It is as if I am walking underwater, or, rather, not walking, since the tide I am pushing against is not strong enough to drive me back but too strong to allow me to progress. My lungs ache, my head beats, my heart does nothing — the other two appurtenances have subsumed its activities. I am swathed in water. They are lining up terracotta poems in channels on both sides of me.
Blended Learning vs Traditional Learning: Which is more effective for ESL Students?
Qobiljonova Hurixon2nd year student of English philology faculty Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
Scientific adviser: R. Murodova, Teacher of English philology faculty, Uzbekistan State University of World Languages
Abstract: This article investigates the effectiveness of blended learning compared to traditional learning methods for English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Blended learning combines online digital resources with face-to-face instruction, potentially offering a more engaging and personalized educational experience. In contrast, traditional learning focuses on direct classroom interaction and structured teaching methods. By reviewing existing literature and analyzing case studies, the study explores key aspects such as language acquisition, student engagement, and overall educational outcomes. The findings suggest that while both approaches have their advantages, blended learning often provides greater flexibility and adaptability to individual learning needs, making it a more effective option for ESL education. This article aims to guide educators and policymakers in understanding the implications of these findings for curriculum design and teaching strategies in ESL settings.
Keywords: Blended Learning, traditional learning, ESL (English as a second language), language acquisition, student engagement, educational outcomes, teaching strategies
Смешанное обучение против традиционного обучения: что более эффективно для студентов, изучающих английский как второй язык?
Кабилжанова Хурихон2 курса факультета английской филологии Узбекского государственного университета мировых языков.
Научный руководитель: Р.Муродова, преподаватель факультета английской
филологии Узбекского государственного университета
Аннотация: В этой статье исследуется эффективность смешанного обучения по сравнению с традиционными методами обучения для студентов, изучающих английский как второй язык (ESL). Смешанное обучение сочетает онлайн-ресурсы с лицом к лицу, что может предложить более увлекательный и персонализированный образовательный опыт. В отличие от этого, традиционное обучение акцентирует внимание на непосредственном взаимодействии в классе и структурированных методах преподавания. Путем обзора существующей литературы и анализа кейс-стадий исследование изучает ключевые аспекты, такие как овладение языком, вовлеченность студентов и общие образовательные результаты. Результаты показывают, что, хотя у обоих подходов есть свои преимущества, смешанное обучение часто обеспечивает большую гибкость и адаптивность к индивидуальным потребностям обучения, что делает его более эффективным вариантом для ESL-образования. Эта статья нацелена на то, чтобы помочь педагогам и политикам понять последствия этих результатов для разработки учебных планов и стратегий преподавания в контексте ESL.
Ключевые слова: Смешанное обучение, традиционное обучение, ESL (английский как второй язык), овладение языком, вовлеченность студентов, образовательные результаты, стратегии преподавания
Aralash o‘qitish va an’anaviy o‘qitish: ESL talabalari uchun qaysi biri samaraliroq?
Qobiljonova Hurixon: Ingliz filologiyasi fakultetining 2- kurs talabasi,
O’zbekiston Davlat Jahon Tillari Universiteti.
Ilmiy rahbari: R.Murodova, Ingliz filologiyasi fakulteti o’qituvchisi,
O’zbekiston Davlat Jahon Tilleri Universiteti.
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqola ingliz tilini ikkinchi til sifatida o‘qitish (ESL) talabalar uchun aralash o‘qitish va an’anaviy o‘qitish usullari samaradorligini o‘rganadi. Aralash o‘qitish onlayn raqamli resurslarni to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri dars o‘tish bilan birlashtiradi, bu esa yanada qiziqarli va shaxsiylashtirilgan ta’lim tajribasini taqdim etadi. An’anaviy o‘qitish esa dars davomida to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri muloqot va tizimli o‘qitish usullariga e’tibor qaratadi. Mavjud adabiyotlarni ko‘rib chiqish va tadqiqotlardan olingan ma’lumotlarni tahlil qilish orqali ushbu tadqiqot til egallash, talabani jalb etish va umumiy ta’lim natijalari kabi asosiy jihatlarni o‘rganadi. Topilmalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, har ikki usulning o‘z afzalliklari bo‘lsa-da, aralash o‘qitish moslashuvchanlik va mustaqil o’rganishdagi qulayliklarni taqdim etadi va bu uni Ingliz tilini ikkinchi til sifatida o’rganish uchun samaraliroq variantga aylantiradi.
Kalit so`zlar: Aralash o‘qitish, an’anaviy o‘qitish, ESL (ingliz tilini ikkinchi til sifatida o‘qitish), til egallash, talaba jalb etish, ta’lim natijalari, o‘qitish strategiyalari.
Introduction. In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the effectiveness of teaching methodologies is a critical area of research, particularly for English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Traditional learning, characterized by face-to-face instruction and structured classroom environments, has long been the standard approach in language education. However, the advent of digital technology has paved the way for blended learning, which combines online resources with in-person teaching. This hybrid model aims to enhance student engagement and provide a more personalized learning experience. Blended learning offers unique advantages, such as flexibility in learning pace and accessibility to diverse educational materials, which can be particularly beneficial for ESL students who often face varying levels of language proficiency. Conversely, traditional learning emphasizes direct interaction between students and instructors, fostering a sense of community and immediate feedback that can be essential for language acquisition.
This article seeks to explore the comparative effectiveness of blended learning and traditional learning for ESL students. By examining existing research and analyzing key factors such as language acquisition, student engagement, and educational outcomes, we aim to provide insights that can inform educators and policymakers. Ultimately, understanding which method proves more effective can lead to improved teaching strategies and enhanced learning experiences for ESL learners.
What is Traditional Learning?
Traditional learning involves the direct interaction of the teacher with students. It includes oral recitation of the subject to be studied by a student while the other students sit there quietly and listen. This tactic is still used widely in schools and is also known as conventional education. Traditional learning does not support remote learning and is forced to be in a specific fixed time. It elaborates learning and opting for new skills while sharing space with different students with different interests and passions.
Traditional learning in ESL education offers several benefits that can significantly enhance language acquisition. One of the primary advantages is the direct interaction between students and instructors. This face-to-face communication fosters an environment where learners can engage in real-time discussions, ask questions, and receive immediate feedback. Such interaction is crucial for developing speaking and listening skills, as students can practice pronunciation and conversational techniques with their peers and teachers.
Another benefit of traditional learning is the structured classroom environment. This setting provides a routine and discipline that can help ESL students focus on their studies. The physical presence of a teacher can motivate students to participate actively and commit to their learning. Furthermore, traditional classrooms often foster a sense of community, allowing students to build relationships with their peers, which can enhance their language skills through collaborative learning.
In terms of teaching strategies, traditional learning can incorporate various methods to cater to different learning styles. For instance, teachers can use group activities, role-playing, and interactive discussions to engage students and encourage participation. Additionally, the use of visual aids, such as charts and flashcards, can help reinforce vocabulary and grammar concepts.
Assessment in traditional settings also allows for comprehensive evaluation of student progress. Instructors can conduct regular quizzes, oral presentations, and group projects to gauge understanding and provide personalized feedback. This direct assessment can lead to more tailored instructional approaches, addressing the specific needs of each student.
Overall, traditional learning in ESL education emphasizes interaction, structure, and personalized feedback, making it a valuable approach for language acquisition. By employing diverse teaching strategies and fostering a sense of community, educators can create an effective learning environment that supports ESL students in their journey to language proficiency.
Effectiveness of Blended Learning for ESL students
The rapid development of technology has transformed the field of education, providing new opportunities to improve teaching and learning processes. Blended learning, which integrates online and offline instructional methods, has gained prominence in ESL education. This approach allows learners to develop language skills in a more flexible, interactive, and personalized environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of blended learning in ESL instruction and suggest best practices for its implementation.
Different Models of Blended Learning
Blended learning is not a one-size-fits-all approach; it encompasses various models that can be adapted to different educational contexts. Key models include:
The Flipped Classroom: In this model, traditional learning structures are inverted. Students engage with new content online at home, typically through video lectures or readings, and use classroom time for interactive activities, discussions, and applied learning exercises (Horn & Staker, 2015).
Rotation Model: This approach involves students rotating through different learning stations or activities, including online learning stations, traditional classroom activities, and group work. The rotation can be fixed (pre-scheduled) or flexible (adjusted based on students’ needs) (Bonk & Graham, 2012).
Flex Model: Predominantly online, the flex model provides students with a personalized pathway through a curriculum. While most content delivery and practice happen online, teachers offer on-site support and tutoring as needed (Garrison & Vaughan, 2008).
A La Carte Model: Students take one or more courses entirely online while continuing to attend traditional classes. This model allows for greater flexibility and customization of the learning experience (Horn & Staker, 2015).
Enriched Virtual Model: Combining elements of the fully online and traditional classroom environments, this model offers students the option to complete coursework online while attending occasional in-person sessions for hands-on activities and face-to-face interactions (Graham, 2013).
Benefits of Blended Learning in ESL
1. Increased Engagement and Motivation: Interactive digital tools, such as language learning apps, multimedia content, and gamification, enhance student motivation and participation.
2. Personalized Learning Experience: Blended learning allows students to learn at their own pace, revisiting online materials and practicing language skills as needed.
3. Flexibility and Accessibility: Online resources make learning accessible anytime and anywhere, accommodating different learning styles and schedules.
4. Immediate Feedback and Assessment: Digital platforms provide instant feedback, enabling learners to monitor their progress and identify areas for improvement.
5. Collaborative Learning: Virtual discussion forums, video conferencing, and group projects foster communication skills and peer interaction.
Challenges of Blended Learning in ESL Despite its advantages, blended learning presents certain challenges:
•Technological Barriers: Limited access to technology or internet connectivity may hinder some students from fully participating.
•Teacher Training and Adaptation: Educators need professional development to effectively integrate digital tools into their teaching methodologies.
•Student Self-Discipline: Online learning requires students to be self-motivated and disciplined, which can be challenging for some learners.
•Quality of Online Content: Ensuring that digital materials are pedagogically sound and aligned with learning objectives is essential for effective blended learning.
Effective Strategies for Implementing Blended Learning in ESL
1. Selecting Appropriate Digital Tools: Educators should choose interactive platforms, such as Duolingo, Kahoot, or Google Classroom, to support language learning.
2. Balancing Online and Offline Activities: A well-structured curriculum should integrate classroom instruction with digital assignments and activities.
3. Providing Guidance and Support: Teachers should offer clear instructions, monitor progress, and provide personalized feedback to help students succeed.
4. Encouraging Student Interaction: Online discussion forums, collaborative tasks, and virtual speaking exercises can enhance communication skills.
5. Continuous Assessment and Improvement: Regularly evaluating the effectiveness of blended learning strategies and making necessary adjustments is crucial for success.
The future of blended learning in ESL education looks promising, with emerging technologies and methodologies paving the way for more personalized, interactive, and effective learning experiences. These advancements will not only enhance the quality of language education but also make it more inclusive and accessible for learners worldwide.
Conclusion
In summary, blended learning represents a powerful approach to EFL/ESL education, combining the strengths of traditional classroom instruction with the flexibility and interactivity of digital tools. By enhancing student engagement, providing personalized learning experiences, and offering greater flexibility and accessibility, blended learning has shown its potential to significantly improve learning outcomes and retention rates. Various models, such as the flipped classroom, rotation model, and enriched virtual model, demonstrate the versatility of blended learning in catering to different educational contexts and learner needs.
The benefits of blended learning are evident in successful case studies from institutions around the world, where programs have reported improved language proficiency, higher student satisfaction, and increased motivation. The integration of emerging technologies like AI, VR, and mobile learning further enhances the potential of blended learning to create more personalized, immersive, and effective educational experiences.
As we look to the future, it is clear that blended learning will continue to play a critical role in ESL education. Its ability to adapt to individual learners’ needs and integrate seamlessly with evolving technological advancements makes it a vital component of modern education.
Educators and institutions are encouraged to embrace and invest in blended learning strategies. By doing so, they can provide more engaging, flexible, and effective learning environments that cater to the diverse needs of their students. Professional development for teachers, equitable access to technology, and continuous support for both educators and students are essential to the successful implementation of blended learning. Together, these efforts can help unlock the full potential of blended learning, transforming language education and empowering learners to achieve their goals.
REFERENCES:
Bonk, C. J., & Graham, C. R. (2012). The Handbook of Blended Learning: Global Perspectives, Local Designs. Wiley.
Garrison, D. R., & Vaughan, N. D. (2008). Blended Learning in Higher Education: Framework, Principles, and Guidelines. Jossey-Bass. Thorne, K. (2003).
(Horn & Staker, 2015).
(Graham, 2013).
Blended Learning: How to Integrate Online and Traditional Learning. Kogan Page.
BLENDED LEARNING IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15001959
Qobiljonova Hurixon Jahongir qizi is a second-year undergraduate student of English Philology at Uzbekistan State World Languages University. Her academic interests include English language studies and linguistics. She has participated in international academic conferences and is a recipient of the Kelajak Bunyodkorlari commemorative badge.
As most people who know my work know, I have lived all of my life in the Twin Cities Metro area (St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota)… I currently live in Maplewood, an inner ring suburb of St. Paul…
I do not normally give my art works titles because I want the audience, such as it is, to see the work without any of the limitations of meaning which a title would perhaps supply. This is predicated on the belief that these works have any meaning at all, and if they do, I would hope that it is on a psychological, emotional and/or symbolic level… or at least not on a topical level… Anyway, after I finished this drawing, I decided that it could appropriately be titled “Minneapolis, January 2026” This is a small drawing in ballpoint pen on watercolor paper…
International Artist | Founder of Neo-Aesthetics | High-Dimensional Consciousness Poet
Light entangles with darkness, good confronts evil
Love coexists with hate, gain entwines with loss
Obsession and letting go, cycle through the mortal world
Conflicting consciousness, the eternal entanglement of the universe
Yet hands held fast, hearts embraced in union
Weave the tenderest harmony on earth
The scale of good and evil tilts, conscience gasps in shadow
Hypocrisy devours kindness, ugliness dons a gentle guise
Angels and devils, reshaped by worldly ways
Only the power of love can pierce the mist, and kindle light within
We live for others, toil for others’ values
Lost in others’ dreams, we forsake our own souls
Tears and laughter, love and hate, gain and loss
None are the true longing of our deepest spirits
But bewilderment and regret for having strayed from ourselves
We perform bravery, act out wisdom
Pander to others’ expectations, abandon our inner yearnings
Love the world with love defined by others
Yet forget the self we ought to cherish most
Life begins in tears, ends in regret
Sorrowful souls linger in the cosmos
Fallen consciousness pervades the mortal realm
Only boundless love can redeem the twisted heart
Love knows no bounds, great love stretches infinite
Consciousness endures, love never fades away
Lost steps tread through false peace
Rushing toward the unknown, we lose the true essence of love
Boundless love is a re-examination of love’s meaning
A call to awaken truth and purity
Consciousness endures, the power of love stands eternal
Enough to repel all darkness in the world
About Cai Zhenyuan
Cai Zhenyuan is an international artist, founder of Neo-Aesthetics, high-dimensional consciousness poet, and creator of Post-Shock Art Theory. His creative practice centers on the fusion of Chinese and Western visual expressions and high-dimensional consciousness philosophy, spanning the disciplines of painting and poetry. Rooted in spiritual awakening and boundless love, he has forged a distinctive spiritual voice in the international art and humanities community, dedicated to building bridges of cross-cultural spiritual resonance through art and poetry.
MODERN MEDICAL EXAMINATIONS: FROM TRADITIONAL METHODS TO DIGITAL DIAGNOSTICS
Bafoyev Mirzabek Mirvohidovich
2nd year student of the Fundamental Medicine Department of the Abu Ali ibn Sino Bukhara State Medical Institute.
Abstract: This article extensively covers the stages of development of modern medical examinations, processes from traditional diagnostic methods to digital and high-tech diagnostic systems. The study analyzes the historical and practical significance of clinical examination, laboratory tests and instrumental examinations, and discusses their integration with today’s digital medicine.
The article also emphasizes the role of ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, artificial intelligence-based diagnostic platforms and telemedicine technologies in improving the quality of medical examinations. Along with the advantages of digital diagnostics – increased diagnostic accuracy, saving time and resources, and the possibility of providing remote medical services – problematic aspects such as data security, technical infrastructure, and specialist training are also analyzed.
The article aims to reveal the strategic importance of modern medical examinations in the healthcare system and to scientifically highlight their contribution to the early detection of diseases, increasing the effectiveness of treatment, and the development of preventive medicine.
Keywords: modern medical examinations, traditional diagnostic methods, clinical examination, laboratory diagnostics, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray examinations, functional diagnostics, biochemical analyses, hematological analyses, screening examinations, preventive medicine, early detection of diseases, digital diagnostics, digital medicine, artificial intelligence-based diagnostics, medical image analysis, telemedicine, remote medical examinations, medical database, health information systems, clinical decision support systems, diagnostic accuracy, integration of medical technologies, digitalization of healthcare, efficiency of medical examinations, medical information security, personal data protection, modern healthcare system.
Introduction
Today, the healthcare system is undergoing fundamental changes in the context of rapidly developing scientific and technological progress. The increase in the population, the increase in the share of chronic and non-communicable diseases, the widespread spread of diseases among young people, and the intensification of global epidemiological threats are further increasing the demand for the quality of medical examinations. In this regard, the role of modern medical examinations in ensuring early detection of diseases, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment is of paramount importance.
Traditional medical examination methods – clinical examination, laboratory tests, and basic instrumental examinations – have been the basis of medical practice for many years. However, the complex tasks facing modern medicine, in particular, the detection of diseases at the early stages, the identification of latent pathological processes, and the provision of an individual approach, require expanding the capabilities of traditional methods. As a result, the medical examination system is moving to a new level, combined with digital technologies.
In recent years, the introduction of digital diagnostics, high-precision instrumental examinations (ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging), artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies into medicine has significantly increased the accuracy and speed of the diagnostic process. These technologies allow doctors to analyze large volumes of medical data in a short time, reduce errors and help in clinical decision-making. At the same time, the development of telemedicine and remote medical examinations is becoming an important factor in ensuring territorial equality of healthcare services. However, along with the widespread introduction of digital diagnostics, urgent problems such as information security, protection of personal medical data, lack of technical infrastructure and training of qualified personnel are also emerging. Therefore, a scientific analysis of the capabilities and limitations of modern medical examinations, and an assessment of the compatibility of traditional and digital diagnostic methods are among the important tasks of today’s medicine. This topic is of particular relevance due to its scientific and practical importance in modernizing the healthcare system, improving the quality of diagnostics, and strengthening the health of the population.
Main part
Advantages
1. Practical significance and limitations of traditional medical examinations:
Traditional medical examinations – clinical examination, analysis of patient complaints and standard laboratory tests – form the basis of medical practice. These methods are characterized by their low cost, convenience and speed and are important in the initial assessment of diseases at the primary level. For example, simple clinical and laboratory examinations may be sufficient to detect common diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus or anemia.
However, the sensitivity and accuracy of traditional methods are limited in some cases, making it difficult to detect latent or early stages of the disease. For example, in the early stages of oncological diseases, due to insufficient clinical symptoms, diagnosis based only on traditional examinations may be delayed. This leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of treatment.
2. Modern instrumental examinations and diagnostic accuracy:
Instrumental diagnostic methods – ultrasound examination (UTT), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and endoscopic examinations – play an important role in modern medical examinations. These methods allow for high-resolution imaging of the structure of internal organs and tissues, helping to identify pathological changes at an early stage.
For example, with the help of CT and MRI, cerebral circulatory disorders, tumors and traumatic injuries are detected in a short time. However, in practice, the possibilities of using these technologies are not the same in all medical institutions. Due to the lack of modern equipment in rural areas or the lack of qualified specialists, patients are forced to contact large medical centers. This leads to a loss of time and financial resources.
3. Digital diagnostics and artificial intelligence capabilities:
In recent years, the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies has brought the quality of medical examinations to a new level. AI-based programs allow for the analysis of radiological images, automatic evaluation of laboratory results, and clinical risk analysis. For example, artificial intelligence has been proven to significantly increase the accuracy of diagnosis when detecting breast cancer or lung diseases using X-ray and CT images.
4. Telemedicine and remote medical examinations:
Telemedicine technologies have clearly demonstrated their practical importance, especially during the pandemic. The ability to provide remote consultations, analyze medical examination results, and monitor the patient’s condition has created convenience for many patients. For example, remote monitoring of patients with chronic cardiovascular or endocrine diseases helps prevent the development of complications.
Information security and personnel issues:
With the widespread introduction of digital medical examinations, the issue of protecting personal medical data has become an urgent issue. If the confidentiality of information stored in electronic medical records, online platforms, and databases is not ensured, there is a risk of violation of patient rights. At the same time, there are also problems associated with digital diagnostics. Incorrectly configured algorithms or insufficient clinical data can lead to errors in diagnosis. In addition, practice has proven that the clinical experience and individual assessment of a doctor cannot be fully replaced by artificial intelligence.
Telemedicine cannot be effective in all cases. Remote examinations are not enough in situations where a physical examination is required or in urgent cases. In addition, the quality of the Internet network and the availability of technical means are also important limiting factors.
Training qualified specialists for the effective implementation of modern medical examinations is one of the important tasks. Although modern equipment is available in some cases in practice, the lack of personnel who can fully and correctly use it reduces the effectiveness of diagnostics.
Conclusion
Modern medical examinations are an important component of the healthcare system, embodying a continuous development process from traditional diagnostic methods to digital and high-tech systems. The study revealed that traditional clinical and laboratory examinations are important in primary diagnosis, but their capabilities are limited in identifying complex and latent diseases. Therefore, the introduction of modern instrumental and digital diagnostic methods significantly increases the quality of medical examinations.
The analysis shows that ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and artificial intelligence-based diagnostic systems are important tools for early detection of diseases, increasing diagnostic accuracy, and choosing the right treatment tactics. In particular, digital technologies support the doctor’s clinical decision-making process and increase the efficiency of medical services. Telemedicine, on the other hand, creates significant opportunities for reducing regional inequalities and developing remote medical services.
However, there are also a number of problems in the process of introducing modern medical examinations. Ensuring information security, protecting personal medical data, developing technical infrastructure, and training qualified personnel are the main problems of this area. It is also an important conclusion that digital diagnostic tools cannot be given priority over clinical experience, but should be considered as a means of complementing and supporting the work of a doctor.
In conclusion, modern medical examinations provide effective results based on the combination of traditional and digital diagnostic methods. This approach is of great importance in early detection of diseases, increasing the effectiveness of treatment, and modernizing the healthcare system. In the future, the scientific development and widespread implementation of modern medical examinations will serve to strengthen the health of the population.
References:
1.Abdullayev A.A. Fundamentals of modern medical diagnostics (Tashkent Uzbekistan Medical Publishing House 2019)
2.Karimov I.R., Ismoilova N.S. Clinical and laboratory diagnostics. (Tashkent: Ilm Ziyo 2020)
3.Khudoyberganov B.T. Instrumental examination methods (Tashkent: Yangi asr avlody 2018)
4.Rakhimov Sh.K. Preventive medicine and screening system (Tashkent: Science and technology 2021)
5.Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Digital healthcare concept (Tashkent 2023)
6.Harrison T.R. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. (New York McGraw-Hill Education 2022)
7.Topol E.J. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. (New York Basic Books 2019)
8.World Health Organization (WHO). Digital Health Guidelines. (Geneva: WHO Press 2021)
9. McRobbie D.W. MRI from Picture to Proton. (Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2018)
10. Kahn C.E. Digital Radiology and PACS. (New York: Springer, 2017)
11. Dunn W.B. Laboratory Medicine: The Diagnosis of Disease in the Clinical Laboratory. (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2021)
European Society of Radiology (ESR). AI in Medical Imaging. (Vienna ESR Publications, 2022)
The poem The Backbone is a profound condensation of the spiritual core of Chinese civilization. Using “backbone” as a metaphor, it interprets the unyielding integrity that underpins the survival and progress of individuals, nations, civilizations and eras. It not only embodies the persistent spiritual essence of the Chinese nation but also echoes the common pursuit of dignity and perseverance shared by all humanity.
Authored by Bai Gengsheng and translated by L a n X i n (Lanxin Samei), the translation breaks linguistic barriers to accurately convey the philosophical depth and spiritual power of the original work. It builds a bridge for in-depth dialogue between Chinese spiritual thoughts and the world’s diverse civilizations, allowing the wisdom of Eastern civilization to resonate in a global context and serving as a vivid testament to the mutual learning and symbiosis of world civilizations.
The Backbone
Author: Bai Gengsheng
Translator: Lan Xin (Lanxin Samei)
About the Author: Vice Chairman of the China Writers Association, Member of the Standing Committee of the 13th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), Honorary Dean of the China Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy
About the Translator: Internationally renowned writer and poet, the only female inheritor of the World Memory Heritage Dongba Culture, Dean of the China Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy, Winner of International Literary Awards
The wind has no backbone
It roams entirely at its own will
Grass needs no backbone
It merely sways as the wind blows
Water requires no backbone
It just flows gently toward the lowlands
Insects have no need for backbone
They have not evolved to that stage yet
Yet
Mountains possess their backbone
To hold aloft the boundless firmament
Houses stand with their backbone
Or they could never shelter all the needy with warmth and delight
Bridges are built with their backbone
To bear the endless throng of carts and steeds passing over
A person must have backbone
For it lets you stand tall and unshakable in life and living
An army must have backbone
For it lets you hold your broad chest high to stand guard and fight
A nation can never go without backbone
With it you keep your head held high in unyielding perseverance
A country can never go without backbone
With it you are filled with boundless vigor spirit and vitality
A society cannot lack its backbone
Among all mortal beings only the awakened and virtuous embody it
An era cannot lack its backbone
Without it we might as well sink back into ignorance and barbarism
Backbones always lie in quiet solitude
Never vying for the spotlight or fame
Backbones are always left uncelebrated
For they scorn all glib and flattering words
Backbones are often cast aside and forgotten
Yet only when we sit upright or stand tall do we fathom their true worth and essence
Backbones have endured endless wrongs for eons
Yet they remain steadfast without regret or grievance
O‘TKIR HOSHIMOV’S WORK “NOTES WRITTEN IN THE MARGINS OF A NOTEBOOK”
Abstract. This article discusses the work “Notes in the Margins of a Notebook” by O‘tkir Hoshimov and its significance. The work calls for avoiding what is forbidden, striving for honesty, being faithful and conscientious, and acting justly. The book consists of short stories and aphoristic reflections, each of which undoubtedly has a positive influence on human spirituality.
Key words:Notes in the Margins of a Notebook, chapters, aphorisms, anecdote, truth, book.
As Jalaluddin Rumi wrote: “A book is our present life. Everyone needs it, including children. The main issue lies in choosing the right books for them. We agree with the idea that reading improperly chosen books is worse and more harmful than reading nothing at all” [1].
A book is the lamp of intellect and the wing of thought. As we read books, our spirituality becomes richer, our worldview broadens, and our intellect sharpens. If we stop reading, we remain in darkness and lose the sense of direction. When our path is dark, we fall into depths and become unable to act independently without relying on others’ opinions. In short, we may turn into a “mankurt” who has forgotten his identity and past. A person who reads books, however, can overcome any obstacle in any situation, because books are full of mysteries and wisdom. As Amir Temur once said: “A book (a manuscript) is the foundation of all creativity, construction, intellect, knowledge, and wisdom; it is the educator who shapes life” [2].
Research objective is to provide a brief overview of the work “Notes in the Margins of a Notebook.” When we look at the creative heritage of the writer and public figure O‘tkir Hoshimov, we see that almost all his works call people to justice, enlightenment, and goodness, sowing the seeds of light in the heart. In nearly all his works, the greatest figure — the Mother — is honored and praised. He never writes about a topic whose essence he does not understand. He portrays his characters sincerely, as living and realistic people, revealing not their outward appearance but their inner world. He analyzes their spiritual state in harmony with the environment and the era through deep philosophical reflection, interpreting human suffering in all its aspects: emotional state, attitude to life and people, thoughts, inner experiences, and even love [3].
Discussion and results. Although O‘tkir Hoshimov dedicated this work to his wife O‘lmasxon, his sharp взгляд did not ignore the difficult days that befell our nation. Each short story in the book is like an inscription written on the pages of the notebook called life, full of bitter truths. Everyone writes such notes according to their worldview. Some live honestly and purely throughout their lives yet never see prosperity, but leave behind a good name. Others live selfishly and unjustly, yet are regarded by some as “great people.” The main idea of the work is that no one can escape the guardian called Truth. Wherever one may be, with whomever one may be, truth always remains truth.
Most importantly, the work presents situations that may seem amusing at first glance but are deeply tragic upon reflection. For example, in the anecdote “Incompetence,” which is presented with sharp humor:
A tale from the 1960s: In ancient times, a precious jewel disappeared from the treasury of a king. Merchants from other lands were arrested on suspicion, and guards with drawn swords were placed over them. By coincidence, four Uzbek merchants were also arrested, but no guards were assigned to them. When asked why, they replied: “They do not need guards — if one tries to escape, the other will catch him.”
A joke from the 1970s: A question was asked to Armenian Radio: “At an exhibition in Paris, three-star Armenian cognac won a gold medal. Why did the five-star one receive nothing?” The answer was: “We ourselves are surprised! Both were poured from the same barrel!”
The tragedy of the 1980s: The repression known as the “Uzbek affair” took place. Thousands of innocent people were imprisoned and exiled. Uzbeks were labeled as “falsifiers,” “bribe-takers,” and “dependents” — not because they were truly guilty, but because of their indifference, their inability to unite, and their incompetence.
The question of the new millennium: “When shall we unite? When?” [4]
While reading this humorous anecdote, you may smile, but painful thoughts inevitably arise. It reminds us of the tragic period when our land became a colony of Tsarist Russia. At that time, some weaknesses of the Uzbek people, which we may not admit, were revealed. This is not meant as a negative judgment of the Uzbek people, but it is clear that dependence on others resulted from incompetence and disunity. Yet, fortunately, bright days have come, although bitter memories remain. We must not repeat the mistakes of the past. These hardships served as valuable lessons and experience for us.
On the other hand, the Uzbek people also possess virtues that wash away such shortcomings. As evidence, we may cite the story “Andisha” (Consideration):
“Our ancestors used to warn: ‘Never build your hearth against your neighbor’s wall. If the smoke from your fire irritates your neighbor’s eyes, the food you eat will be unlawful.’ … What more proof is needed to demonstrate the Uzbek sense of consideration?” [5]
This shows how honest, pure, and God-fearing our ancestors were. The story emphasizes that no one should seek benefit from another’s harm. In short, this work has a great educational influence on readers, as it reveals the truths of life as they are, without exaggeration or embellishment. Each story and each aphoristic line deserves to become a separate book. While reading, one sometimes sinks into deep thought, sometimes sheds tears. This work is a collection of wisdom accumulated throughout the author’s life and lessons that will guide us throughout our own lives.
Ruziyeva Nigina San’at kizi is a 2nd year student of the primary education department of the Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute. To date, she has authored more than 15 articles. She is the owner of the “El-yurt a’lochosi” badge. She is a delegate of several official projects such as “Jutice code”, “Kelajak ofisi”, “Eco-kahramon”. She is a member of the “Yoshlar akademiyasi”, “Intellektual yoshlar”, “ShDPI Yosh Liderlari”, and “Yosh islohotchilar kengashi”. She also holds a national certificate of B and B+ levels.
