Homeland… This word is precious and sacred for every person. It embodies the land where we were born and raised, the memory of our ancestors, Uzbek traditions, language, and culture. The Homeland is our past, our present, and our future. Its praise is a feeling eternally sealed in every heart.
The praise of the Homeland is not only words spoken with the tongue but emotions flowing from the heart and manifested in our every action. Praising the Homeland means loyalty to one’s country, dedication to its prosperity, preserving national values, and living with a sense of Uzbek pride and honor.
Uzbekistan is our beloved Homeland. It is famous worldwide for its beautiful nature, rich history, unique culture, hardworking and hospitable people. Our ancient cities – Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Shahrisabz – have for centuries been centers of science, culture, and craftsmanship. These cities have produced great scholars, thinkers, poets, and scientists whose priceless legacy remains a source of pride for us today.
During the years of independence, Uzbekistan has achieved great successes. Fundamental changes have been made in political, economic, social, and spiritual spheres. Our national values have been restored, religious freedom ensured, and our language has been granted the status of the state language. Significant achievements have been made in education, science, culture, and sports. Uzbekistan has found its place in the international arena and established friendly relations with many countries around the world.
Today, Uzbekistan is stepping into a new stage of development. Large-scale reforms are being implemented, our economy is growing, and the standard of living of our people is rising. We face great tasks ahead: to make Uzbekistan one of the most developed, prosperous, and flourishing countries in the world, and to leave a worthy legacy for future generations.
To accomplish these tasks, each of us must contribute. We must master our professions, work honestly, seek knowledge, develop ourselves, remain loyal to our country, preserve our national values, and live with a sense of Uzbek pride and honor.
The praise of the Homeland is the foundation of our unity, harmony, peace, and solidarity. We must be proud of being the children of one land, support one another, and work together for the prosperity of our country. Only then will we achieve our goals and turn Uzbekistan into one of the most developed nations in the world.
In conclusion, praising the Homeland is a feeling eternally sealed in every heart. Preserving it and showing it through our actions is our sacred duty. Uzbekistan is our beloved Homeland — may its praise forever echo in our hearts!
Ozodbek Narzullayev Student of Grade 11, School No. 45, Koson District, Kashkadarya Region
The holy life of Prophet Muhammad (S) is the central theme of Sirah literature. It is preserved through historical records and Hadith transmissions. Within this tradition, the role of the earliest female companions (Sahabiyyat) was indispensable, as they transmitted many Hadith that have a vital role in Sirah literature. Their narrations ensure how the Prophet (S) performed his life as a public leader, as a spiritual leader, as a family member, and so on.
The foremost transmitter, Aishah (R), who narrated more than 2,000 Hadith, recognized by Companions and later scholars as an authentic source about the Prophet (S). Her knowledge preserved essential details of the Prophet’s worship, character, and family life. Without her contributions, a major portion of the Prophet’s life would not have been remained in Sirah literature. Similarly, Umm Salamah (R) transmitted valuable Hadith, including her narration of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which highlighted the Prophet’s political wisdom, patience, and ability to maintain unity in difficult circumstances. Another important figure, Asma bint Abi Bakr (R), narrated the event of the Prophet’s migration (Hijrah) from Makkah to Madinah, a major event in Islamic history. Likewise, Fatimah bint Qays (R) preserved the narration of the event of Tamim al-Dari and the Dajjal, which revealed the Prophet’s method of validating reports and guiding his community.
The legacy of these Sahabiyyat was carried forward by the Tabi‘iyyat (women of the next generation). Amrah bint Abd al-Rahman, one of the most trustworthy transmitters of Hadith, was a student of Aishah. Similarly, Fatimah bint al-Mundhir, granddaughter of Asma bint Abi Bakr, a notable Hadith scholar in the 1st century Hijrah, studied from Asma bint Abi Bakr.
This indicates that how Sahabiyyat shaped the foundations of Sirah literature through their narrations. Their Hadith transmission not only preserved the Prophet’s personal, political, and spiritual legacy with authenticity but also illustrates how women, often marginalized in other societies and communities, were empowered by knowledge in the Muslim community, and it served as evidence of women’s intellectual authority in early Islam. The later expansion of Sirah studies is inseparably linked to their efforts.
Certainly, I’m not indifferent.I didn’t hear, didn’t notice
The spectacular slaughter,
No sounds at all while
I pursued my routine.
Instead, from my recliner,
I watched the wind tug
At a spider’s web, modest
Basilica, architectural marvel,
Moored in the window niche.
I admired the resilience,
Stronger than the wooden giant,
The white, woven silk,
Easily erased, no trace,
With a flick of my broom.
I’d cut the bough in convenient
Slices, for firewood, for flame,
But my saw was getting fitted
With a new set of teeth.
The body will lie there
Until next week, naked
Corpse in the street.
After several more storms,
The web remains steadfast,
And the tree begins its decay.
David Sapp, writer and artist, lives along the southern shore of Lake Erie in North America. A Pushcart nominee, he was awarded Ohio Arts Council Individual Excellence Grants for poetry and the visual arts. His poetry and prose appear widely in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. His publications include articles in the Journal of Creative Behavior, chapbooks Close to Home and Two Buddha, a novel Flying Over Erie, and a book of poems and drawings titled Drawing Nirvana.
When I recall it, my heart overflows with memories,
Appearing one by one before my eyes.
Our playful school years are now behind us,
Ahead lies a fate full of tests.
Though we cannot be together in one class again,
Our shared memories will last forever.
The final ring of the last school bell
Brought childhood rushing back to me.
Do you remember, my classmate,
That first step into the schoolyard?
When I recall those cheerful days,
Tears of longing fill my eyes.
Xo‘jamiyorova Gulmira Abdusalom qizi was born on June 25, 2004, in the Surkhandarya region of Uzbekistan. While studying at School No. 22 in Uzun district, she actively participated in mother tongue and literature Olympiads, earning distinguished awards. In 2022, she was admitted to Termiz State Pedagogical Institute on a full state grant. She is a graduate of Shine Girls Academy and the Formula for Success program, and a member of the “Qo‘sh Qanot” Union of Poets and Writers (Creative Foundation) in Kazakhstan. Her creative portfolio includes numerous scientific and journalistic articles, as well as original poems, which have been published in international newspapers, literary journals, and anthologies. She has received multiple international certificates and was honored with a commemorative badge by Quality Publication publishing house in recognition of her literary achievements.
RESTORING TRUTH IN AMERICAN HISTORY: Today, President Donald J. Trump signed an Executive Order restoring truth and sanity to American history by revitalizing key cultural institutions and reversing the spread of divisive ideology.
President Trump aims to ensure that the Smithsonian is an institution that sparks children’s imagination, celebrates American history and ingenuity, serves as a symbol to the world of American greatness, and makes America proud.
The Order directs the Vice President, who is a member of the Smithsonian Board of Regents, to work to eliminate improper, divisive, or anti-American ideology from the Smithsonian and its museums, education and research centers, and the National Zoo.
The Order directs the Administration to work with Congress to ensure that future Smithsonian appropriations: (1) prohibit funding for exhibits or programs that degrade shared American values, divide Americans by race, or promote ideologies inconsistent with Federal law; and (2) celebrate women’s achievements in the American Women’s History Museum and do not recognize men as women.
The Vice President will work with congressional leaders to appoint members to the Smithsonian Board of Regents who are committed to advancing the celebration of America’s extraordinary heritage and progress.
The Order also directs the Secretary of the Interior restore Federal parks, monuments, memorials, statues, markers, or similar properties that have been improperly removed or changed in the last five years to perpetuate a false revision of history or improperly minimize or disparage certain historical figures or events.
In preparation for the 250th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 2026, the Order directs the Secretary of the Interior to complete restorations and improvements to Independence Hall by that date.
COMBATING CORROSIVE IDEOLOGY: In the last decade, Americans have witnessed a concerted effort to rewrite American history and force our nation to adopt a factually baseless ideology aimed at diminishing American achievement. President Trump is fighting back by reestablishing truth in the historical narrative and restoring Federal sites dedicated to American heritage.
The prior administration pushed a divisive ideology that reconstrued America’s promotion of liberty as fundamentally flawed, infecting revered institutions like the Smithsonian and national parks with false narratives.
At Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, the Biden Administration sponsored training by an organization that advocates for dismantling “Western foundations” and that taught Park Rangers that their racial identity should dictate how they present history to visitors.
The Smithsonian Institution—once revered throughout the world as a symbol of American excellence—has recently promoted divisive ideology that American and Western values are harmful.
The American Art Museum currently features an exhibit that purports to address how “sculpture has been a powerful tool in promoting scientific racism” and claims that the United States has “used race to establish and maintain systems of power, privilege, and disenfranchisement.”
The National Museum of African American History and Culture has proclaimed that “hard work,” “individualism,” and “the nuclear family” are aspects of “White culture.”
The American Women’s History Museum plans to celebrate male athletes participating in women’s sports.
CELEBRATING AMERICAN GREATNESS: President Trump is committed to honoring America’s extraordinary heritage and building a sense of national pride.
President Trump signed an Executive Order on his first day in office to establish a task force to prepare for America’s 250th birthday.
This Order also protects America’s monuments from vandalism and calls for construction of the National Garden of American Heroes.
President Trump signed a memorandum ensuring Federal buildings reflect the timeless grandeur of traditional, classical architecture.
By signing this Executive Order, President Trump is ensuring that American history is celebrated accurately, fairly, and with pride—honoring the remarkable progress, liberty, and ingenuity that define our great nation.
Meanwhile, In The Real World, You Can Be Fired For Going To The Doctor
Meanwhile
In the real world
You can be fired
For going to the doctor.
the worker’s bosses.
Can refuse to let workers
go to the appointment.
As they are not required
To grant them leave
sick leave.
Bad for the bottom line
And they have no empathy
For workers.
Who are seen as
Merely disposable, interchangeable
Labor units of production.
Who should be replaced
By robots
as soon as possible.
People will be given a choice.
Go to work, gravely ill.
Or go to the EER.
And six hours later
Perhaps see an overwhelmed doctor
And told me to follow up.
With your primary care doctor.
Who the hell knows.
Who that is any more?
You get the bill
10,000 dollars,
Pay up sucker!
No money?
Not my problem.
And go back to find.
You have been fired.
For leaving or not showing
Up for your shift.
Doctors visit?
That’s not my problem.
You are going to die.
So be it.
We can find other workers.
Or robots to take your place.
Loser.
President Al Wilson Reverses Course on Climate Change, From Denial to Action in the Wake of National Catastrophe
With the destruction of most of Florida—including Mar-a-Lago— Monster storms ravaging Texas, And Los Angeles reduced to ash By earthquake and fire,
President Al Wilson finally decided: Climate change is real. It is killing people— Especially in red states
. The costs of rebuilding are horrific. The costs of doing nothing? Even worse.
His advisors, once cautious, now urgent, Convinced him to embrace
a rapid shift to green energy. Solar, wind, geothermal—no longer fringe, Now the backbone of survival.
And beyond Earth,
Plans accelerate for lunar and Martian colonies, With NASA’s bioregenerative greenhouses already in prototype.
Underground cities, domed habitats—once sci-fi, Now contingency plans.
Wilson must work with the world. Not just to lead, But to redeem.
If he fails, And the world turns
into a hellscape man created,
History will remember him As the worst leader
in human memory.
But if he succeeds— If he reverses course, And actually solves the problem—
He could be hailed As the savior of humanity.
Doing something to change the future Is good politics.
Continued climate denialism Is bad politics.
And so, He reverses course.
MAGA Dreams Come True
President AL Wilson
Had a dream
The MAGA dream
Coming true!
This time will be different
The internet and AI
Will be used
To make sure
That MAGA rules
And Christian values
Take over.
LGBT folks
Back in the closet
Where they beyond.
Women’s rights curtailed
Minorities deported.
Media tamed
The public distracted
By the latest fake
Celebrity scandal.
The rich live very well
With robot servants
Self-driving vehicles
Great health care.
Maybe even cloned body parts
But the poor
Will barely live
But who cares about them?
MAGA, Baby
The real scandal
The taking over
Of democracy
By the oligarchs
Not talked about.
The secret camps
Filled with people
Who disappear.
Climate change well the rich
Can live on
In walled off
underground shelters.
The rest of the public
Who cares?
And so it goes
Democracy dies
In broad daylight
MAGA baby!
John (“Jake”) Cosmos Aller is a novelist, poet, and retired U.S. Foreign Service officer who served in ten countries. Prior to joining the State Department, he taught overseas for eight years and served in the Peace Corps in Korea. He currently divides his time between Korea and the United States. His poetry blog can be found at https://theworldaccordingtocosmos.com.
A second-year student in the Astronomy program at Termiz State University
Annotation:
This article explores the internal structure of Saturn, the second-largest planet in the Solar System. It examines the composition and characteristics of its core, metallic hydrogen layer, molecular hydrogen envelope, and atmospheric features. Special attention is given to the processes influencing Saturn’s internal heat, magnetic field, and rotation. The study also discusses current scientific models and data obtained from space missions, which contribute to a deeper understanding of the planet’s formation and evolution
Kalid so’z:
Keywords: Saturn, internal structure, core composition, metallic hydrogen, planetary science, gas giants, atmosphere, magnetic field.
The Internal Structure of Saturn
Saturn is the second-largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of approximately 120,536 km and a mass about 95 times that of Earth. It belongs to the class of gas giants.
1. Core
Saturn is believed to have a solid core at its center.
Estimated diameter: around 25,000 km.
Composition: iron, nickel, oxygen, silicates, and ice mixtures.
Estimated temperature: ~11,700 °C.
2. Metallic Hydrogen Layer
Located above the core.
Under extreme pressure and temperature, hydrogen takes on a metallic form. The planet’s strong magnetic field is generated by movements within this layer.
3. Molecular Hydrogen Layer
Composed mainly of molecular hydrogen mixed with helium.
Temperature increases with depth.
4. Atmosphere
Main composition: 96% hydrogen, 3% helium, with traces of methane, ammonia, and other gases.
Cloud layers are divided into three main zones from top to bottom:
Ammonia ice clouds Ammonium hydrosulfide clouds
Water ice clouds
5. Heat Source
Saturn emits about 2.5 times more heat than it receives from the Sun.
This is due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz process (gravitational compression) and helium rain.
6. Research
Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 (1979–1981) provided the first comprehensive data about Saturn.
Cassini–Huygens (2004–2017) gathered highly detailed information about Saturn, its rings, and moons.
Saturn or Zuhal (Arabic) — one of the nine major planets of the Solar System; the sixth planet from the Sun in terms of distance. Its astronomical symbol is ♄. The average distance from the Sun is 9.58 astronomical units (1,429.3 million km). In terms of size, it ranks second after Jupiter. Due to its orbital eccentricity of 0.056, this distance decreases at perihelion and increases at aphelion. Saturn completes one full revolution around the Sun in 29 years and 167 days. Its rotation period at the equator is 10 hours 14.5 minutes, increasing toward the poles, as on Jupiter. Saturn’s average radius is 58,000 km, and at the equator it is close to 60,000 km. Its density is 0.72 g/cm³ (about 0.13 of Earth’s density), and its mass is 5.681 × 10²⁷ g (95.28 times that of Earth). It is composed mainly of hydrogen and helium. The inclination of Saturn’s equator to its orbital plane is 26°45′. Elongated dark belts along the equator and white spots can be observed on its surface.
Spectroscopic studies have shown that Saturn’s atmosphere is mainly composed of hydrogen (H₂) and methane (CH₄); later, acetylene (C₂H₂) and ethane (C₂H₆) were also discovered. Infrared observations indicate a temperature of about 95 K. Saturn emits regular radio waves and has its own magnetic field. Even at such low temperatures, methane and ammonia remain in a gaseous state in its atmosphere. Saturn was first observed by Galileo in 1610.
Saturn’s most remarkable feature is its ring system, which lies in the plane of its equator. The rings are mainly composed of three distinct concentric parts: the innermost S ring, the middle V ring, and the outer A ring. All rings are almost transparent, allowing the stars behind them to be seen. The gap between the A and V rings is called the Cassini Division. The rings are a few kilometers thick, have a diameter of about 250,000 km, and are roughly 100 million years old. As early as the beginning of the 20th century, it was established that the rings are not solid, but consist of numerous solid particles orbiting Saturn according to Kepler’s laws. Their infrared spectra are very similar to those of ice and frost.
Saturn has 22 known natural satellites. The largest among them are Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, Phoebe, and Janus. Titan, with a diameter of 4,850 km, is one of the largest satellites in the Solar System (larger than the Moon). Titan possesses an atmosphere composed of methane and hydrogen. Of Saturn’s moons, only Phoebe moves in a retrograde orbit relative to the others.
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second largest in the Solar System. Along with Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, it belongs to the class of gas giants. It is named after the ancient Roman god Saturnus (Unicode: ♄).
Saturn is composed mainly of hydrogen, with small amounts of helium and other elements. The region near its core consists of rock and ice, surrounded by metallic hydrogen. Its outer atmosphere is generally uniform in appearance, although persistent storms sometimes occur. Winds on Saturn can reach speeds of up to 1,800 km/h, which is much faster than those on Jupiter. Saturn has a magnetosphere weaker than Earth’s but stronger than Jupiter’s.
Saturn is famous for its rings, which are made primarily of ice particles mixed with dust. Many moons orbit the planet — about sixty are currently known. Titan, Saturn’s largest moon and the second largest in the Solar System (after Ganymede), is larger than Mercury and is the only natural satellite in the Solar System known to have a dense atmosphere.
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