FORMATION METHODOLOGY OF STANDARDIZATION SKILLS IN THE FORMALIZATION OF GRAPHIC DOCUMENTS IN SCHOOL TECHNICAL DRAWING

Associate Professor of the Department of Art Studies,
Qoʻqon Davlat Universiteti:
A.X. Abdullayev

3rd-year student of the Department of Fine Arts and Engineering Graphics,
Qoʻqon Davlat Universiteti:
Tuychiyeva Odinaxon Ahmadjon qizi

Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqola maktab chizmachilik darslarida grafik hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirishda standartlashtirish koʻnikmalarini shakllantirishning samarali metodikasini ishlab chiqish va amaliyotga tatbiq etishga bagʻishlangan. Zamonaviy sanoat va texnologiyada muhandislik grafikasi va standartlarga rioya qilishning muhimligini hisobga olgan holda, maktab oʻquvchilarida ushbu koʻnikmalarni rivojlantirish zarurati tadqiqotning asosiy muammosi hisoblanadi. Tadqiqot doirasida tajriba-sinov ishlari olib borilib, unda anʼanaviy va taklif etilayotgan metodika boʻyicha taʼlim olgan oʻquvchilar guruhlarining grafik hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirish sifatidagi farqlari tahlil qilinadi.

Kalit so’zlar: Chizmachilik, grafik hujjatlar, standartlashtirish, ko’nikmalar, metodika, maktab ta’limi, pedagogika.

Аннотация: Данная научная статья посвящена разработке и внедрению эффективной методики формирования навыков стандартизации при оформлении графических документов на уроках черчения в школе. С учётом важности инженерной графики и соблюдения стандартов в современной промышленности и технологиях, необходимость развития данных навыков у школьников рассматривается как основная проблема исследования.

В рамках исследования проводятся опытно-экспериментальные работы, в ходе которых анализируются различия в качестве оформления графических документов у групп учащихся, обучающихся по традиционной и предлагаемой методике.

Ключевые слова: черчение, графические документы, стандартизация, навыки, методика, школьное образование, педагогика

Abstract: This scientific article is devoted to the development and implementation of an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in the preparation of graphical documents in school drafting classes. Considering the importance of engineering graphics and compliance with standards in modern industry and technology, the need to develop these skills among school students is identified as the main research problem.

Within the framework of the study, experimental work is carried out to analyze the differences in the quality of graphical document preparation between groups of students taught using traditional methods and the proposed methodology.

Keywords: drafting, graphical documents, standardization, skills, methodology, school education, pedagogy.

Introduction

No other subject develops students’ imagination and thinking abilities as effectively as technical drawing. In a developed society, the importance of engineering graphics and technical drawing is steadily increasing. It is impossible to imagine any technical project, production process, or construction work without clear and well-structured graphic documentation. For such documents to be understandable, they must comply with specific standards, that is, unified rules and requirements.

At a time when special attention is being paid to modernizing the education system of the Republic of Uzbekistan and preparing young people for modern professions, developing skills for preparing graphic documents in accordance with standards in school technical drawing classes has become an urgent task.

Currently, in school practice, the focus in teaching technical drawing is mainly placed on the technique of drawing itself. Graphic literacy (the ability to create and read drawings) is considered the primary condition for mastering technical drawing knowledge. However, insufficient attention is paid to developing students’ skills in formatting drawings according to state standards (GOST, O‘zDSt) or international standards (ISO). As a result, after graduating from school, students face difficulties in higher education institutions or vocational colleges when studying technical specialties, particularly in formatting graphic documentation. This may negatively affect the training of qualified engineers, designers, and technologists in the future. This problem necessitates the development of a new methodology aimed at effectively forming standardization skills in educational practice.

The purpose of this research is to develop scientific and methodological foundations for forming standardization skills in preparing graphic documents in school technical drawing lessons and to test them in practice. The main objectives of the study include analyzing existing teaching practices, identifying the didactic potential of standardization, developing methodological approaches considering students’ age characteristics, and experimentally proving their effectiveness.

Research Methodology

The theoretical foundation of the study is based on works of domestic and foreign scholars in the field of technical drawing and engineering graphics didactics, pedagogical technologies, and the theory of skill formation.

The following research methods were applied: pedagogical observation, interviews, questionnaires, testing, pedagogical experiment, and statistical analysis.

The current practice of teaching technical drawing and the initial level of students’ knowledge and skills in standardization were examined. Surveys were conducted among teachers and students to determine their attitudes toward learning standardization and to identify existing difficulties. Textbooks and curricula were analyzed in terms of how standardization elements were reflected in them.

Based on the identified problems and analysis results, a new methodology aimed at forming standardization skills was developed. This methodology was based on the principles of systematicity, consistency, visualization, practicality, learner-centeredness, and differentiated instruction.

The methodology included special learning tasks, practical assignments, project-based learning elements, and recommendations for working with computer graphics software (such as simplified versions of AutoCAD, SolidWorks, or similar free tools). Special attention was paid to adapting standards such as GOST 2.104-2006 (Main inscriptions), GOST 2.301-68 (Formats), and GOST 2.303-68 (Lines) to school conditions.

To determine the effectiveness of the developed methodology, a pedagogical experiment was conducted. Two groups participated: a control group and an experimental group. Each group consisted of 18 eighth-grade students, with a total of 36 participants. The control group was taught using traditional teaching methods, while the experimental group used the newly developed methodology.

At the beginning and end of the experiment, tests and practical assignments were conducted to assess students’ skills in preparing graphic documents in accordance with standards. Practical tasks included drawing detail sketches, filling in the title block (main inscription), and correctly applying dimensions. The results were analyzed using mathematical and statistical methods.

Literature Review

The issue of forming skills in preparing and standardizing graphic documentation in school technical drawing has been reflected in numerous studies in engineering graphics and pedagogy.

Scientific sources on engineering graphics widely cover the theoretical foundations of graphic documentation, drawing rules, and the system of standard requirements. Regulatory documents, especially GOST standards, establish unified rules for formatting graphic documents, including formats, scales, line types, fonts, dimensioning rules, and title block requirements. These standards serve as an essential methodological basis for developing students’ technical literacy.

Pedagogical research emphasizes the importance of competency-based approaches, practical training, and step-by-step formation of skills. Ensuring the integration of theory and practice, applying the principle of visualization, and organizing independent work contribute significantly to the effective development of standardization skills.

In recent years, particular attention has been given to the application of modern pedagogical technologies in teaching technical drawing, improving graphic literacy, and developing engineering thinking. However, existing literature does not sufficiently address the systematic formation of standardization skills in formatting graphic documentation at the school level.

Therefore, this research is scientifically and practically significant as it aims to develop and implement an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in school technical drawing lessons.

Analysis and Results

The results of the pedagogical experiment clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed methodology. At the initial stage of the experiment, the level of knowledge and skills related to standardization in both groups was approximately the same. The average scores of the control and experimental groups were 58% and 60%, respectively, indicating no statistically significant difference.

At the end of the experiment, the results showed a significant improvement in the experimental group compared to the control group. The average score of the experimental group reached 85%, while the control group achieved 65%.

In a five-point grading system, students’ level of compliance with standards reached 3.9 points.

Observations indicated that students in the experimental group began to approach standardization consciously during the drawing process. They performed line types, dimensioning rules, and title block formatting more accurately and quickly. Errors related to GOST 2.303-68 (Lines) decreased by 2.5 times, and errors related to GOST 2.104-2006 (Main inscriptions) decreased by three times.

Students’ creativity and independent work skills also improved significantly when completing project-based tasks. Their ability to use computer graphics software improved, enabling them to comply with standards in digital formats.

Survey results showed increased motivation and interest in technical drawing among experimental group students. They began to perceive standardization not as a collection of dry rules but as an integral part of technical culture.

The success of the methodology can be explained by several factors:

First, it presents standardization as a practical and professionally significant skill rather than a set of abstract rules.

Second, it ensures a systematic and consistent approach, gradually increasing task complexity.

Third, it integrates computer graphics tools, which enhance accuracy and adapt students to digital drawing environments.

Although the study confirms the effectiveness of the methodology, it was conducted with a limited number of students and within a specific age group. Further research is required to test its applicability in other educational contexts and to evaluate its long-term effectiveness.

Conclusion

This study was aimed at developing and implementing an effective methodology for forming standardization skills in preparing graphic documents in school technical drawing lessons.

The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed methodology significantly improved students’ knowledge and practical skills related to standardization. The higher performance of the experimental group confirms the scientific validity and practical relevance of the methodology.

Students not only learned to comply with standards but also developed greater interest in technical drawing and enhanced their engineering thinking.

The developed methodology can be integrated into school technical drawing curricula and serve as a strong foundation for preparing qualified engineering professionals in the future. The formation of standardization skills improves not only technical literacy but also accuracy, responsibility, and systematic thinking.

Future research may focus on applying this methodology to other age groups and vocational institutions, as well as studying the role of digital drawing technologies in developing standardization skills. Long-term monitoring of graduates’ academic and professional success would also be valuable.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR ROʻYXATI 

1. Karimova, D. A. (2018). Chizmachilik o’qitish metodikasi. Toshkent: Fan va texnologiya.

2. Toʻlaganov, A. A. (2020). Muhandislik grafikasi asoslari. Toshkent: O’zbekiston Milliy Ensiklopediyasi Davlat ilmiy nashriyoti.

3. Soliyev, N. I. (2019). Maktabda chizmachilik fanini o’qitishda innovatsion yondashuvlar. Pedagogika fanlari doktori dissertatsiyasi avtoreferati. Toshkent.

4. OʻzDSt 2.104-2006. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Asosiy yozuvlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.

5. OʻzDSt 2.301-68. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Formatlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.

6. OʻzDSt 2.303-68. Konstruktorlik hujjatlari yagona tizimi. Chiziqlar. Toshkent: Oʻzbekiston standartlashtirish, metrologiya va sertifikatlashtirish agentligi.

7. ISO 128-1:2020. Technical product documentation (TPD) – General principles of presentation – Part 1: Introduction and fundamental requirements. International Organization for Standardization.

8. Shishkin, P. I. (2015). Metodika prepodavaniya cherchaniya v obshcheobrazovatelnoy shkole. Moskva: Akademiya.

9. Vinnikov, V. I. (2017). Inzhenernaya grafika i osnovy konstruirovaniya. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks.

10. Mirziyoyev, Sh. M. (2021). Yangi O’zbekiston strategiyasi. Toshkent: O’zbekiston.

11. Tursunov, R. (2016). Grafik kompetensiyalarni shakllantirishning pedagogik-psixologik asoslari. Pedagogika fanlari nomzodi dissertatsiyasi. Samarqand.

12. G’aniyev, B. T. (2022). Chizmachilik darslarida zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalanish. Xalq ta’limi jurnali, (3), 45-50.

13. Smirnov, S. A. (2019). Didaktika vysshey shkoly. Moskva: Urait.

14. Khojiyev, J. S. (2020). O’quvchilarda texnik tafakkurni rivojlantirishning didaktik imkoniyatlari. Yosh olimlar axborotnomasi, (2), 89-94.

Talented Student/ Biology and Chemistry / International Certificate Holder 

Date birth: October 2 

Place of birth: Uzbekistan 

Education: Student at Shakhrisabz School number 38 

Fields of activity: Advanced Biology learning, international projects, personal growth 

Early Achievements and Educational path 

Durdona Shafqatullayeva is a high-achieving and intellectually capable student with strong academic performance an active volunteer and a participant in international conferences. 

The Human Skeletal System: General Overview of Bones Student of 38-School 

Shafqatullayeva Durdona 

Abstract. 

The human skeletal system provides the fundamental structural framework of the body and plays a vital role in movement, protection of internal organs, mineral homeostasis, and hematopoiesis. Bone is a dynamic, living tissue that continuously adapts to mechanical, hormonal, and metabolic influences. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the human skeletal system, emphasizing bone classification, structure, biological functions, growth, remodeling processes, and clinical relevance. Understanding skeletal biology is essential for medical and health sciences, as skeletal disorders significantly impact human mobility and overall quality of life. 

Keywords 

Human skeleton, bones, skeletal system, bone structure, bone remodeling 

Introduction 

The skeletal system is a cornerstone of human anatomy and physiology. It not only defines the shape of the body but also enables movement and protects vital organs. Unlike the common perception of bones as rigid and inert, skeletal tissue is metabolically active and responsive to both internal and external factors. Throughout life, bones undergo constant remodeling to maintain strength and mineral balance. A detailed understanding of the skeletal system is therefore fundamental for medical education, clinical practice, and preventive healthcare. 

Organization of the Human Skeletal System 

In adults, the human skeleton consists of 206 bones, systematically arranged into two major divisions: 

Axial skeleton (80 bones), comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, which primarily protect the central nervous system and thoracic organs. 

Appendicular skeleton (126bones), including the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which facilitates locomotion and interaction with the environment. 

This structural organization reflects a balance between protection, support, and mobility. 

Classification of Bones 

Bones are classified according to their shape and functional characteristics: 

Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, act as levers for movement and support body weight. 

Short bones, including carpals and tarsals, provide stability with limited motion.

Flat bones, such as the cranial bones and sternum, protect internal organs and offer broad surfaces for muscle attachment. 

Irregular bones, including vertebrae, serve specialized structural and protective roles. 

Sesamoid bones, exemplified by the patella, improve mechanical efficiency by reducing friction at joints. 

This classification demonstrates how bone morphology is closely linked to biomechanical function. 

Bone Structure and Composition 

Bone tissue consists of an organic matrix and an inorganic mineral component. The organic portion, primarily collagen fibers, provides flexibility and tensile strength, while the inorganic component, mainly calcium phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite, confers rigidity and resistance to compression. 

Structurally, bones contain: 

Compact (cortical) bone, forming the dense outer layer 

Spongy (trabecular) bone, which is lighter and distributes mechanical stress efficiently 

Within certain bones, bone marrow is present and plays a critical role in blood cell formation.

Physiological Functions of Bones 

The skeletal system performs several essential physiological functions: 

Structural support and posture maintenance 

Protection of vital organs, including the brain, heart, and lungs 

Facilitation of movement through muscle attachment 

Regulation of mineral storage, particularly calcium and phosphorus 

Hematopoiesis within red bone marrow 

These functions highlight the skeletal system’s importance in maintaining systemic homeostasis. 

Bone Growth and Remodeling 

Bone development and maintenance depend on a tightly regulated remodeling process involving osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. During childhood and adolescence, bone formation exceeds resorption, leading to growth and increased bone mass. In adulthood, remodeling preserves skeletal integrity and adapts bone architecture to mechanical stress.

Nutritional factors, physical activity, hormones, and aging significantly influence this process. 

Clinical and Medical Relevance 

Skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, fractures, scoliosis, and degenerative joint diseases pose major public health challenges worldwide. Understanding bone biology is essential for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in imaging techniques and orthopedic medicine have improved outcomes yet maintaining skeletal health through proper nutrition and physical activity remains a cornerstone of prevention. 

Conclusion 

The human skeletal system is a dynamic and multifunctional framework essential for survival and movement. Bones are living tissues that continuously adapt to physiological demands, underscoring their role beyond mechanical support. A comprehensive understanding of skeletal structure and function is fundamental for medical research, clinical practice, and the promotion of lifelong musculoskeletal health. 

References 

Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B.H. (2021). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (16thed.). Wiley.

Standring, S. (2021). Gray’s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42nd ed.) Elsevier. 

Ross, M.H., &Pawlina, W. (2020). Histology: A Text and Atlas (8thed.). Wolters Kluwer. 

Clarke, B. (2008). Normal bone anatomy and physiology. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 3(Suppl3), S131– S139. 

Compston, J.E., McClung, M.R., & Leslie, W.D. (2019). Osteoporosis. The Lancet, 393 (10169), 364– 376. Raggatt, L.J., &Partridge, N.C. (2010). Cellular and molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285 (33), 25103– 25108.

By Mamatkulova Mukhlisa
Tg:@mamatkulova_mukhlisa
Uzbekistan, Samarkand.

The Double-Edged Sword: Microfinance and Its Global Economic Impact

Smart Money for Small Business: Navigating the Microfinance Frontier.

For decades, the global financial system operated as a closed club, excluding nearly 1.7 billion unbanked adults who lived on less than $2 a day. Microfinance emerged as a revolutionary tool to fix this market failure, aiming to unleash the productive capacities of the poor through modest loans, savings, and insurance. In 2026, this sector has evolved from a narrow focus on “entrepreneurial finance” to a broader “household finance” model, providing vital liquidity for
small shops and medical expenses. Currently, the market is on a high-growth trajectory, valued at $266.13 Billion in 2026 and projected to reach $406.39 Billion by 2030.”

The Economic Benefits: Catalyzing Growth from the Bottom Up
Microfinance acts as a powerful growth accelerator at the local level by targeting those traditionally excluded due to a lack of collateral.

1) Poverty Alleviation & Income Growth: Studies indicate that households with access to microfinance see an average income gain of 15–25% compared to those without. In countries like Bangladesh, microfinance has contributed to 8.9% to 11.9% of national GDP in recent years. The global microfinance market is projected to grow to $266.13 billion by the end of 2026. This represents a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 11.2%, which is significantly higher than the global average GDP growth of 3.3% reported by the IMF for 2026.

2)Empowering Women: Approximately 80% of microfinance clients are women. Empowering women yields undeniable returns; evidence shows that children of female borrowers are less likely to experience illness or illiteracy, as mothers prioritize education and healthcare spending. Reliable 2025/2026 data shows that women maintain an average repayment rate of 96%, compared to 91% for men, making them the most ‘bankable’ demographic in the microfinance frontier

3)Building Resilience: Beyond loans, micro-savings and micro-insurance act as “safety mechanisms,” preventing families from slipping back into poverty when hit by unexpected shocks like
droughts or illnesses. As of 2026, these micro-insurance mechanisms cover over 344 million people globally, representing a 70% increase in just three years. This is critical because, without
insurance, a single climate shock like a drought can slash a small farmer’s annual income by 15% to 18% instantly, creating a debt trap that lasts for generations.

The Structural Weaknesses: When “Smart Money” Fails

Despite its successes, the microfinance model faces significant criticisms and operational hurdles.

1)The Burden of High Interest Rates: Microfinance loans often carry high interest rates—weighted averages for some products in late 2025 reached 24.13%, with maximums near 30%. These high
rates are driven by the massive operational costs of delivering small loans to remote areas, but they can be perceived as exploitative. Specifically, these high rates are a byproduct of Operating Expense
Ratios (OER) that average 15.8% to 19.2% for rural MFIs. In finance terms, the administrative cost of processing a $100 loan is nearly the same as a $10,000 loan, creating an inherent diseconomy of
scale for micro-lenders

2)The Trap of Over-Indebtedness: Critics argue that without proper regulation, borrowers can accumulate interest over long periods, leading to a “strangle-hold of debt”. This phenomenon, known
as ‘Loan Cycling,’ is a systemic risk; 2026 market data indicates that in saturated regions, up to 14% of borrowers now hold three or more active loans simultaneously. This pushes the Portfolio at Risk (PAR 30)—the industry standard for measuring defaults—above the critical 5.5% threshold, signaling a credit bubble. In some cases, poverty itself drives individuals to take loans they cannot repay, potentially escalating poverty levels in the long run.

3)Regulatory & Political Risk: Governments often intervene with interest rates ceilings to protect the poor, which can inadvertently cause markets to contract as lenders retreat from high-risk rural areas. Recent legislation, like the Bihar MFI Bill 2026 in India, has introduced tighter oversight and caps, causing immediate market volatility for major lenders.

Historical Precedent: As shown in this data from the Asian Development Bank, when strict interest rate caps
are introduced (black line), borrower outreach often plateaus as the diseconomy of scale makes small-ticket lending unsustainable for MFIs.

THIRTY-ONE LIGHTS: THE VIRTUOUS WOMAN OF STRENGTH AND GRACE 

Author: H.E. Prof. Amb. Rev. Dr. Jitender Singh, India

She walks in dignity, her character shining bright,

More precious than jewels, a treasure of living light.

Trust rests upon her wherever she may stand,

Truth and sincerity gently guide her hand.

With skillful hands she labors, faithful in every way,

Through patience and wisdom she brightens each day.

She guards her duties with thoughtful care,

Planting seeds of goodness everywhere.

Strength and health uphold the path she takes,

Joy in her labor a brighter future makes.

Alert in spirit, with insight deep and clear,

Her wisdom removes confusion and fear.

Her kindness reaches the helpless and poor,

Compassion becomes an ever-open door.

Brave in her spirit with vision that sees afar,

Grace in simplicity shines like a star.

Her values and culture bring honor and respect,

A life of virtue the world reflects.

Through diligence and honesty her works arise,

Integrity shining before many eyes.

Hope fills her spirit through darkness and light,

Discernment guiding the path that is right.

Gentle in speech yet steadfast in stand,

Understanding life with a compassionate hand.

Energetic in service, devoted and wise,

A faithful mother whose love never dies.

Her household rises with gratitude and praise,

For love and wisdom crown her days.

She reveres the Creator with humble delight,

Walking by faith and living in light.

Success follows virtue wherever she goes,

Her deeds speak louder than anyone knows.

And when history remembers the pillars of grace,

Her courage and kindness will hold their place.

For the world moves forward on quiet unseen art—

The strength of a woman, the light of her heart.

Let nations remember, let generations see:

Where women rise with honor, humanity walks free.

© 2026 H.E. Prof. Amb. Rev. Dr. Jitender Singh, India

All Rights Reserved

Written on the Occasion of International Women’s Day – March 8

Too Much Love

All day I have tried to get the cat to sit on me.

And finally just as I am about to finish a movie

and stand up, she does, and so does the dog.

She is beautiful and fluffy and purrs

her warmth into my hand.

It is a lot of warmth. The dog is also warm.

My temperature spikes. I have to pee.

My nose is running and I have no Kleenex.

We all believe we want love and endless love

but it is too much, my body cannot bear it,

the weight of floof and love.

THE IMPORTANCE AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE

O‘roqova Nargiza Sherali qizi

First-year student, Group 102-A

Faculty of General Medicine

Tashkent Medical Academy

ABSTRACT

This article analyzes the role of artificial intelligence technologies in the medical field and their application in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention from a scientific and theoretical perspective. The importance of artificial intelligence–based systems in early disease detection, the development of personalized treatment plans, and the improvement of healthcare system efficiency is highlighted. In addition, the challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in medicine and its future development directions are discussed.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, medicine, diagnostics, personalized treatment, telemedicine, digital healthcare.

INTRODUCTION

Modern medicine cannot develop without information technologies. In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies has led to the emergence of new approaches in the healthcare system. The need to process and analyze large volumes of medical data requires the use of artificial intelligence. Therefore, artificial intelligence is becoming an important factor in improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness in medicine.

MAIN PART

1. The Concept of Artificial Intelligence and the Foundations of Its Application in Medicine

Artificial intelligence is the ability of computer systems to model analytical thinking, learning, and decision-making processes characteristic of human intelligence. In medicine, it is used to support clinical decision-making, create analytical forecasts, and develop automated monitoring systems.

2. Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Processes

The analysis of medical images is one of the most effective areas of artificial intelligence application. Based on radiological and tomographic data, AI can:

detect pathological changes;

assess the stage of disease progression;

reduce diagnostic errors.

This is especially important in fields such as oncology and cardiology.

3. AI Capabilities in Personalized Treatment

Artificial intelligence makes it possible to develop treatment strategies by considering the individual characteristics of each patient. Based on laboratory indicators, genetic information, and clinical signs, it becomes possible to:

select appropriate medications;

determine the optimal dosage;

predict possible side effects in advance.

4. Artificial Intelligence in the Pharmaceutical Industry

During the process of drug development, artificial intelligence performs molecular-level analyses and shortens the time required to identify new medications. As a result, the efficiency of clinical trials increases and drug development costs decrease.

5. Telemedicine and Remote Medical Monitoring

Remote monitoring systems powered by artificial intelligence track patients’ vital indicators in real time. This helps provide early warnings and prevent complications in chronic diseases.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics

Radiology is currently one of the most widely used areas of artificial intelligence in medicine. For example, the Google DeepMind Health system has demonstrated higher accuracy than physicians in detecting lung cancer and retinal diseases at early stages by analyzing MRI and X-ray images.

Artificial intelligence analyzes imaging data such as X-ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound to help detect tumors (cancer), cardiovascular diseases, and lung diseases (such as pneumonia and tuberculosis) at early stages. In some cases, AI can identify minor changes more accurately than doctors.

Moreover, AI also contributes to the evaluation of laboratory analyses. By comparing blood, urine, and other biological test results, it helps detect diseases such as infections, diabetes, and hormonal disorders.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Artificial intelligence increases the speed and accuracy of diagnosis and enables early detection of diseases by minimizing the influence of human error. It proposes individualized treatment by considering the patient’s age, gender, genetic condition, and medical history. It also improves access to healthcare services in remote regions.

In addition, AI can predict diseases in advance, identify patients in high-risk groups, enable timely preventive measures, and even forecast epidemics.

Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Although artificial intelligence has many advantages, it also has certain risks. In particular, it may reduce direct communication between doctors and patients. Furthermore, incorrect algorithms may lead to incorrect diagnoses. In such cases, the question arises: who is responsible for the misdiagnosis?

Artificial intelligence provides answers based on the information available in its database. Currently, data resources in languages such as English, Chinese, and Spanish are extremely rich, which allows AI systems to analyze patient symptoms more accurately in those languages. In other languages, however, there may still be certain limitations.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into medicine is taking the healthcare system to a new stage of development. It serves as a supportive tool that complements physicians’ work and makes diagnostic and treatment processes more efficient.

Artificial intelligence has also brought major changes to the field of medical diagnostics. It accelerates the diagnostic process, increases accuracy, and significantly improves the efficiency of the healthcare system. However, artificial intelligence should remain a supportive tool, and the final decision must always be made by a qualified physician.

REFERENCES

Topol E.J. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, 2019.

World Health Organization (WHO). Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health. Geneva, 2021.

Rajkomar A., Dean J., Kohane I.S. Machine learning in medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 2019; 380: 1347–1358.

Esteva A., Kuprel B., Novoa R.A., et al. Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks. Nature, 2017; 542: 115–118.

Yu K.H., Beam A.L., Kohane I.S. Artificial intelligence in healthcare. Nature Biomedical Engineering, 2018; 2: 719–731.

Zenodo.org – The Role and Importance of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

Kun.uz – The Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine.

O‘roqova Nargiza was born on March 26, 2001, in Ishtikhon district of the Samarkand region. She is currently a first-year grant student at Tashkent Medical University.

In the 2024–2025 academic year, she works as a biology teacher at School No. 33 in Ishtikhon district of the Samarkand region.

She graduated from the Faculty of Biology at Jizzakh State Pedagogical University in the 2020–2024 academic years.

She has an excellent command of English, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish languages.

Señor Despaïr 
Against a Hopeless Time
A Poem by Christopher Bernard

3. The Angel

I waited for the old man
to answer, but all I heard was waves,
suddenly distant, as though withdrawing with 
    the tide.
Then I saw a dim glow above the horizon
and watched as it grew stronger, felt my shadow
deepen with the appearance of the light.
The sky grew dull and stretched with cloud ribbons
and flattened out. The sea looked like pewter. 
Then an edge of startling brightness 
appeared beneath the scrambled glow,
and the sun edged upward, red and gold.

I turned to look at the old man,
but there was no one there. I was alone on the beach.
Had he walked away in disgust at my last speech?
Had he given up on someone so incorrigibly naive?
Had he even been there at all? No, he’d been there,
of that I was sure. Perhaps he had thrown himself
back into the sea from which he had come.
I watched as the sun rose like a head or like an eye
staring across a world that was all sky.

And a form broke from the sun and the far 
calling of the waves. Nebulous as fog or cloud, 
it seemed to step toward me over sand
brilliant and slippery as glass,
and I saw behind it a throng
of brilliant, smiling – were they angels? –
misty and fragrant as the breeze
that lifted from the sea.
The glowing form seemed to speak,
and it was the voice inside me,
bright and soft as an angel’s,
or as I would imagine an angel’s.

“Know this,” it spoke, as if close to my ear,
almost a whisper, and I strained to hear.

“Know this: we are perpetual creation.
Know this: we are the infinite world.
Time wee enter to work out the possible,
which knows no end and no beginning.
Know this: your task on earth
is to build possibility.
Know this: we are nature, 
nature is ourselves.
Just as you are nature, 
nature is you. 
You are our hands and eyes
as we are yours in all that is.
The power of evil and good
is in your eyes and hands.
The ultimately beautiful is the ultimately real. 
Know this: You are free. So: choose.”

And the smile of the diaphonous glowing figure
burned my face.

Suddenly the throng of angels, 
and the sea and the shore and the sky 
rang, like all the bells in all the cities
of the earth.

Though how could that be? How could any of this 
    be?

And I was surrounded by the flocking and singing of
    many birds.
And the waves glittered before me,
and I heard enchanting laughter.
And the air smelled of shells and brine and roses
and smoke, perfume, wine, and brandy and
     apples.
And a crab made mock with a clam, and a blade of
    grass
traced in the dunes the outline of the loveliest of girls
to the dip of a breeze and a turn of a sun ray. And a
    falcon 
traded mysteries with a dove. And wind 
swept up the sand in a glory of wind devils
swirling in shapes of Carmen, Venus, Tamara, 
formed in a moment, in the next cast back 
to sand and wind. And whiteness throned in clouds
    above,

and wind and galleons moved across the blueness
    like a sea,
a moment hoped for, lost, here, once, forever.

And the sun as it rose opened and filled the sky
for a moment that passed like a breath
with a beauty that was infinite 
and a love that was for all time.

_____
Christopher Bernard’s most recent collection of poems is titled The Beauty of Matter, “A Pagan’s Verses for a Mystic Idler.” Señor Despaïr will appear in book form from Real Magazine Productions, a publisher based in India, later this year.