this, major global powers must restrain their geopolitical ambitions and acknowledge their shared responsibility for humanity’s collective future. Medium and small states, including countries like Uzbekistan that pursue proactive foreign policies, must act as vital balancing forces by demanding the supremacy of international law and advancing constructive global initiatives to preserve the multilateral system. 

REFERENCES 

1. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Strategy of New Uzbekistan. – Tashkent: “Oʻzbekiston” Publishing House, 2021. – 464 p. 2. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Addresses at the 75th, 76th, and 78th Sessions of the United Nations General Assembly. 3. Charter of the United Nations. – San Francisco, 1945. 

4. Guterres A. Secretary-General’s Address to the 78th Session of the UN General Assembly: “Rebuilding trust and reigniting global solidarity”. – New York, 2023. 

5. Keohane R. O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. – Princeton University Press, 2005. – 320 p. 

6. Mearsheimer J. J. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. – Yale University Press, 2018. – 328 p. 

7. Weiss T. G., Thakur R. Global Governance and the UN: An Unfinished Journey. – Indiana University Press, 2010. – 384 p. 

8. Kennedy P. The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. – HarperCollins, 2006. – 384 p. 

9. Allison G. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? – Mariner Books, 2017. – 400 p. 

10. Ikenberry G. J. A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order. – Yale University Press, 2020. – 328 p. 

11. Toʻrayev A. Modern International Relations and Problems of Global Governance. – Tashkent: University of World Economy and Diplomacy, 2019. – 215 p. 

12. Saidov A.X. International Law and Modernity: Transformation Processes. – Tashkent: Adolat, 2022. – 180 p. 13. Newman E. A Crisis of Global Institutions? Multilateralism and International Order. – Routledge, 2007. – 240 p. 

14. Patrick S. M. The Sovereignty Wars: Reconciling America with the World. – Brookings Institution Press, 2018. – 310 p. 

15. Acharya A. The End of American World Order. – Polity Press, 2018. – 224 p. 

16. Concept of Foreign Policy Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan. – Tashkent, 2012 (and its updated conceptual directions, 2022-2026). 

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17. World Economic Forum. The Global Risks Report 2024. – Geneva, 2024. 

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Poetry from Charos Ismoilova

Saving the Aral Sea

It dripped, slowly and gradually,

We didn’t know until it was too late.

It dried up, disappeared, changed, went away,

The Aral Sea evaporated.

Dust filled the airways,

Salt rose, we were left alone.

Even ten percent was barely saved,

The Aral Sea evaporated.

Countries united to help,

They planted saxaul, to cover the damage.

No matter what big countries do,

It is in our hands to save the Aral Sea.