Linguistics, as one of the most important fields of human thought, culture, and social life, studies language phenomena both theoretically and practically. In the 21st century, the rapid development of science and technology, globalization, and the growth of information flows place new challenges before linguistics. Therefore, among the current issues of modern linguistics, the development of national languages, terminology, language teaching (linguodidactics), translation studies, computational linguistics, and sociolinguistics occupy a special place.
Main Part
1. Development of the National Language
The national language plays a central role in the cultural and spiritual life of society. Developing the language based on literary norms and ensuring its full use in public administration, education, and science is one of the most urgent tasks of linguistics.
2. Terminology and New Terms
Scientific and technical progress constantly introduces new concepts. It is important to create consistent and nationally appropriate terms in Uzbek to express these concepts and to form a unified system of terminology.
3. Linguodidactics and Education
The process of teaching language requires the use of new methods, digital resources, and interactive approaches. In particular, teaching Uzbek effectively to foreigners is among today’s pressing issues.
4. The Importance of Translation Studies
High-quality translation of the cultural and scientific heritage of other nations into Uzbek, as well as the translation of our national literature into other languages, strengthens cultural ties. It is essential to preserve semantic accuracy and national identity in the process of translation.
5. Computational Linguistics
Modern technologies have given rise to a new field in linguistics. Developing an electronic corpus of the Uzbek language, creating automatic translation programs, speech recognition systems, and artificial intelligence–based projects are among the most important current tasks.
6. Sociolinguistics and Speech Culture
Language and society are closely interconnected. Issues such as innovations in youth speech, the influence of internet language, and the relationship between dialects and the literary language are at the center of sociolinguistic research. At the same time, it is necessary to promote speech culture and adherence to literary norms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the current issues of linguistics are directly linked to the development of modern society. Developing the national language, improving terminology, advancing translation studies, enriching language teaching methods, developing computational linguistics, and addressing sociolinguistic challenges are the main tasks facing linguistics today. Preserving and developing language in accordance with the demands of the time serves as a strong foundation for the future of the nation.
Sobirova Samiya Muhammadjon qizi was born on May 1, 2001, in Baliqchi district, Andijan region. She completed her studies at Secondary School No. 50 in the district and later graduated from Namangan State University with a degree in Uzbek language. During her student years, she was an active participant in the “Zakovat Intellectual Club.” Together with her team, she took part in various events and achieved honorary places.
Currently, she works as a teacher of the Uzbek language and literature at Secondary School No. 86 in Yangi Namangan district, Namangan region. Since childhood, Samiya has had a deep interest in Uzbek and Turkish literature. For this reason, she also mastered the Turkish language and earned a certificate. Her ultimate goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and to share the valuable knowledge she has acquired with future generations.
Aliya Abdurasulova, a Namangan State university student
WORKING WITH ONE-DIMENSIONAL AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS IN C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Annotation
This article provides information on processes for working with one- and multi-dimensional arrays in the C++ programming language. The types of arrays, the methods of their use, and their application in the program code are explained with examples. Problems encountered when working with arrays and their solutions are also considered. Information is also provided on how arrays are stored in memory and many ways to make the most of them. The article provides a deeper understanding for beginners and programmers.
Keywords
C++ programming language, arrays, one-dimensional array, multidimensional array, programming fundamentals, data structure, array in C++, indexes, working with arrays, program structuring, data storage, code writing (structuring)
Introduction
In programming, efficient storage and access to data is of great importance. In C++ programming language, arrays are used to store data of the same type in an ordered manner. Unlike simple variables, arrays allow multiple values to be grouped under a single name, which simplifies the code and improves efficiency. Arrays are divided into one-dimensional and multi-dimensional types. A one-dimensional array represents a simple list, while multi-dimensional arrays are structured as tables or matrices. This article explains creating arrays in C++, using them, and practical examples.
1. One-Dimensional Arrays
One-dimensional arrays are ordered collections of elements. They are declared using the following syntax:
data_type array_name[size];
Where:
• data_type – the type of array elements (e.g., int, double, char, etc.)
• array_name – the name of the array
• size – the number of elements in the array
1.1 Declaring and Using a One-Dimensional Array
For example, let’s create an array containing 5 numbers and display them on the screen:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; // Array declared and initialized cout << “Array elements: “; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << numbers[i] << ” “; } return 0; }
1.2 Array Input from User
If array elements need to be entered by the user during program execution, the following method can be used:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int numbers[5]; cout << “Enter 5 numbers: “; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cin >> numbers[i]; } cout << “The numbers you entered: “; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { cout << numbers[i] << ” “; } return 0; }
2. Multi-Dimensional Arrays
Multi-dimensional arrays allow access to elements through multiple indices. The most commonly used type is the two-dimensional array, which is often applied in representing tables or matrices.
2.1 Declaring a Two-Dimensional Array
The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional array is:
data_type array_name[rows][columns];
Where:
• rows – number of rows
• columns – number of columns
2.2 Example of a 2×3 Array
For example, let’s create an array with 2 rows and 3 columns and display it on the screen:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int matrix[2][3] = {{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}}; cout << “Array elements: \n”; for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) { cout << matrix[i][j] << ” “; } cout << endl; } return 0; }
2.3 User Input for Array Size and Elements
The following program asks the user for the size of the array and its elements, then displays them:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int n; cout << “Enter the number of array elements: “; cin >> n; int arr[n]; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { cout << “Enter element ” << i+1 << “: “; cin >> arr[i]; } cout << “Array elements: “; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { cout << arr[i] << ” “; } return 0; }
Advantages of Working with Arrays
• Organized data storage – Arrays allow storing elements of the same type in order.
• Fast access – With indexing, any element can be accessed directly.
• Convenient processing – Arrays allow automating various calculations in programming.
Conclusion
This article comprehensively covered the stages of working with one- and multi-dimensional arrays in the C++ programming language. The types of arrays, their effective organization, and their proper use in program code were explained with practical examples. Problems encountered in working with arrays and their optimal solutions were discussed. Arrays are one of the most important tools for storing and processing data, and their effective use simplifies the programming process. Correct use of arrays in future software projects contributes to faster code execution and optimized memory usage.
References
1. Bjarne Stroustrup. “The C++ Programming Language” (4th Edition). Addison-Wesley, 2013.
2. Sh.F. Madraximov, A.M. Ikramov, M.R. Babajanov, “C++ tilida programmalash bo‘yicha masalalar to‘plami”, Tashkent – 2014.
Among the books I needed to read was O’tkir Hoshimov’s collection of stories, ”O’zbeklar” Immersing myself in the reading, I became one with the characters. This work speaks of how simple, sincere, and hardworking the Uzbek people are. Despite each story in the book being written in a simple, folk style, it finds a place in the reader’s heart with its basis in real events. The work pays great attention to feelings such as patriotism, love for one’s homeland, and concern for its future. The Uzbek people’s readiness to sacrifice their lives for the Motherland, their struggle for its freedom and independence, is one of the main parts of the story.
In conclusion, the story ‘O’zbeklar’ is a vivid work that reflects the image of the Uzbek people, their inner world, and their attitude towards life, awakening national feelings, and promoting the ideas of humanity and patriotism.
This work has been flawlessly presented as a gift to students, and my enjoyment of it is a testament to my good fortune!”
Muhammadjonova O’g’iloy 9th grade student school 5 Andijan region, Republic of Uzbekistan!
When I was eight years old and newly installed in the house my parents bought for our family, I received the ultimate answer to my dreams–for that week: nothing less than a Wham-O Wrist Rocket, the final word in slingshots. While today this product is composed of tellurium, whatever that is, and comes equipped with laser sighting mechanisms, the Wrist Rocket of my youth was a relatively simple slingshot, but with a difference. With the old-fashioned Y-shaped devices, you would simply grip it by the handle, aim and fire. But with the Wham-O weapon, it had a special brace, made of “Aircraft Aluminum,” which fitted over your wrist, giving you better leverage and increased firing accuracy. But at eight, I was only dimly aware of all this. All I knew was that they were fun! And now I had one.
Standing in my new back yard, I was on a safari, alert for all the ferocious creatures that stalked the neighborhood. I tried a few shots, one at our new metal garbage can. It struck with terrific impact and made a clattering sound that could have wakened the dead. Too easy. Next I tried a few trees, but they were still too easy, even the skinny ones. What I craved was live prey and there it was, up in the huge sycamore in our front yard. It was late summer and the trees were still clustered with leaves, but I spied a rich target: a gray-black bird with an orange belly, about fifty feet above the ground.
Inserting a rock from our newly graveled driveway, I stretched the rubber back nearly a yard, packing tremendous force into the shot. Then I let it fly, not really aiming but working on instinct. To my surprise–and resultant horror–the stone struck the little bird, shattering his wing. The robin dropped precipitously, thrashing his wings as he fell. He struck the ground on his back. He died instantly.
Eyes wide, I tentatively approached the beautiful creature, beheld his bright orange breast and searched for any sign of life. There was none; the robin was dead. I hurried away, too cowardly even to bury the bird. Other kids regularly preyed on small animals with slingshots, BB guns and the like, but I never had. Until now. I had unwittingly joined the ranks of the “mean kids,” who were marked by their abject cruelty to defenseless animals. And I didn’t like it. The next day it got much worse.
My dad was policing the property, in preparation for mowing the lawn, when he came upon the dead bird. “Someone killed a robin,” he said gravely. He looked at me. “You don’t shoot robins, do you?” he asked. He had a right to ask; I had mercilessly badgered him to buy the wretched Wrist Rocket. I shook my head no. I was never sure if my dad believed me; we never spoke of it again. I had never been aware of any particular feeling on my dad’s part, respecting birds or other creatures. Later I would learn that they had played a part in his growing up in the country, on a farm. And I admired my dad more than any man alive. Which brought home the enormity of what I’d done.
Distraught, I retreated to my bedroom, where I stashed the slingshot in my closet, never to use it again. The next day I threw it out. At supper that night my dad told my mom about neighborhood kids killing birds.
“You shouldn’t kill a robin,” he said simply, and I felt bitterly ashamed. It was the first and only time I lied to my father. A hard, life-changing lesson to learn at just eight years of age.
At this point it would be great to tell you that I became a millionaire and devoted my life to preserving wildlife and saving species from extinction. Not quite. I did well at math in school and ultimately became a college math professor. I settled into academia nicely. With only a few classes to teach and a few additional office hours, I had a lot of free time. After I got married and bought a house, I put up several bird feeders. I also supported the Audubon Society until I heard some negative things about it. After a spate bird-watching, I had to admit it bored me to tears. I reasoned that the best thing was to raise my kids, Sam and Judy, with respect for all life. On this my wife Susan and I agreed.
The kids won’t get any weapons, real or fake, as presents. I’m happy that Sam wants to study to be an environmentalist. Judy is making her old man happy too: she is doing great in her math classes, and wants to be a mathematician like me. On a research grant I used my math skills to work on species preservations. It wasn’t easy because there were so many variables: birthrates, predators, available food, genre ratios and the like, but I’m happy to say we’ve had some success. The Ontario Mouse that was near extinction is now thriving. The Klamath Darter, a small fish, is making a comeback.
I was invited to give a lecture on the subject in Eugene, Oregon, my home town. My speech was going well, but I wondered about a bald guy in the front row who looked familiar. He seemed to hang onto every word, even when I went into boring statistics. After the talk, I cornered him at the post-speech buffet and asked him who he was. He didn’t answer immediately, and then it dawned on me: Mr. Spangler, our neighbor from my neighborhood when I was growing up; I hadn’t seen him for 25 years.
“Is that you, Don?” I asked, stunned.
He admitted that it was and then went on to tell me how proud he was at how I’d turned out. He hesitated a moment and then said he’d had some misgivings about me back in the day. I furrowed my brow and asked him what he meant. Without a word, he turned up a brown paper bag and from it pulled a 30-year-old Whamo Wrist Rocket. He told me he’d seen me shoot the robin all those years ago and watched as I tossed the weapon of death into the trash. He’d saved it, he said, for just such an occasion. “I’m proud of you,” he said solemnly and it warmed my heart that my life had come full circle.
I started writing at the age of 52. I was influenced and inspired by my poets and journalists’ friends.
We had a cultural forum back then in 2012 and there we would gather around every day at eight o’clock in the evening to listen to our friends recite their writings of poems, literature essays and short stories and after the reading is all finished another session would start to discuss and critics their poetry works, all that had a great positive impact on me to write poetry, short stories and to be involved in other literary works.
2. What is the message you want to give through your poems?
As a poet I want to communicate various messages, from expressing personal emotions and life experiences to exploring universal aspects of nature, beauty, hope, peace, love, harmony and social justice and to convey a profound message about life and human values. I want to emphasize the importance of kindness, empathy, and living with honesty and integrity.
Plus, I want to encourage the readers to appreciate the beauty around them and to remain hopeful and positive even in difficult times.
3. Do you believe that the new generation is reading and caring about literature?
Young people may not always read long novels or traditional sonnet poetry, but yes, they do read and care about literature in shorter format such as e-books on their “smart” devices and from seeing them participating and mingling in different social media online and from the number of people I learn of annually who do attend books fairs and buy books.
4. How do you feel when you see your poems published in several foreign sites?
In my own thoughts and perspectives, poetry is an expression of the incomparable meditation and contemplation of the human minds.
Seeing my poems published on foreign websites gives me a combination of feelings of broader reach, validations and significant connections with wider international audiences, making my voice heard by different people of different cultures and nations and successful transmission of my poetry and literature works beyond borders.
5. Do you want to share with our readers a phrase that changed your life?
Yes, definitely, I do, here it is: “Today is the opportunity to build the tomorrow you want”
6. What is your next project?
Well, I am happy to announce a book I have been working on with poet Kristy Raines from the USA, which will be published soon on Amazon, titled “Echoes Across the Oceans”. It is an anthology of some of our favorite poems.
NASSER ALSHAIKHAHMED, SAUDI POET AND WRITER, SAUDI ARABIA
Nasser Alshaikhahmed is a Saudi Arabian bilingual poet and writer. He writes poetry and short stories in Arabic and English. He attended college at Sonoma State University in California, USA. Although his field of study is far from literature, his soul is immersed in poetry and writing.
Nasser Alshaikhahmed has translated pieces from English to Arabic for several poets from USA, Japan and Australia, and published his translations in local journals.
He has published a poetry book in Arabic,” “العرافة ara’fa”, in 2013 through Arabian House for Science. He has published an English poetry book titled “Whispered Vows”, August 2023 by publisher Jeanette Tiburcio Marquez through the Stockholm Project.
He came in second place at the Zheng Nian Cup China Literary Award in 2023. He was awarded on October 14, 2023, by the L.A. Seneca International Academic Literary Award, the Italian Academy of Philosophical Arts and Sciences, Bari-Italy. He participated in the international children’s literature forum in Dhaka, Bangladesh in December 2023. Participated in Oman international poetry and cultural festival, April 2024. Participated in an Indian international literary meeting forum in November 2024. Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
