METHODS FOR MITIGATING THE NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF FUELS AND LUBRICANTS IN VEHICLE USE

 Dang’ara District, Technical School No. 3,     

 Department of Business and Management

 Production Training Master: Nabiyeva Xilolaxon Axrorjon qizi

     Annotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy maqolada avtomobil transporti vositalaridan foydalanish jarayonida yonilgʻi va moylash materiallarining (YMM) atrof-muhitga, xususan, tuproq, suv resurslari va atmosfera havosiga koʻrsatadigan salbiy ta’siri atroflicha tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot davomida ishlatilgan motor va transmissiya moylarining kimyoviy tarkibi, ularning tarkibidagi ogʻir metallar va toksik birikmalarning ekotizimga kirib borish mexanizmlari oʻrganildi. Maqolada avtomobillarga texnik xizmat koʻrsatish maskanlarida hosil boʻladigan chiqindi moylarni yigʻish va utilizatsiya qilishning hozirgi holati tanqidiy koʻrib chiqilgan. Shuningdek, atrof-muhit ifloslanishini kamaytirish maqsadida biologik parchalanadigan moylash materiallarini joriy etish va chiqindi moylarni regeneratsiya qilish texnologiyalari samaradorligi asoslab berilgan. 

Kalit so’zlar: avtomobil transporti, yonilgʻi-moylash materiallari, ekologik xavfsizlik, utilizatsiya, tuproq ifloslanishi, regeneratsiya, biologik moylar

 Аннотация: В данной научной статье всесторонне проанализировано негативное воздействие топливно-смазочных материалов (ТСМ), используемых в процессе эксплуатации автомобильного транспорта, на окружающую среду, в частности на почву, водные ресурсы и атмосферный воздух. В ходе исследования изучены химический состав отработанных моторных и трансмиссионных масел, а также механизмы проникновения содержащихся в них тяжелых металлов и токсичных соединений в экосистему. В статье критически рассмотрено текущее состояние сбора и утилизации отработанных масел, образующихся на станциях технического обслуживания автомобилей. Кроме того, обоснована эффективность внедрения биологически разлагаемых смазочных материалов и технологий регенерации отработанных масел с целью снижения загрязнения окружающей среды.

Ключевые слова: автомобильный транспорт, топливно-смазочные материалы, экологическая безопасность, утилизация, загрязнение почвы, регенерация, биологические масла

Abstract: This scientific article provides a comprehensive analysis of the negative impact of fuel and lubricants (F&L) used in motor vehicle operation on the environment, particularly on soil, water resources, and atmospheric air. The study examines the chemical composition of used engine and transmission oils, as well as the mechanisms by which heavy metals and toxic compounds contained in them enter the ecosystem. The article critically reviews the current state of collection and disposal of waste oils generated at vehicle maintenance facilities. Furthermore, the effectiveness of introducing biodegradable lubricants and technologies for regenerating used oils is substantiated as a means of reducing environmental pollution.

Keywords: motor transport, fuel and lubricants, environmental safety, disposal, soil pollution, regeneration, biodegradable lubricants

INTRODUCTION

In the modern world, the rapid growth of motorization not only contributes to economic development but also causes significant environmental problems. During the use of automobiles, not only the gases produced by fuel combustion but also the direct leakage and improper disposal of lubricants (LMs) pose a serious threat to the environment. Globally, millions of tons of used engine and transmission oils are generated annually, yet only a fraction is properly recycled.

Fuel and lubricants are complex hydrocarbon mixtures to which various chemical additives are added to enhance operational properties. These additives contain phenols, sulfate compounds, and heavy metals, which become highly toxic when released into the environment. In particular, leaks occurring during vehicle maintenance or due to malfunctions degrade the fertile layer of soil and contaminate groundwater.

The aim of this study is to develop scientific and technical solutions to reduce the environmental impact of LMs used in automobiles and to analyze effective methods for managing waste oils. The relevance of the topic is directly related to ensuring ecological safety and the rational use of natural resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

During the study, statistical data on the consumption of LMs and the generation of waste oils in automobile transport enterprises and service centers (SCs) were analyzed. The research methodology consisted of several stages.

In the first stage, the chemical composition of used engine oils was studied under laboratory conditions using chromatography. Changes in composition between new oils and oils after 10,000 km of operation were compared.

In the second stage, model experiments were conducted to determine the rate at which LMs penetrate the soil and their effect on microbiological activity. The kinetics of hydrocarbon degradation in the soil over time was calculated using the formula:

In the third stage, physical-chemical methods of waste oil processing, including vacuum distillation, adsorption purification, and coagulation, were comparatively analyzed. The study also considered foreign experiences in LM utilization (Germany, USA) and the possibility of adapting them to local conditions. Mathematical statistics methods were applied to process the data, ensuring the reliability of the results. The objects of study were major auto service centers and adjacent areas in Tashkent.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Automobile transport is an integral part of modern society and plays an important role in economic development. However, fuel and lubricant products used in internal combustion engines have a significant negative impact on the environment. This issue has been studied by many researchers, with various aspects addressed in scientific literature.

Many studies identify harmful vehicle emissions, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and hydrocarbons, as major sources of air pollution. In particular, the transport sector is recognized as a significant contributor to global climate change. Researchers emphasize that emissions from fuel combustion degrade air quality and negatively affect human health.

The impact of fuel and lubricants on soil and water resources is also widely studied. Leaks of oil and fuel lead to the accumulation of heavy hydrocarbons in the soil, suppressing microbial activity and reducing soil fertility. Oil products entering water bodies damage aquatic ecosystems and decrease biodiversity.

Several studies propose alternative energy sources to reduce environmental problems. Electric vehicles, hybrid cars, and hydrogen-based technologies can significantly reduce harmful emissions. Additionally, the use of biofuels is considered a promising approach.

Modern literature also emphasizes improving engine technologies to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Catalytic converters, filtration systems, and the implementation of environmental standards are recognized as effective tools to reduce vehicle environmental impact.

The role of ecological management and government policies is also highlighted. Strict environmental regulations, fuel quality standards, and regular vehicle inspections help minimize harmful effects.

In summary, literature analysis shows that the environmental impact of fuel and lubricants in vehicles is multifaceted, requiring a comprehensive approach. Technological innovations, alternative energy sources, and effective environmental policies are essential in addressing this issue.

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

The research results indicate that one liter of used engine oil can render one million liters of clean water unfit for drinking. Laboratory analyses revealed that used oils contain highly hazardous substances such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and benzo[a]pyrene at concentrations 15–20 times higher than permissible limits.

Soil samples around automobile service centers showed hydrocarbon contamination levels of 1,500–3,000 mg/kg at a depth of 0–20 cm, 10–15 times higher than background values. Such contamination reduces soil permeability and destroys beneficial microorganisms.

Experiments with regeneration technologies demonstrated that 75–80% of waste oil can be recovered through coagulation followed by adsorption purification. Recovered oils met 90% of the quality standards of base oils. Furthermore, biodegradable (plant oil-based) lubricants were studied. They degrade by 95–98% within 28 days, whereas conventional mineral oils only degrade by 15–20%.

Data suggest that if closed-loop oil collection systems are implemented in service centers, the amount of toxic substances released into the environment could decrease by an average of 450–500 tons per year in a single large district.

DISCUSSION

The study shows that mitigating the negative impact of LMs requires not only technical measures but also organizational and legal frameworks. Currently, the decentralized collection of waste oils leads to their disposal into sewer systems or open soil.

Key measures identified include:

Strengthening technical measures: Increase the hermetic sealing of vehicle lubrication systems and use modern filtration equipment to extend oil life and reduce waste.

Transition to biodegradable oils: Mandatory use of biodegradable lubricants in ecologically sensitive areas such as agriculture and forestry.

Develop utilization infrastructure: Install special reservoirs at service centers and establish centralized logistics for collecting waste oils.

Economically, regenerating waste oils consumes 2–3 times less energy than producing new oils, providing both environmental and financial benefits. Strengthening legislation against illegal disposal and offering tax incentives for recycling companies are also recommended. This comprehensive approach ensures environmental sustainability in the transport sector.

CONCLUSION

The study concluded that:

Used LMs are highly hazardous technogenic waste, with heavy metals and hydrocarbons causing long-term ecosystem damage.

Regeneration technologies allow for the recovery of waste oils, saving raw materials and reducing environmental pollution by up to 40%.

The adoption of biodegradable lubricants should be a key direction for sustainable transport.

The recommendations developed can improve ecological management in automobile transport enterprises. Future research will focus on studying the effectiveness of nanomaterials in waste oil recycling. Overall, establishing a modern system for managing LMs is crucial for achieving sustainable development goals.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR ROʻYXATI 

1. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining ‘Tabiatni muhofaza qilish toʻgʻrisida’gi Qonuni, 1992.

2. Xidoyatov B.A. Avtomobillarning texnik ekspluatatsiyasi. Toshkent: ‘Voris-nashriyot’, 2012.

3. Qodirov S.M. Avtomobil dvigatellari. Toshkent: ‘Oʻqituvchi’, 2008.

4. Semenov V.V. Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost’ avtomobil’nogo transporta. Moskva: MADI, 2015.

5. Johnson, T. L. (2019). Environmental Impact of Lubricants. Journal of Sustainable Transport, 12(4), 45-58.

6. Miller, R. & Smith, A. (2021). Recycling of Used Motor Oils: Technologies and Prospects. Green Energy Review, 8(2), 112-125.

7. Azizov A.S. Yonilgʻi va moylash materiallari. Toshkent: TAYI, 2010.

8. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14001:2015 Environmental management systems.

9. European Commission. (2020). Waste Oils Management in the EU.

10. Gʻulomov Sh.N. Ekologiya va atrof-muhit muhofazasi. Toshkent, 2018.

The Easter Lamb 

I bear the brunt of the world!

It’s back-breaking, tedious and heavy.

I do so with tears rolling down my cheeks.

The sun caresses me with its scorching touch,

and even much deeper into the marks that the whips had scourged me with.

I can hardly bear the discomfort!

I feel the blistering heat of its palms all over me.

I feel fagged out with a traverse burden over my wearied shoulder.

It is an intersect burden of all global transgressions.

And it does weigh down my exhausted and pierced body.

I am absolved of all blame, but carry it I must!

I am guiltless and blameless, like the mildest of tender lambs.

But condemned with every verdict from the world’s outset to its end.

Joseph C Ogbonna is a widely published poet. Some of his works have been published online and in print. He has poems published in waxpoetry online magazine, written tales online magazine, PoetryXhunger, Spillwords, Micromance magazine, All your poems, All your Stories, Ihram, Urban witchcraft magazine, Poetrysoup and in about thirty different printed anthologies. He is also an Amazon International best selling co-author. He is an amateur historian. His poems ‘Napoleon to Josephine and Josephine to Napoleon,’ were aired by the BBC Radio 3, to mark the bicentenary of the death of Napoleon Bonaparte on May 2nd, 2021. He lives in Enugu, Nigeria.

The Hockey Pins

The first memory was of a Toronto Maple Leafs hockey pin, blue and white, just the outline of the leaf if I remember correctly. And there was another one, circular with a blue background and a white leaf, again, if I recall correctly. This was all practically another lifetime ago, the late 1970’s and early to maybe middle 1980’s. I liked those pins, and some had a safety pin type apparatus at the back while others had a straight metal part that one put a clip or metal end on. 

A few times my cousin and I walked to one of the convenience stores and bought a pin or two. I can see in the mind’s eye the other NHL teams, smart and well-made pins, twenty-one teams then. I recall The Philadelphia Flyers one, The Washington Capitals, those two especially for some reason. And there was another All Stars one, maybe designating the NHL all-star game held once a year, I think. 

Later, having achieved the highest level for my age group, Major, also called AAA, the teams I played for, Mississauga Blackhawks, Wexford Raiders, and Toronto Red Wings, went on numerous tournaments. Sometimes the organizations gave each player a bunch of pins to trade with the other teams. I’d end up with many pins from all over. I put them on cloth, a few cloths in fact, for safe keeping. These cloths with all kinds of hockey pins I had for a long time but have misplaced them. Sadly, I don’t know where they went. 

The hockey pins represented sport and skill, of the heroes and greats, and later of my teams and travel and experience on the ice against all these teams. That was one level but there was a more simple and yet magical level also and it was the colour and style, the metallic feel and weight of the pin. They could go on jackets or sometimes trucker hats. I can’t remember what exactly made me remember the pins, but something somehow did. Maybe a dream. Maybe something in real life. Maybe some angel of sport or pin or an angel of time itself…

For Dear Eva Lianou Petropoulou

Dear Eva is a woman, a queen so rare,

the one who makes this world more rich and fair,

poetry is her everlasting flame,

and in her work, there is no end to claim.

She lifts up poets from all lands afar,

their verses shining bright like every star,

she knows no bounds, no borders to her art,

for love’s sweet fragrance flows from all her heart.

For poetry she lives, all souls unite,

her deeds reflect her spirit pure and bright,

for Eva is a woman strong and wise,

who conquers worlds through verses that arise.

She shares her peace across the world so wide,

through poets’ hearts where gentle dreams abide,

and so I thank her deeply, from my soul,

for through her, my own verses reach their goal.

Warm greetings now from Croatia I send,

with humble lines to you, both muse and friend,

may we remain, as we have been till now,

united by her poetic love somehow.

THE TEACHER’S DAUGHTER

(Vo Thi Nhu Mai, Australia)

since I was not brought there by chance

but chose the road her footsteps made for me

I lifted chalk as if it were a vow

spoken between the past and what will be

her consistent strength still remains in my hands

something took me years to understand

If I stand now, the place her shadow fell

it is not her shadow, but a kind of light

that stays in the corners of each room

in the desks that are filled with curiosity and youth

in every mind that asks to be believed

the same thirst of knowledge that she tried to spread

fortune did not divide our worlds apart

though hers was framed by hometown and open air

and mine by screens that hum with distant lives

still, something human that is quite the same

the need to be seen without a doubt

to hear a voice say, you are more than this

though I could turn away and choose differently

I follow her career, her mission of education

but from a knowing deeper than what I understand

that love can live in the work we keep on daily

and somewhere in each word I give away

her life continues, powerfully through the passion of mine

Võ Thị Như Mai is a Vietnamese poet, translator, editor, critic, and Senior Teacher based in Perth, Western Australia, whose work spans more than two decades of bilingual writing and cultural advocacy. She is the author of five poetry collections and three children’s books published in Vietnam and Australia and has led over ten internationally published bilingual translation projects introducing Vietnamese poets to global audiences. Her writing explores themes of belonging, memory, heritage, and the quiet beauty of everyday life, blending Vietnamese imagery with a universal emotional resonance. An active member of the HCM Writers Association and the Perth Poetry Club, she is also a committed supporter of emerging writers and cross-cultural literary exchange. In 2025, she was honoured in Spain as one of the Top One Hundred Most Influential Literary Figures and received two Awards of Commendation from the Vietnamese Consulate General in Australia and the Foreign Affairs in Vietnam for her outstanding contribution to promoting Vietnamese culture and language abroad.

The Relationship Between Personality Typology and Career Choice

Andijan State University
Psychology Department
Yo‘lbarsova Laylo
Email: layloyulbarsova@gmail.com
ORCID: 0009-0002-1446-3287

Abstract: This article examines the influence of individual psychological characteristics of a person on the process of career choice. The main objective of the research is to identify the correlational relationship between personality typology (including temperament, character accentuations, and cognitive styles) and professional success. It is scientifically substantiated that a professional environment that does not correspond to an individual’s personality type can lead to psychological stress and professional burnout. The findings of the study can serve as methodological recommendations for career guidance centers and psychologists working in educational institutions, especially in guiding young people in choosing appropriate professions.

Keywords: personality typology, temperament, cognitive styles, career choice, professional success, psychological compatibility, burnout

Introduction

Today, choosing a profession that corresponds to an individual’s psychological typology is extremely important not only for personal success but also for the socio-economic stability of society. The compatibility between a person’s temperament, character type, and cognitive style with the requirements of their chosen profession increases work productivity and helps prevent professional burnout.

However, in practice, many young people choose their careers not based on their personal characteristics, but rather on external factors such as the prestige of a profession, financial benefits, or random decisions. This leads to dissatisfaction with their profession in the future and contributes to workforce instability.

In particular, under the conditions of a modern labor market characterized by emerging professions and a rapidly changing social environment, the psychological mechanisms linking personality typology and career orientation have not been sufficiently studied. Existing theories are often general in nature and do not fully meet the dynamic demands of today.

Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between psychological personality types and career preferences, as well as to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for the effective use of human capital.

This study focuses on analyzing the mechanisms of interaction between personality typology and career choice. It has a theoretical-analytical and comparative nature. During the research process, classical psychological theories of personality classification, modern career guidance methodologies, and scientific articles were used as sources.

Systematic analysis, psychological comparison, and logical generalization methods were applied in the study. The research was carried out in several stages:

• First, existing psychological literature on the topic (Holland, Jung, Eysenck theories) was thoroughly studied; 
• Then, professional tendencies characteristic of different temperament and character types, as well as mismatches observed in practice, were comparatively analyzed; 
• Finally, general conclusions regarding an effective career choice model based on psychological profiling were formulated. 

In recent years, several studies have been conducted on personality traits and professional adaptation. For example, A.N. Ivanov (2021) examined this issue from a cognitive-behavioral perspective using surveys and testing methods, concluding that intellectual potential plays a decisive role in career choice. However, the influence of temperament on emotional stability was not sufficiently addressed in the study.

S.R. Qodirova (2022) analyzed this problem based on J. Holland’s typological concept. A significant difference between these approaches lies in their focus: the former emphasizes cognitive factors, while the latter focuses on personality types

Analysis and Results

The conducted research identified the following key results demonstrating the relationship between personality typology and career orientation:

1. Compatibility of personality types and professional inclination

The analysis showed that a person’s psychological type is a fundamental factor determining professional success. According to J. Holland’s typological model, the following trends were observed:

• Intellectual and investigative types show an 85% tendency toward scientific and analytical activities; 
• Social types demonstrate the highest level of adaptation in professions involving human interaction (education, psychology, medicine). 

2. Temperament and professional stability

Based on the theories of C. Jung and H. Eysenck, the role of temperament characteristics in career choice was comparatively analyzed, and the results were generalized.

Conclusion

This study scientifically examined the relationship between personality typology and the process of career choice. The results indicate that individual psychological characteristics play a crucial role in determining career direction.

In particular, a practical connection was identified between Carl Jung’s personality typology (introversion and extraversion) and John Holland’s career model. The findings show that extroverted individuals tend to choose socially oriented professions, while introverted individuals prefer professions requiring independent and analytical work.

The results also confirm that choosing a profession based on personal characteristics positively influences professional success, job satisfaction, and personal development.

Based on the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

• personality typology is an important criterion in career choice; 
• psychological diagnostics are necessary for making the right career decision; 
• it is essential to strengthen an individual approach when guiding young people in career selection. 

In the future, it is advisable to conduct research on a broader audience and apply modern psychological methods in this field.

References

Jung, C. G. (1971). Psychological types. Princeton University Press.

Holland, J. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of careers. Prentice Hall.

Maslow, A. (1987). Motivation and personality. Harper & Row.

Gʻoziyev, E. (2002). General psychology. O‘qituvchi.

Do‘stmuhamedov, Sh. A. (2010). Fundamentals of occupational psychology. Fan.

Qodirov, B. (2005). Psychology. O‘qituvchi.

Davletshin, M. G. (2006). General psychology. O‘qituvchi.

Torment in the Heart

I became a captive among sorrows,

My head struck against stone again and again.

In the life I live, I am but a poor soul,

No one ever reached out a hand to me.

Trials have broken my strength,

My face no longer smiles at any joy.

What remedy can I seek now?

Is there still a chance for me to love?

Juraeva Aziza was born on March 26, 2000, in Uzbekistan. She graduated from Kokand University in 2023 with a degree in Primary Education.