Jacques Fleury is a Boston Globe featured Haitian American Poet, Educator, Author of four books and a literary arts student at Harvard University online. His latest publication “You Are Enough: The Journey to Accepting Your Authentic Self” & other titles are available at all Boston Public Libraries, the University of Massachusetts Healey Library, University of Wyoming, Askews and Holts Library Services in the United Kingdom, The Harvard Book Store, The Grolier Poetry Bookshop, Amazon etc… He has been published in prestigious publications such as Wilderness House Literary Review, Muddy River Poetry Review, Litterateur Redefining World anthologies out of India, Poets Reading the News, the Cornell University Press anthology Class Lives: Stories from Our Economic Divide, Boston Area Small Press and Poetry Scene among others…Visit him at: http://www.authorsden.com/jacquesfleury.–
Problems and Analysis Methods of Translation Practice in the Exercise
Student of Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages Abdullajonova Rayhona Arabjon qizi Abdullajonovarayhona874 @gmail.com +998886630603
Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza
Annotation.In diesem Beitrag werden ein breites Spektrum von Problemen in der Übersetzungspraxis, die Gründe für ihre Entstehung und die Methoden der Analyse ausführlich diskutiert. Insbesondere die grammatikalischen, lexikalischen, stilistischen und kulturellen Unterschiede zwischen der usbekischen und der deutschen Sprache beeinflussen den Übersetzungsprozess und welche wissenschaftlichen Methoden zur Überwindung dieser Unterschiede eingesetzt werden sollten. Ausgehend von den Leitgedanken der Übersetzungstheorie werden praktische und theoretische Ansätze analysiert, die für den Übersetzer notwendigen Qualifikationen, Fähigkeiten und Strategien diskutiert.
Annotation. This article discusses in detail a wide range of problems in translation practice, the reasons for their origin and methods of analysis. In particular, the grammatical, lexical, stylistic and cultural differences between the Uzbek and German languages affect the translation process, and what scientific methods should be used to overcome these differences. On the basis of the leading ideas of translation theory, practical and theoretical approaches are analyzed, the qualifications, skills and strategies necessary for the translator are discussed.
Keywords. Translation practice, translation theory, German language, Uzbek language, methods of analysis, grammatical differences, lexical differences, cultural differences, pragmatic differences, linguistic approach, cultural approach, functional equivalence, transcription.
Translation has been one of the most important tools of intercultural communication throughout human history. Today, the role of translation is becoming more and more important as global connections in science, technology, literature, politics, and other fields increase. Translation has become not only a means of transferring information
between languages, but also of transferring spiritual and social values from one culture to another. The structure of the Uzbek language and the German language, the style of expression, and the cultural basis differ significantly. These differences create many difficulties in the translation process. A translator must translate not only literally, but also correctly convey its meaning, style, cultural context, communicative purpose. The article comprehensively analyzes the problems encountered in translation practice and proposes solutions based on modern scientific methods.
The main problems of translation practice. Lexical problems. There are significant differences between the vocabulary and lexical structures of the Uzbek and German languages. Whereas in Uzbek a word often has many meanings, in German there is a specific expression for each meaning. For example, the Uzbek verb “to see” denotes a general action and is used in different contexts: to see (with an eye), to see (to experiment), to see (to meet). In German, various verbs are used for these cases, such as sehen (to see with the eye), erleben (to experiment), sich treffen (to meet). The translator should analyze the context in depth and choose the appropriate option. Problems are also common in the translation of phraseological units. Phraseologisms often have a cultural basis in German and appear strange or incomprehensible in German when translated directly. For example, expressions such as “Heartbreak” should be conveyed in translation with an appropriate equivalent or annotation.
Grammar problems. Differences in grammatical systems create many problems in the translation process. Uzbek language is an agglutinatable language, and grammatical meanings are expressed by suffixes. In German, there are genders of nouns (masculine, feminine, neutral) and are designated by the articles. In Uzbek, the basic structure of a sentence is simple (I went to school), whereas in German the word order is based on a strict rule (Ich bin zur Schule gegangen). Secondary verbs and auxiliary verbs are used a lot in the sentence. In German, the form of nouns and articles change (der Tisch – den Tisch, dem Tisch and so on) if more pronouncements are indicated in Uzbek. Such discrepancies require structural adaptations and grammatical transformations in translation.
Stylistic problems. Uzbek literary style is characterized by softer, more emotionally rich expressions. In German, on the other hand, the emphasis is on expressing clearly, concisely, and logically. It takes great skill to find their functional equivalent when translating into German poetic metaphors, exaggerations, means of expression, which are often used in Uzbek literature or in everyday speech. Otherwise, the translation may look dry and artificial. Also, many expressions used in the Uzbek language as part of respect and manners are divided into formal or informal forms in German (via the forms Sie and du). Choosing the right level will ensure the accuracy of the translation and its appropriateness to the context.
Cultural and pragmatic issues. Fundamental differences between Uzbek and German cultures are often noticed in the translation process. For example, in Uzbek culture special respect is given to adults and requires a lot of care in speech. In German society, however, the principle of equality is stronger, and this is also noticeable in the tone of speech. Since religious and national realities (for example, “iftor”, “savob”, “Sufi”) often found in Uzbek are not exactly equivalent in German culture, the translator must interpret these concepts or translate them with cultural adaptation. Pragmatically, what is acceptable and acceptable in one culture may have negative connotations in another. In such situations, the translator should use the method of adaptation (localization), taking into account the purpose of the text and the audience.
Translation Analysis Methods. Linguistic analysis. Linguistic analysis is a method of in-depth study of the interaction of language systems and elements in the translation process. It is carried out at the level of grammatical structures, syntax, morphology and phonetics. For example, differences such as the adaptation of the free speech order in Uzbek to the strict order of free speech in German, or the manner in which tenses are expressed (in Uzbek language the most accurate tense is clearly defined, then in German tenses are often understood in context) are determined by linguistic analysis. Cultural analysis. Cultural analysis involves the analysis of the cultural codes, values, traditions of the translated text. The translator identifies the differences between the source culture and the receiving culture and develops adapted options. Cultural analysis is especially important in translating national concepts, holidays, religious terms, and everyday customs. Functional Analysis. Functional analysis is a translation technique that takes into account the communicative purpose, audience, and context of a text. In this way, the translation is done not only verbatim but also while maintaining the overall effect of the text. For example, when translating ad text, you need to remember that its goal is to sell the product, so it will be more important to maintain an impactful focus on your audience, rather than translating the words correctly.
The practice of translation is not a simple language change, but a complex cultural and stylistic process of transfer. Translation work between Uzbek and German should study in depth the grammatical, lexical, stylistic, and cultural differences and apply the appropriate analysis techniques to each gap. The use of a harmonious combination of linguistic, cultural and functional analysis methods in overcoming translation problems is a key factor for improving the quality and effectiveness of translation. A translator should always expand his language skills, cultural knowledge and be aware of modern translation methodology. Translation is a process that requires not only knowledge, but also art, patience, experience and a creative approach.
References
1. Baker, Mona. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge, 2018. 2. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. Prentice Hall, 1988.
3. House, Juliane. Translation Quality Assessment: Past and Present. Routledge, 2015.
4. Hatim, Basil; Mason, Ian. Discourse and the Translator. Routledge, 1990.
5. Nord, Christiane. Text Analysis in Translation: Theory, Methodology, and Didactic Application. Rodopi, 2005.
6. Venuti, Lawrence. The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. Routledge, 1995.
7. Kadyrova, M. Comparative grammar of Uzbek and German languages. Tashkent, 2015.
8. Shukurov, B. Fundamentals of translation theory. Tashkent, 2010.
9. Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach. John Benjamins, 1995.
10. Schäffner, Christina. Translation and Intercultural Communication. Routledge, 2012.
To provide a bigger meal than the roadkill rabbit at the end of the drive.
UP ON THE ROOF
When my medications make me feel like jumping off a roof
I Can’t tell the difference between my emotions and the medications
How do I convince myself that it is
The meds not me?
That my feelings are a chemical reaction.
Not a true reflection
of my inner life
In time, after conversations with my wife, friends, and dog
I am able to distinguish my feelings from those generated by the drugs.
And I talk myself down
“Stay off the roof, stay off the roof.” I tell myself as I lie in bed under a cover.
When I realize a fall from the roof
will only make things worse
and require more drugs
I settle down with the dog,
Fall asleep,
and dream of flying.
ERIC BARR taught acting and directing at University of California, Riverside. He was the Founding Director of the UCR Palm Desert MFA in Creative Writing and Writing for the Performing Arts.
Barr has written in a number of different genres, from screenplays to poetry. His work has appeared in Connotation Press and The Journal of Radical wonder. He was a co-writer on the feature film, A Thousand Cuts.
In addition to his writing, Barr worked as a theatre director and acting coach. He was the Artistic Director of the Porthouse Theatre in Cleveland, taught movement for actors at the Stella Adler Conservatory of Acting in Los Angeles, and worked as an acting coach with the National Theatre of the Deaf.
Since surviving a series of strokes Barr has written and performed his one-man show, A Piece Of My Mind”, about his surgeries, hospitalizations, and rehab around the country. His podcasts on stroke recovery can be found at http/www.apieceofmymind.net
I’m three three three one-two-three and nobody knows I’m up up up – Mommy sleeping sleeping sad in her big bed. Daddy at work – work work work in town at the dry cleaners after bacon and eggs and coffee at Ohio Restaurant. Love Daddy – I’m Daddy’s little girl.
Climb one-two-three shelves for cereal in the cupboard – bowl spoon milk from the frigerator sometimes smells bad. Then turn the knob all-by-myself open the big heavy door open the screen door out the door. No shoes no socks my feet my toes wiggle in the grass wet wet wet. Run run run to the barn pee in my big girl training pants take em off and toss em in the weeds every-Mommy’s-bad-word-morning-when-will-she-learn. Bare bottom who cares I don’t care no one cares maybe grandma cares.
Horses are waiting for me me me at the gate one big one nice one mean one brown one white and a pony-just-my-size. And I pet their noses oh my gosh soft so soft and I feed them green grass even the white mean-to-grown-ups one who could eat my tiny fingers anytime it wants to snap-just-like-that but it doesn’t never never never did never never never will. My big brodder’s watching me from his window thinks he’s the boss of me but isn’t the boss of me. Face scrunched and big frown always worry worry worry.
Then my dog friends are waiting every-morning-same-place-same-time for me me me. Black white and brown but mostly black Smokey knows only one trick shake shake shake the neighbor boys taught him a long time ago when he was my brodder’s dog not anymore. And Sammy also black with curly part-poodle hair. And the next-door-neighbor’s big big big red Ireesh Sitter with eyes that say something to me every day. Just us we all go running in the tall green grass field – green grass taller than me and when I fall down my dog friends wait for me to get up and catch up. I know lunch time just-know-it lunch time and cartoons and fight-every-Mommy’s-bad-word-day-driving-me-crazy-brodder time – who’s not the boss of me.
(But he makes me laugh laugh laugh so much I pee my pants accidental not on purpose. When I dunk Oreo cookies in my milk and my mouth is full – makes me laugh so I spray it all over the table. Laugh when he makes the squeaky mouse voice when I try to bite a pickle I can never eat my pickles. “No! No! No! Don’t eat me! Please please please don’t eat me!” And he pushes me around the driveway in my old junky I’m-too-big-for-it-stroller again again again! And of course he showed me how to swing a swing and slide a slide. Keeps my bare feet away from rusty nails and sometime makes me Froot Loops even if I think I-did-it-all-by-myself. And he said he would look after me when I ride the school bus for the very first time. And he looks for me when no one is looking for me and he makes sure I get home for supper. Okay my brodder loves loves loves me even if he isn’t the boss boss boss of me.)
And at nighty-night time Mommy awake – not a morning mommy. And Daddy’s home – I’m Daddy’s little girl Daddy’s home! Brodder shuts up but sometimes a story. Mommy finds at bath and toys in the tub and towel time tics in my ears burrs in my hair from the tall green grass time. Daddy mad Mommy says nothin’ Brodder told-you-so. Tics and burrs just like Smokey Sammy and the big big big red Ireesh Sitter who don’t get baths or towels or cartoons so what’s the big deal?
David Sapp, writer and artist, lives along the southern shore of Lake Erie in North America. A Pushcart nominee, he was awarded Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Grants for poetry and the visual arts. His poetry and prose appear widely in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. His publications include articles in the Journal of Creative Behavior, chapbooks Close to Home and Two Buddha, a novel Flying Over Erie, and a book of poems and drawings titled Drawing Nirvana.
1. Please share your thoughts about the future of Literature.
Answer-
The Literature is the inherent creative human endeavor and enterprise which will last as long as human consciousness is embodied in the physical body in the material realm, because a human being as a cocreator needs to download his inner world of thoughts into the form of spoken and written words organized as systematic expression in a language where the spoken word becomes speech and song while the written linguistic expression becomes Literature.
Moreover, the language and literature have served as the powerful engines of the human evolution.
Knowing that the sustained positive thoughts of universal benevolence through steadfast discipline and regular practice for writing Positive Literature to create an “Epigenetic Mental Ecosystem” which acts as the powerful means and method to awaken the human genes of universal goodness transforming a writer into all caring and compassionate good human being.
Therefore, I believe that the human endeavor of Positive Literature is the Self transforming exercise which brings out the inherent evolutionary human co creativity which needs to last forever as the evolutionary human endeavor and enterprise. Such is the glorious future of Literature!
When u start writing?
My first Literary exercise was a poem at the age of twelve, I wrote about friendship which was published in a local newspaper.
2. The Good and the Bad.
Who is winning in nowadays?
In the contemporary times, the Bad has overwhelmed the Good because of the existing rampant negativity perpetrated by the negative newsfeed of the Global Media Establishments, sadistic elitist indifference to global human suffering, rise of hedonistic and narcissistic social trends, increasing rich and poor divide, irresponsible consumerism fueling the fire of insatiable greed and ecologically disastrous corporate profiteering, all these have created a global ecosystem of perpetual negativity which has arrested the human evolution by disabling the faculty of the logic and reason embodied in the Neocortical Human Brain individually and collectively.
This global ecosystem of perpetual negativity has become the major cause of the human suffering from the cruel and callous human actions of violence, vendetta, destruction, hatred, intolerance, dishonesty, deceit and dehumanization.
Being mindful of terrible human suffering, I founded the “Global Literary Society” to eradicate the rampant global negativity by promoting the global positivity through Positive Literature. I founded the “Global Movement of Positive Literature” (GMPL) inviting and invoking the 20,700 + GLSians and global literary fraternity around the world for writing living letters highlighting the mental attributes and attitudes of universal benevolence like universal empathy, peace, justice equality, human solidarity, human rights, tolerance, cooperation, unconditional love and compassion to build a global ecosystem of human positivity which needs to result in the perpetual world peace, progress and prosperity for one and all upon earth.
3. How many books have you written
And where can we find your books
Answer – I have written 12 books about Evolutionary Cosmic Humanism, Transformative Poetry for healing earth and humanity, Short stories and Essays which can be accessed on the Academia.edu and can be bought through online marketing platforms like Amazon, Flipkart etc.
4. The book. E book or Hardcover book
What will be the future?
Ans – The future belongs to digital format like E books because of the ease of its accessibility, transportation and reading anywhere anytime.
But the Hardcover book will be always there as a chosen collection of personal and family library as a preserved reference book for generations.
5. A wish for 2025
My ardent wish for 2025 is to invite and invoke humanity to align her consciousness with the evolutionary mandate of the Life Principle which has worked for millions of years distilling the evolutionary wisdom through the long chain of sentient beings and finally getting it embodied in a human body and being. In the same breath, I seek to emphasize that the evolutionary process gave a man NO organs of violence like horns, thorns, stings, spines, poisonous fangs, flesh tearing canines but it has made a human being into an *Apostle of Nonviolence*. This means the human violence is an illusion and there is NO evolutionary sanction for violence to humanity!
A phrase from my book “The Evolutionary Cosmic Humanism” –
Man begins where nature stops!
The Nature has completed its evolutionary task of the genetic immortality through biological reproduction where parents live in their children as their own biologically extended selves.
After completing the basic genetic evolution, the Nature handed over the “Baton of Evolutionary Relay Race” to man asking him to work with the applied logic and reason of the Neocortical Human Brain (NHB) for the required Mental Evolution of humanity.
The Mental Evolution of man is the new evolutionary mandate for humanity!
In other words, man needs to clean up the mental pollution caused by the animal attributes of animal nature like anger, jealousy, hatred, violence, vengeance, doubt which disable the Neocortical Human Brain downgrading a man into animal mode of existence again!
Therefore, a man needs to build an internal epigenetic environment by practicing the charitable humanitarian mental attributes of truth, empathy, honesty, justice, equality, cooperation, unconditional love and compassion to awaken the genes required for the future Mental Evolution.
Nature performed the Genetic Evolution of Human Body, now man needs to perform the Epigenetic Evolution of Human Mind through dedicated steadfast discipline and self efforts!
After transcending the victimhood of the survival mode, man needs to reach to the universally benevolent state of a sovereign cosmic volunteer attaining the Bodhisattva Consciousness who suspends his own nirvana for helping other sentient beings to achieve and attain their nirvana. In other words, a man needs to be and become a cosmic volunteer like the God’s commandment in the Chapter of Genesis of Bible – “Be the tree of life”.
He is a lifelong Scientist and Yogi seeking to build bridges between the knowledge systems of Science and Spirituality. He is an internationally acknowledged poet, writer, social activist, evolutionary cosmic humanist, global activist for responsible earth citizenship, responsible parenthood, world peace and environment activist based in New Delhi, India.
He is the founder of Global Literary Society with 20,700+ members. He is the founding father of the “Global Movement of Positive Literature” (GMPL), urging world poetic fraternity to create a Global Wave of Positive Literature for building a planetary ecosystem of collective human positivity for perpetual world peace, progress and prosperity for one and all.
He has published 12 books of Evolutionary Cosmic Humanism, Poetry, Short stories, Essays and his poems have been published in many international anthologies. He is recipient of the Honorary Doctorate in Literature from The Institute of European Roma Studies and Research into Crimes Against Humanity and International Law, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia and he has received many international awards as well.
