Internationally renowned writer, poet and translator, member of the Chinese Writers Association. The only female inheritor of UNESCO-listed Dongba Culture, International Disseminator of Dongba Culture and practitioner of Chinese culture’s global outreach. Winner of the Italian Francesco Giampietri International Literary Award, President of Lanxin Samei Academy and Dean of Yulong Wenbi Dongba Culture Academy.
A thousand years ago
we took root together in this ancient temple
Century after century quietly passed
we became the most devoted ancient trees in all the world
Over this thousand years
through the silent turning of the four seasons
through the unpredictable cycles of life
we have witnessed this ancient temple
rise and fall fall and rise enduring all hardships
We watch beings come and go burn incense and pray
with thousands of wishes in their hearts
Yet our watch has never wavered
not even for a single moment
The butterfly bush blooms pure white in winter and spring
the golden osmanthus shines bright gold in autumn
the red plum blossoms blushing pink in the bitter cold
the Chinese crabapple bursts into rose-red in spring
the incense cypress wears eternal green all year long
Whether the temple is full of voices or completely still
whether incense burns prosperous or only broken walls remain
we stand root to root heart to heart silently guarding one another
Even if the halls collapse and only we are left in heaven and earth
we still firmly believe —
one day the phoenix will come stepping upon light
to reunite with us after a thousand years
Now heaven rewards this thousand year of waiting this endless longing
At last she has arrived —
the phoenix draped in ten thousand rays of golden light
Amidst total desolation she recognized us at first sight
Amidst utter ruin she chose us without hesitation
Amidst broken walls she restored the temple’s thousand-year glory
Amidst silence and loneliness
she made incense burn again and life flourish once more
Amidst the dust of years
she made this sacred land known to all renowned across the world
From this day on
we shall live and die with the phoenix never to be parted
This is the place where the golden phoenix returns to rest
This is the place where the golden phoenix spreads her wings and soars
If the world shall give us a new name
then bestow upon us —
Phoenix Ancient Trees!
Interpretation
This poem takes the thousand-year-old ancient trees as silent witnesses and the phoenix as a symbol of light and rebirth. It speaks of the deepest bond between human and nature, and writes of waiting, guardianship and faith across time. This is the guardianship of life to life, the call of soul to soul, a great love that transcends race, borders and time.
May this pure deep feeling from the East by poet Lan Xin awaken the truest kindness and peace in the world and let love and light shine upon all humanity.
LEGAL MECHANISMS FOR ENSURING YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Jumayev Akmal G‘ulom o‘g‘li Student of the Public Security University of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Young people, as an active and creative segment of society, play a crucial role in public administration, which is essential for ensuring the democratic development and social stability of a country. The political engagement of youth and their possession of legal powers contribute to the protection of their interests, acceleration of modernization processes, and enhancement of their socio-political activity within society. These processes form a foundation for strengthening democratic institutions and preparing a new generation of political personnel.
Within the framework of ensuring the legal participation of youth in public administration, the role of parliamentarism and youth wings is a highly relevant issue. This direction requires an in-depth study of legal mechanisms aimed at creating stable foundations for youth representation within the constitutional and legal system of the state, as well as defining their rights and responsibilities. At the same time, it is necessary to analyze the existing regulatory and legal framework in the country that promotes youth political activity, identify practical challenges, and develop effective solutions.
The legal definition of youth and their position within the context of statehood is also of particular importance. Youth are generally defined in national legislation and international legal documents as a specific social group protected based on age criteria. For example, in the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, youth are often defined as individuals aged between 14 and 30. From a legal perspective, youth represent not only an age category but also a group distinguished by specific rights, responsibilities, and state-supported mechanisms. In the context of statehood, youth are considered the future of society and a key element of social stability and development. Therefore, protecting youth and guaranteeing their rights is one of the priority directions of state social policy. Thus, the concept of youth holds significance not only in a socio-cultural sense but also in a legal context.
Participation in public administration refers to the process by which citizens and social groups influence state authority decisions and actively engage in their formation. This concept has evolved within the framework of constitutional and administrative law and is determined by the legal opportunities available to participants. From a legal standpoint, participation is exercised through various forms such as voting in elections, expressing public dissent, and engaging in the activities of public organizations. This process constitutes a fundamental component of the principles of legality, transparency, and accountability in public administration. Therefore, participation in governance is not only based on legal documents but also on practical political and cultural processes, ensuring that citizens—especially youth—play an active role in public life.
Comprehensive legal analysis of these issues serves as a basis for developing political and legal mechanisms aimed at protecting youth and ensuring their active participation in public administration through legislative frameworks.
The parliamentary system, as a form of state governance, ensures the independent and effective functioning of the legislative body. Legally, parliament exercises state power based on the principle of representation, meaning that the interests of citizens are expressed through elected representatives. Key principles include representation, rule of law, balance in governance, and transparency of parliamentary activities, all of which are enshrined in the constitution and special laws.
The involvement of youth in parliamentary activities is an important aspect of democratic development. In many countries, including Uzbekistan, there are normative legal acts aimed at encouraging youth political participation. The Constitution guarantees citizens’ political rights, including the right to vote and to be elected. Minimum age requirements are established for entering parliament, enabling youth to participate in the legislative process. In addition, youth wings and public associations serve to legally strengthen their political engagement.
From a legal perspective, youth representation in parliament is regulated by specific requirements such as minimum age thresholds, eligibility criteria for candidates, and other conditions. These limitations are intended to ensure that young individuals are prepared for political responsibility. At the same time, legislation seeks to expand their opportunities for representation. For instance, lowering minimum age requirements and creating favorable conditions for youth organizations contribute to encouraging youth participation in parliamentary activities. As a result, this promotes the renewal of political processes and strengthens democratic principles.
Legal mechanisms of parliamentarism play a decisive role in ensuring youth political activity and directing their effective participation within the system of state power. These mechanisms are закреплены (enshrined) through constitutional norms and special legislation, forming an integral part of democratic processes.
This legal analysis contributes to strengthening the role of youth and expanding their authority within the development of national legislation and democratic institutions.
A rebellion strikes within me, Outside, thunder shatters the sky. Before my eyes, high-rise buildings turn to ash, Inside, a silent earthquake keeps shaking me.
I stagger, I run in all directions. Leaves fall, scattering into the sky, And like cotton clouds of silk-cotton trees, I drift away into a white, floating realm.
Now I am only a drifting existence.
Yet sometimes I glimpse that familiar path of mine— A forest wrapped in hills, Birds flying freely into the open sky.
It is a land of no shortage of vastness, A field where I can fly as I wish, wander as I wish, And keep singing songs of love within.
Here, no fire of missiles falls, No one sets traps of betrayal for another. Beyond the violence of the earth, With wings spread like birds, That floating realm is enough for my two breaths of life.
But in this human world, Human conflict burns the earth— Burning buildings, burning soil, destroying lives.
Children startle awake from dreams At the sound of war stories, A chill runs through the bones.
In the forest, jackals keep howling softly, As if even nature is mourning.
Yet a mother was supposed to tell stories— A lullabying mother, A soft song for a child’s gentle sleep, A moonlit face full of peace, A child like a sky full of stars.
If only I had a life that could dream like that…
Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
28 March, 2026.
Md. Mahbubul Alam is from Bangladesh. His writer name is Mahbub John in Bangladesh. He is a Senior Teacher (English) of Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. Chapainawabganj is a district town of Bangladesh. He is an MA in English Literature from Rajshahi College under National University. He has published three books of poems in Bangla. He writes mainly poems but other branches of literature such as prose, article, essay etc. also have been published in national and local newspapers, magazines, little magazines. He has achieved three times the Best Teacher Certificate and Crest in National Education Week in the District Wise Competition in Chapainawabganj District. He has gained many literary awards from home and abroad. His English writings have been published in Synchronized Chaos for seven years.
Once when he was in grade ten in 1990, his Bangla letter was selected as the best one from Deutsche Welle, Germany Radio that broadcast Bangla news for the Banglalee people. And he was given 50 Dutch Mark as his award. They would ask letters from the listeners to the news in Bangla and select one letter for the best one in every month.
From 17 to 30 September, in 2018 he received a higher training in teaching English language in Kasetsart University of Thailand for secondary level students through a government order from education ministry.
On 06 November 2015 he achieved Amjad Ali Mondal Medal for his contribution in education field by a development organization in the conference and felicitation function for the honorable personalities at Rajshahi College Auditorium.
On 30 December 2017 from West Bengal in India he was declared a ‘Literary Charioteer’ in Bangobandhu Literary and World Bango Conference and they awarded him with a Gold Medal in their International Literary Conference and Prize Giving Ceremony.
In 2018, he achieved Prodipto Lirerary Award in Prodipto Literary Conference at Kesorhat, Rajshahi for poems in Bangla literature. He received honorary crest from the administration of Chapainawabganj District Literary Conference and Cultural Function in 2021 and 2022 consecutively.
His poems have been published in many international online magazines such as Juntos Por las L Raven Cage Zine, and Area Felix. His poems have been translated and published in Argentine and Serbian, and he participated in many international online cultural meetings.
NEW TYPES OF VIRUSES. THEIR DANGERS AND PREVENTION
Urokova Nargiza daughter of Sherali
1st year student of the Faculty of Medicine, Tashkent State Medical University
ABSTRACT
The article analyzes the causes of the emergence of these new types of viruses and the problems associated with human factors. After the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid mutation of viruses and the emergence of new strains is a global problem. The article covers the ways of transmission of viruses, their effects on the body and the severity of the disease. , the importance of vaccination and preventive treatment, obtaining immunity – the importance of observing personal hygiene rules. In this, researchers serve to update the monitoring and management of a healthy lifestyle among the population.
In recent virology and epidemiology, the evolution of strains and the emergence of new strains are a serious problem for the global health system. The high level of mutational activity of viruses changes pathogenicity, the process of spread and epidemiological support, adapting to new infectious conditions. This was especially evident after the COVID-19 pandemic, which confirmed the ability of viruses to adapt to new variants in a short time and spread around the world. In modern conditions, in-depth study of the mechanisms of origin of viruses, biological problems and their subsequent pathophysiological effects on the human body has a great scientific and practical impact. At the same time, the development of measures for the prevention of diseases, early and effective treatment of viruses remains one of the stable directions of science.
MAIN PART
Understanding viruses:
Viruses are non-cellular, very small infectious agents that reproduce only inside the cells of a living organism. They are obligate intracellular parasites, that is, they cannot independently carry out their vital activity. Viruses structurally consist of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein shell – capsid – surrounding it. Some viruses also have an additional lipid shell. Viruses have unique biological properties; when they enter a cell, they control its genetic apparatus and force it to synthesize new virus particles. As a result of this process, the cell’s activity is disrupted or completely destroyed. Viruses are causative agents of various diseases. For example, diseases such as influenza, measles and hepatitis B are caused by viruses. They can be transmitted to the human body through airborne droplets, blood, food or direct contact. One of the unique properties of viruses is their rapid changeability, that is, their tendency to mutation. This leads to the emergence of new virus strains and the further complication of existing diseases. Therefore, the study of viruses, the analysis of their structure and life cycle is one of the important directions of modern medicine.
Bird flu (type A influenza, H5N1)
Type A influenza viruses are found in both humans and many animals and mutate very quickly. In 2009, it was this type of virus, H1N1, that caused a global pandemic and killed more than 280,000 people worldwide in its first year. This virus is known as “swine flu” and was first identified in pigs in Mexico.
The experience with swine flu today is increasing concerns about bird flu. Because type A influenza viruses have the ability to jump from animals to humans, mix with each other, and form new and more dangerous forms. Therefore, in recent years, experts have been paying special attention to the H5N1 bird flu virus. The virus was first reported in humans in southern China in 1997. It spread to several countries through wild birds. In 2024, it was first detected in dairy cattle in the United States, spreading to several states.
The virus’s jump from birds to mammals, such as cattle, is a major concern for experts. It could be a repeat of the 2009 swine flu outbreak. Studies have also shown that it has been transmitted from cows to humans.
Infectious disease doctor Patrick Jackson said that in 2026, scientists will closely monitor whether the H5N1 virus has reached the stage of human-to-human transmission. If the virus reaches this stage, it could cause a new global pandemic, like swine flu. Currently, existing flu vaccines do not fully protect against H5N1, and experts are working on new vaccines against this virus.
Mpox
Previously known as “monkey pox”, the mpox virus was first identified in the 1950s. It mainly spreads among rodents and occasionally infects humans. Mpox is similar to smallpox and causes a fever and a painful rash that lasts for several weeks. There are two main types of the virus: clade I, which is more severe, and clade II, which is milder. There is a vaccine for mpox, but there is no effective treatment.
In 2022, clade II mpox spread globally, reaching more than 100 countries where the virus had not previously been reported. Spread occurred through close physical contact, including sexual contact. Since 2024, there has been an increase in clade I mpox cases in Central Africa. As of August 2025, four cases of clade I mpox have been identified in the United States, including in people who had not traveled to Africa. It is not yet clear how mpox will develop in 2026.
Oropouche
This virus is transmitted by insects. It was first identified in the 1950s on the island of Trinidad. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and very small biting flies, which are invisible to the naked eye. The disease is accompanied by fever, headache and muscle aches, and in some cases, weakness can last for several weeks. Sometimes the disease recurs after recovery. There is no specific treatment or vaccine for the virus. Previously, the spread of the infection was limited to the Amazon region. However, since the 2000s, cases have also been detected in South America, Central America and the Caribbean. In the United States, it is more common in tourists returning from abroad. In 2026, the Oropouche virus could pose a risk to travelers to the United States. The insects that carry the virus are also found in North and South America, including the southeastern United States.
Other viral threats
There are many viruses that could pose a threat to human health in 2026. One of them is the chikungunya virus. This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has been spreading rapidly in various regions in recent years. It is considered especially dangerous for those traveling to tropical and subtropical regions. Vaccination against this virus is recommended in some countries.
In addition, against the background of declining vaccination rates, measles cases are increasing in the United States and other regions of the world. Measles is highly contagious and can cause serious complications in unvaccinated children and adults. Another worrying situation is the possibility of a resurgence of HIV infection. Experts attribute this to the interruption of international financial and medical assistance programs in some regions. If treatment and prevention programs are disrupted, the risk of a large-scale spread of the virus increases.
Viruses often jump from animals to humans or appear in new areas due to climate and environmental changes. Experts say that in order to prevent such risks, it is necessary to strengthen constant epidemiological surveillance, develop new vaccines and effective treatment methods.
The effect of viruses on the human body:
Viruses are obligate (obligatory, necessary, able to live only in such conditions) intracellular parasites, which are able to multiply only inside living cells. After entering the human body, viruses bind to special receptors on the cell membrane and enter the cell, introducing their genetic material (DNA or RNA).
As a result, the normal metabolic processes of the cell are disrupted, and the synthesis of virus components begins. This leads to structural and functional damage to the cell, and in some cases, its death.
The effect of viruses on the body depends on their biological properties, virulence and the state of the body’s immune system. Some viruses damage the respiratory system, while others affect the nervous system, liver or blood cells. For example, the influenza virus mainly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation, while the hepatitis B virus damages liver cells. In response to a viral infection, the body develops immune responses. During this process, lymphocytes become activated, produce antibodies, and try to destroy the virus. However, in some cases, excessive activation of the immune system can lead to additional tissue damage
Clinically, viral infections are manifested by various symptoms: fever, general weakness, muscle pain, the development of inflammatory signs and functional disorders. Some viruses cause acute diseases, while others can be chronic and cause the development of long-term complications. Therefore, a thorough study of the pathogenesis of viruses is important for improving diagnostic, treatment and preventive measures.
Prevention of viral infections:
Prevention of viral infections is one of the important areas of modern medicine, which includes a set of preventive measures. First of all, compliance with personal hygiene rules is a key factor in reducing the spread of viruses. Regular hand washing with soap, the use of antiseptic agents and avoiding direct contact with dirty surfaces significantly reduce the risk of infection.
Also, to prevent airborne transmission of viruses, it is recommended to wear masks in public places, ventilate rooms frequently and avoid crowded places as much as possible. Reducing contact with the source of infection is an important component of epidemiological control.
One of the effective methods of prevention is vaccination. Vaccines create artificial immunity in the body, forming protective mechanisms against viruses. At the same time, leading a healthy lifestyle, proper nutrition, physical activity and sufficient rest increase the body’s resistance to viruses by strengthening the immune system.
In addition, compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, ensuring food safety and regular medical examinations are important in the early detection and prevention of viral diseases. Therefore, the comprehensive implementation of preventive measures is effective in reducing the spread of viral infections.
LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. Jawetz Ernest, Melnick Joseph, Adelberg Edward Medical Microbiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2019. – In English.
2. Murray Patrick, Rosenthal Ken, Pfaller Michael Medical Microbiology. – Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020. – In English.
3. Ryan Kenneth, Ray George 1. Jawetz Ernest, Melnick Joseph, Adelberg Edward Medical Microbiology. – Sherris Medical Microbiology. – New York: McGraw-Hill, 2018. – In English.
4. Madigan Michael, Bender Kelly Brock Biology of Microorganisms. – USA: Pearson, 2021. – In English.
5. World Health Organization Virus infections and prevention guidelines. – 2023. – In English.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Principles of Epidemiology and Viral Diseases. – 2022. – In English.
7. Abdurakhmonov A., Khudoyberdiyev T. Microbiology, virology and immunology. – Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2021. – In Uzbek.
8. Karimov Sh., Rasulov I. Fundamentals of medical microbiology. – Tashkent, 2020. – In Uzbek
O‘roqova Nargiza was born on March 26, 2001, in the Ishtikhon district of Samarkand region. She is currently a first-year grant-based student at Tashkent State Medical University.
Her professional career includes working as a biology teacher at School No. 33 in the Ishtikhon district of Samarkand region during the 2024–2025 academic year. She graduated from the Faculty of Biology at Jizzakh State Pedagogical University in the 2020–2024 academic years.
She is proficient in English, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish languages. She has published an anthology book on Lulu.com. She is the author of more than 10 articles and the holder of nearly 30 certificates, and she is recognized as a young researcher.
