SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN SCIENTIFIC STYLE

Erkinov Dilmurod Adham o‘g‘li

Master’s student, Namangan State Pedagogical Institute

Introduction

The development of society, science, and technology significantly expands the functional potential of language. Language serves not only as a means of communication but also as an essential tool for expressing scientific thinking. In particular, the necessity to present ideas clearly, consistently, and logically in scientific activity has led to the formation of the scientific style. The scientific style differs from other functional styles of language in its objectivity, logical coherence, precision, and generalization. These features are most clearly manifested in sentence structure.In scientific discourse, every idea is based on specific evidence, concepts, or theoretical foundations. Therefore, logical consistency and grammatical accuracy prevail over emotionality, imagery, or subjective attitudes. This imposes specific requirements on syntactic structure.

Sentences used in scientific texts are usually complex and are interconnected through logical relations such as cause–effect, explanation, comparison, condition, and conclusion. As a result, a chain of ideas is formed within the text, facilitating the reader’s comprehension of scientific information.The issue of sentence structure in scientific style is closely related to syntax as a branch of linguistics.

Syntactic means ensure the logical organization of information, the clear expression of relationships between concepts, and the integrity of overall meaning in scientific texts. In particular, the standard word order of sentence elements, frequent use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses, prevalence of nominalized forms, and use of passive voice verbs are considered key features of scientific syntax.

In addition, sentences in scientific style often have a generalized character. That is, they are oriented not toward a specific person but toward phenomena and laws. Therefore, personal references are limited, predicates are mostly used in the present tense, and ideas are presented objectively. These features ensure the objectivity of scientific discourse.

Such characteristics of sentence construction reflect the mechanism of expressing scientific thinking through language.This article analyzes the syntactic features of sentence construction typical of the scientific style, examines word order, the use of complex sentences, and logical cohesive devices through examples.

Typical sentence models used in scientific texts are also discussed, revealing their role in delivering information clearly and consistently. Studying these issues is important for developing scientific writing skills, improving scientific speech culture, and enriching syntactic research in linguistics.

Literature Review

The issue of scientific style and its syntactic features has been widely studied in linguistics, primarily at the intersection of functional stylistics and syntax. Research on grammatical, lexical, and stylistic features of scientific discourse provides a significant theoretical basis for understanding the structure of scientific texts.

In Uzbek linguistics, the classification of functional styles and the distinctive features of scientific style have been examined by scholars such as N. Mahmudov, A. Nurmonov, Sh. Rahmatullayev, and H. Doniyorov. These studies identify precision, logical coherence, conciseness, and objectivity as the main characteristics of scientific style.

Scholars emphasize that the selection of linguistic units in scientific discourse serves to convey content clearly and objectively, which is especially evident in sentence construction.From a syntactic perspective, the structure of scientific texts has been extensively discussed in the works of A. G‘ulomov, M. Asqarova, and B. O‘rinboyev.

They analyze word order, the use of compound and complex sentences, and the role of subordinate constructions in expressing logical relations. In particular, they note that complex sentences are more frequently used than simple ones in scientific discourse, especially to express cause–effect, condition, and explanatory relations.

Scientific style syntax has also been widely studied in Russian and international linguistics. Scholars such as V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina, and I. R. Galperin analyze scientific discourse as a functional style and identify syntactic means that ensure objectivity and logical coherence. According to them, scientific texts are oriented toward phenomena rather than individuals, which leads to the frequent use of impersonal constructions, passive voice forms, nominalizations, and terminological expressions.

Recent studies within text linguistics focus on text syntax, discourse analysis, and communicative-pragmatic approaches. In these studies, scientific discourse is analyzed not only at the sentence level but also at the text level, considering theme–rheme relations, information flow, and cohesive devices. As a result, sentence construction in scientific style is interpreted in close connection with textual coherence.

Research Methodology

This article employs diachronic analysis, comparative analysis, semantic analysis, and stylistic analysis methods.

Analysis and Results

The analysis of sentence construction in scientific style focuses on syntactic models typical of scientific texts, word order, and the use of logical cohesive devices. The results indicate that sentence structure in scientific discourse significantly differs from other functional styles and primarily serves to convey information clearly, consistently, and objectively.

Features of Simple Sentences

In scientific texts, simple sentences mainly serve to define concepts, clarify notions, and express general conclusions. Such sentences are concise, grammatically complete, and free from emotional elements. The following models are frequently used:

Definitional sentences: A phoneme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

Classificatory sentences: Sentences are divided into simple and complex sentences according to their structure.

Generalizing sentences: Scientific discourse is based on precision and logical coherence. In these sentences, the subject is typically expressed by a noun or nominalized form, while the predicate appears in the present tense, ensuring generality and permanence of scientific statements.

Dominance of Complex Sentences

The analysis shows that complex sentences are more frequent than simple ones in scientific style due to the need to express logical relations such as cause–effect, condition, explanation, and comparison.

Common models include: Cause–effect: Language units are interconnected as a system because each element is a component of the overall structure.

Conditional:If sentence elements are arranged correctly, clarity of thought is ensured.

Explanatory constructions:Scientific style is a form of language used to express scientific information.

These structures ensure coherence and enable step-by-step development of ideas.

Word Order

Scientific style follows standard grammatical word order. Inversion is rare, as it may cause ambiguity. Observations show that:the subject usually appears at the beginning of the sentence;modifiers precede the head noun;the predicate typically occurs at the end.

Example:The syntactic structure of a scientific text ensures logical coherence.This model functions as a standard syntactic pattern in scientific discourse.

Passive Voice and Impersonal Constructions

Scientific style tends to focus on processes and phenomena rather than individuals. Therefore, the following are widely used:passive voice forms; impersonal sentences; nominalized constructions.

Examples:This phenomenon has been widely studied in linguistics.The following methods were used in the study.These constructions enhance objectivity.

Logical Connectors

Sentences in scientific texts are connected by specific cohesive devices such as therefore, thus, as a result, first, second, in particular, that is. These elements facilitate logical flow and reader comprehension.

General Findings

The analysis leads to the following conclusions:

Sentence construction in scientific style strictly follows logical coherence. Complex sentences serve as the main syntactic tool of scientific discourse. Standard word order predominates, with minimal inversion.

Passive and impersonal constructions ensure objectivity. Logical connectors contribute to textual cohesion.

Overall, sentence construction in scientific style reflects the close relationship between language and logical thinking, serving as an effective mechanism for precise and systematic transmission of scientific information.

A RIGHTEOUS DAUGHTER’S PRAYER

A thousand thanks to God, my endless prayer

For giving me a mother kind and rare

My crown in Heaven, Eden’s brightest part

My loveliest moments live within your heart, Mom

My faith, my pride, my honor standing tall

My greatest mountain – you above them all 

When I take flight, you are my wings to soar

My finest song, my strength forevermore, Dad

Eshmatova Charos is one of the most inquisitive students, deeply studying linguistic theory, and a holder of international certificates. She was born on August 18, 2007 in Uzbekistan. She is studying at Denau Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy Fields of activity: in depth of study the Uzbek language, gaining detailed knowledge of Turkish languages, and Early Achievements and Educational Path. She has obtained a national certificate in Uzbek language and literature (B level) and holds several international certificates. She graduated from secondary school with excellent grades and achieved notable positions in several academic subject Olympics.

Shouting TIME

So may I someday, sitting at play in my little unknown courtyard.

-A line from the poem “The Last Romantic” by John Ashbery.

May I, I pray,

someday, say TIME.

My mouth open, but breath stopped.

No air twisted by my language.

Not the word, but the event. TIME.

Its meaning will be conveyed by rote memory

directly into the minds of the people. TIME.

My name will be undead.

From then on, my name will be foreknown

by every baby born, by every deathbed rosary grip,

as the philosopher who knew how to tongue the name of Saturn

that no mortal had ever pronounced before. TIME.

The soundless rote memory of each molecule

and flexed in crystalline chirality. The turn of a closing sarcophagus jar,

screwed into the body of a helical protein. TIME.

The cousin of those twins, Heat and Pressure,

who would hear my call, and would answer,

by vibrating the hollow bones of birds, BIRDSONG TRIUMPHANT,

in simultaneous exultation.

Their talons on the ledges of the rows of ossuaries

that line the psychic riverbanks of the city.

Saturn returns a kiss. Lovingly.

Placing his expressionless lips on the forehead of my skull.

Willard van Dyke, Funnels, 1932

• Photo in Phaidon, The Photo Book, p. 127.

If one is intake and the other is output,

they circulate ironies.

On the right, boater hat straight to the sky,

one attentively waits on an arrival.

On the left, face bending the first,

a gossip attends only to its companion.

Sky setting for HVAC,

Denver periscope and snorkel extended in ether,

either one pipe-fitted to purpose,

differently, anatomically differentiated,

completely interchangeable.

Below the photographer’s frame

there has to be a maze, anatomically has to be,

in architecture, on a rooftop, a circulatory system

and unseen rhythms of building inspectors,

repairers, roofers, breathers, odors,

all breathing in timetables, calendars, municipal bylaws,

chartable but not really charted except by Willard van Dye

who looked up to a sunless cloudless unbirdened sky

without the draw of church steeple or billboard or neon light

and the shadow of the pie-plate topper on the straight one

indicates the Sun it shining in its face and on van Dyke’s back

and from this angle he must be lying down on the roof,

Willard’s camera as far away from the base of the Funnels

as inches are between the soles of his feet and his eyes

the hypotenuse thereof ridden by the focus of his lens –

the only straight line of the entire picture

that is not hooked by a corner and recycled forever in circles.

Canadian farmer Terry Trowbridge’s poems have appeared in CV2, The New Quarterly, Dalhousie Review, Nashwaak Review, The Great Lakes Review, Pamenar Press, The Ex-Puritan, Studies in Social Justice, and ~200 more places. He is grateful to the Ontario Arts Council for funding during the polycrisis.

…..

The Collage of Sleepless Nights

Alam Mahbub

Country: Bangladesh 

There is no sleep—

the stairways of the house remain awake all night.

When time shifts, the closed doors will open;

women will once again arrange the household like birds.

Dreams cannot be found—

inside sleep, one must count the hours of waiting,

discard basil flowers

to stain the unreachable hours red.

On the slats of memory, there are no flashbacks—

only the illusion of broken trust,

stories of fallen leaves,

nothing but the sorcery of fog,

a collage of sleepless nights.

In war, red eyes measure loss.

The stored shadows of tomorrow ignite the evening,

casting light—

at the end of the story, the morning traveler calls out:

open the doors of the shadowed passage.

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN LIFE

Bozorboyeva Nasiba Ergashboy qizi

Student, Chirchik State Pedagogical University

nasibabozorboyeva28@gmail.com

+998887262802

Scientific adviser: Nurmuxammadova Dilshoda Jabbor qizi

Teacher, Chirchik State Pedagogical University

d.nurmuxammadova0803@gmail.com

+998701230803

ABSTRACT

This article explores the impact of social media on various aspects of human life, including communication, mental health, education, and social behaviour. While social media has created new opportunities for global connectivity, self-expression, and information sharing, it has also contributed to psychological issues such as anxiety, addiction, and reduced face-to-face interactions. By analysing both positive and negative effects, the study provides a balanced understanding of how social media shapes modern society.

Keywords: Social media, human life, communication, mental health, digital behaviour, online interaction, technology

ANNOTATSIYA

Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning inson hayotiga ta’siri, xususan muloqot, ruhiy salomatlik, ta’lim jarayoni va ijtimoiy xulq-atvorga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar global muloqot, o‘zini ifoda etish va axborot almashinuvi uchun yangi imkoniyatlar yaratgan bo‘lsa-da, ular tashvish, qaramlik va yuzma-yuz muloqotning kamayishi kabi salbiy holatlarga ham sabab bo‘lmoqda. Tadqiqot ijobiy va salbiy ta’sirlarni solishtirgan holda ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning zamonaviy jamiyatdagi o‘rnini keng yoritadi.

Kalit so‘zlar: Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar, inson hayoti, muloqot, ruhiy salomatlik, raqamli xulq, onlayn muloqot, texnologiya

АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной статье рассматривается влияние социальных сетей на жизнь человека, включая общение, психическое здоровье, образование и социальное поведение. Социальные сети создают новые возможности для глобального общения, самовыражения и обмена информацией. Однако они также способствуют возникновению тревожности, зависимости и снижению очного общения. Анализируя как положительные, так и отрицательные стороны, исследование раскрывает роль социальных сетей в современной жизни общества.

Ключевые слова: Социальные сети, человеческая жизнь, коммуникация, психическое здоровье, цифровое поведение, онлайн-взаимодействие, технологии

INTRODUCTION

Bugungi kunda ijtimoiy tarmoqlar inson hayotining ajralmas qismiga aylangan bo‘lib, odamlarning qanday muloqot qilishi, bilim olishi, ishlashi va munosabatlar o‘rnatishiga katta ta’sir ko‘rsatmoqda. Facebook, Instagram, TikTok va X (Twitter) kabi platformalar odamlar o‘rtasida tezkor axborot almashinuvi va uzoq masofalardagi aloqalarni saqlashni osonlashtiradi. Shu bilan birga, ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan keng foydalanish maxfiylik, psixologik holat va ijtimoiy munosabatlar borasida xavotirlarni ham keltirib chiqarmoqda. Ushbu maqola ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning ikki tomonlama — foydali jihatlari va salbiy oqibatlarini o‘rganib, masalaning mohiyatiga chuqur yondashadi. Bunday tahlil sog‘lom raqamli odatlarni shakllantirish va ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan mas’uliyatli foydalanishni targ‘ib etishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal component of contemporary society, exerting a profound influence on diverse facets of human existence. The pervasive influence of AI extends across a multitude of fields, encompassing healthcare, education, entertainment, and everyday activities, thereby restructuring our societal dynamics and technological interactions. An in-depth examination illuminates the extensive impact of AI on human existence.

Artificial Intelligence has played a transformative role in the healthcare sector through its enhancements in diagnostic precision, customization of treatment strategies, and optimization of administrative operations. The utilization of machine learning algorithms enables the examination of medical information for the anticipation of disease epidemics, recognition of patient susceptibility factors, and facilitation of early disease detection. AI-driven instruments, such as image interpretation systems and automated surgical platforms, amplify the accuracy and effectiveness of medical interventions, consequently resulting in improved patient prognoses. Artificial intelligence will definitely cause our workforce to evolve. The alarmist headlines emphasise the loss of jobs to machines, but the real challenge is for humans to find their passion with new responsibilities that require their uniquely human abilities. According to PwC, 7 million existing jobs will be replaced by AI in the UK from 2017-2037, but 7.2 million existing jobs. This uncertainty and the changes to how some will make a living could be challenging.

The transformative impact of artificial intelligence on our society will have far-reaching economic, legal, political and regulatory implications that we need to be discussing and preparing for. Determining who is at fault if an autonomous vehicle hurts a pedestrian or how to manage a global autonomous arms race are just a couple of examples of the challenges to be faced. Will machines become super-intelligent and will humans eventually lose control? While there is debate around how likely this scenario will be we do know that there are always unforeseen consequences when new technology is introduced. Those unintended outcomes of artificial intelligence will likely challenge us all.

Another issue is ensuring that AI doesn’t become so proficient at doing the job it was designed to do that it crosses over ethical or legal boundaries. While the original intent and goal of the AI is to benefit humanity, if it chooses to go about achieving the desired goal in a destructive (yet efficient way) it would negatively impact society. The AI algorithms must be built to align with the overarching goals of humans.

Artificial intelligence algorithms are powered by data. As more and more data is collected about every single minute of every person’s day, our privacy gets compromised. If businesses and governments decide to make decisions based on the intelligence they gather about you like China is doing with its social credit system, it could devolve into social oppression.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, social media has a significant impact on human life, influencing the way people communicate, learn, and interact with the world. It provides many advantages, such as easy access to information, stronger global connections, and new opportunities for education and self-expression. However, social media also creates challenges, including addiction, mental health issues, misinformation, and a decrease in real-life communication. The overall effect depends on how responsibly individuals use these platforms. Therefore, promoting digital literacy, healthy online habits, and critical thinking is essential. By finding a balance, society can benefit from social media while reducing its negative consequences.

REFERENCE

1. Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.

2. Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311.

3. Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175–184.

4. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing moderating effects of personality and ICQ-use. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 275–284.

5. Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576–586.

6. Nurmanova, C. M. K., & Komiljonova, M. A. (2024). WAYS AND SECRETS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’IELTS WRITING. Academic research in educational sciences, 5(CSPU Conference 1 Part 2), 209-213.

7.Nurmanova, C. M. K., & Komiljonova, M. A. (2024). THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF VOCABULARY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY. Academic research in educational sciences, 5(CSPU Conference 1 Part 2), 205-208.

TEACHER’S MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL
PROCESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL

The participant is a preschool teacher at State Preschool Education Institution No9 the Department of Preschool and Primary Education of Jizzakh City

Shodiqulova Dilorom Niymatulla qizi

Abstract: This article examines the role and importance of the teacher’s management activities in organizing the educational process in primary school.
The main management functions of the teacher-planning, organizing,
motivating, controlling, and analyzing-are analyzed from a pedagogical and theoretical perspective. The effectiveness of these activities in improving the quality of education and supporting pupils’ personal development is highlighted.

Keywords: primary education, teacher, management activity, educational process, pedagogical competence, motivation.

Introduction
Primary education plays a crucial role in shaping a child’s personality and learning abilities. At this stage, the teacher acts not only as a source of knowledge but also as a manager of the educational process. The effectiveness of teaching largely depends on the teacher’s ability to properly organize and manage classroom activities, taking into account the age-related and individual
characteristics of pupils.

Main Part

1. The Concept of Teacher’s Management Activity

Teacher’s management activity refers to a set of pedagogical actions aimed at planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the educational process. In primary school, the teacher must manage learning activities in a way that ensures pupils’ active participation and supports their cognitive, emotional, and social development.

2. Planning and Organization

Planning is one of the key components of effective management. A primary school teacher should clearly define lesson objectives, select appropriate teaching methods, and use suitable educational tools. Proper organization of the lesson helps create a positive learning environment and increases pupils’ engagement and interest in learning.

3. Motivation and Encouragement

Motivation is a significant factor in primary education. Teachers should apply various motivational strategies, such as praise, encouragement, and positive feedback, to maintain pupils’ interest in learning. A supportive and friendly classroom atmosphere enhances pupils’ self-confidence and promotes active learning.

Control and Analysis

Control is an essential part of managing the educational process. Through continuous assessment and observation, the teacher identifies pupils’ learning achievements and difficulties. Analyzing these results allows the teacher to make timely adjustments to teaching strategies and improve overall educational outcomes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the success of the educational process in primary school largely depends on the teacher’s management activities. Effective planning, organization, motivation, and control contribute to high-quality education and the comprehensive development of pupils. Therefore, developing teachers’ management competencies is an important task in modern primary education.

References

1. Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teaching for Quality Learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2. Hoy, W. K., & Miskel, C. G. (2013). Educational Administration: Theory, Research and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Slavin, R. E. (2018). Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice. Boston: Pearson Education. Woolfolk, A. (2020). Educational Psychology. London: Pearson.
4. UNESCO. (2015). Rethinking Education: Towards a Global Common Good? Paris: UNESCO Publishing Biography

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I’ll wet my Ankles &

   Slip in

      To my knees 

A pool has my Heart.

   Moonlight shattered 

     in the 

       Reflected shimmer.

A mouth of a fish thinks I’m 

   dropping bait

    or just, 

  Says Hello.

I don’t talk fish tonight.

  I’ll just be careful because 

   there are more

       than fish in this pool.

The Air Laughs 

           at my arrogance

by Brushing

  the leaves above my sight. 

A star needs for nothing, 

         sufficient of itself.

I volunteer for an

   adventure before 

     even knowing what it

            is.

I cannot leave my Heart behind. 

                                              ……………………….

Written February 3, 2026

  Tuesday Morning 

by John Edward Culp