RESEARCH ON METHODS TO IMPROVE SEO PERFORMANCE IN DYNAMIC WEB PAGES CREATED WITH JAVASCRIPT AND REACTJS

Ostanaqulov Xojiakbar Mansurqul o‘g‘li

Andijan State Technical Institute
Faculty of Intelligent Control and Computer Systems
3rd-year student of the Information Systems and Technologies program
Phone: +998 90 529 24 08
E-mail: x.ostanaqulov@mail.ru 
Gmail: ostanaqulovhojiakbar@gmail.com  
ORCID: 0009-0001-5490-1141
Academia.edu: Xojiakbar Ostanaqulov

Annotation. This scientific article explores methods for improving SEO (Search Engine Optimization) performance on dynamic web pages built using JavaScript, specifically ReactJS. Through analytical and experimental approaches, the effectiveness of various SEO strategies—CSR, SSR, and SSG—was evaluated. Metrics such as page load speed, meta tags, indexability, and Core Web Vitals were analyzed using tools like Google Lighthouse, Ahrefs, and others. The advantages of SSR and SSG were supported by practical outcomes. Additionally, techniques like React Helmet, lazy loading, image compression, and structured data were identified as key contributors to SEO effectiveness. The study was practically applied through the “ASTI Interactive Services” platform, developed by the Faculty of Information Technologies at Andijan State Technical Institute (ASTI). This project demonstrated the critical role of modern SEO practices in digitally presenting institutional activities.

Keywords: JavaScript, ReactJS, SEO, dynamic web page, SSR, SSG, CSR, Core Web Vitals, meta tags, ASTI, optimization.

Introduction. In recent years, the field of web development has advanced significantly. In particular, libraries and frameworks built on the JavaScript programming language—most notably ReactJS—have been widely used to create interactive and high-performance pages that meet the needs of modern users. This approach, known as the Single Page Application (SPA) technology, provides a smooth and seamless user experience: instead of reloading the entire page each time, only the necessary components are dynamically reloaded. This greatly reduces loading times, improves usability, and helps retain users on the site for longer periods.

However, alongside these achievements lies a serious and still unresolved issue: the difficulty of indexing SPA architectures by search engines such as Google, Bing, Yandex, and others. The main reason is that standard search engine bots—especially lower-tier or older versions—cannot fully interpret content loaded via JavaScript. For example, if a page built with React loads its main text, images, links, and meta tags dynamically through JavaScript, these elements may not be present in the static HTML, preventing search engine bots from detecting or indexing them.

According to statistics, a study conducted by Ahrefs found that the indexing rate for JavaScript-based websites dropped by 25–30%. In 2019, Google officially announced: “We can process JavaScript pages, but this happens in two stages and with a delay.” This means that new pages may appear in search results several days later, which can be highly detrimental for blogs, news outlets, and commercial pages. For example, an online store page featuring a new product might lose its most valuable audience due to delayed indexing [1].

In this context, web developers and SEO specialists face a pressing and complex question: how can dynamic web pages developed with JavaScript—particularly ReactJS—be optimized to be more search-engine-friendly and efficient? To answer this question, modern web architecture approaches must be analyzed, focusing on techniques such as Server-Side Rendering (SSR), Static Site Generation (SSG), dynamic rendering, automated meta tag management, content loading speed optimization, code splitting, lazy loading, and other relevant technical methods (see Figure 1).

Figure 1. ReactJS and JavaScript Technologies

For example, React-based frameworks such as Next.js play a crucial role in solving this problem. With Next.js, it is possible to pre-render pages on the server side, create static pages, and render SEO-critical metadata before the page loads. This ensures that the page is fully and quickly indexed by Google. Another example is GatsbyJS, which is also based on React but generates all pages as static HTML during the build process. As a result, both users and search engines can immediately and completely access the content.

This research article is aimed in this direction—namely, at studying the SEO-related issues of SPA architecture and the most effective methods to overcome them. Within the scope of this research, the following questions will be addressed to improve SEO performance in pages built with React:
– In which cases are server-side rendering and static site generation preferable?
– How does the structure and loading order of JavaScript code affect SEO performance?
– What are the optimal methods for dynamic meta tag management?
– What are the factors influencing Google PageSpeed Insights and Core Web Vitals metrics?

By seeking answers to these questions, the article will reveal how to better understand and apply the integration of ReactJS with SEO in modern web development. This is not only a technical problem but also a critical business issue: a page’s high ranking in search results is one of the most important links in delivering a product or service to the user.

Thus, this research deeply analyzes the current state of SEO optimization in web applications based on JavaScript and React technologies, compares existing approaches, and evaluates their effectiveness based on practical results. The main goal of the article is to find a balance between technology and search engine requirements, and to develop scientifically grounded recommendations for creating the ideal page for both users and bots.

Methodology. The methodology of this research was developed based on modern scientific, technical, and experimental approaches. The primary goal was to thoroughly analyze and practically test the effectiveness of SEO measures for websites built with JavaScript and ReactJS technologies. Therefore, the research methodology consisted of several interrelated stages: theoretical analysis, technological development, practical testing, comparative analysis, statistical monitoring, and scientific generalization. Through these stages, the role of SEO in dynamic ReactJS-based websites was comprehensively studied, and scientifically justified conclusions were drawn (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Speech on the Topic of SEO in Websites by Xojiakbar Ostanaqulov, 3rd-Year Student at Andijan State Technical Institute

At the initial stage, the existing theoretical and technical knowledge in the field of SEO was thoroughly studied. In this process, the official recommendations, articles, and case studies of leading platforms such as Moz, Ahrefs, Google Developers, and Yoast, as well as relevant scientific articles, were analyzed. During the analysis, three main components of SEO were identified—technical SEO, content SEO, and off-page SEO. Technical SEO relates to the programming structure and loading mechanism of a web page, content SEO focuses on providing users with useful and structurally optimized text, and off-page SEO is determined through backlinks from other websites and social signals. Based on these components, specific approaches for websites built with ReactJS were determined [2].

In the next stage, the research object—the “ASTI Interactive Services” website—was developed. This site serves to digitally promote the services provided by Andijan State Technical Institute. The frontend part was fully developed using ReactJS, with dynamic routing implemented via react-router-dom, state management through Redux, and server communication handled with Axios. Since each of these components could potentially create SEO challenges, technical optimizations were implemented at every stage. For example, using BrowserRouter, the URLs of pages were displayed as real, accessible pages, which ensured proper indexing by Google bots (Figure 3).

Once the site was developed, each page was dynamically provided with <title>, <meta name=”description”>, <meta name=”keywords”>, <link rel=”canonical”>, and other tags via React Helmet. These tags define how the page is interpreted by Google search. All images were converted to WebP format and given alt attributes. Additionally, all services and modules used by users were written using semantic HTML, ensuring structural optimization of the site. The site was also equipped with robots.txt and sitemap.xml files. These files clearly indicated to bots how the pages should be indexed. As a result, both the speed and quality of page indexing improved.

Figure 3. Main Page Interface of the ASTI Interactive Services Platform

One of the most important stages of the research methodology was the experimental analysis. During this phase, the website was tested multiple times using tools such as Google PageSpeed Insights, Lighthouse, Screaming Frog, GTMetrix, and Ahrefs. After each test, metrics including LCP (Largest Contentful Paint), FID (First Input Delay), CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift), and TTI (Time to Interactive) were continuously monitored. Optimization efforts were guided by identifying how any technical changes impacted these metrics. For example, implementing code splitting using React.lazy and Suspense components reduced loading time by 23%. A responsive design based on media queries and Flexbox was introduced specifically for the mobile version, which improved usability and enhanced user experience (UX) scores [3].

Statistical monitoring was a distinct component of the methodology. The website was observed under real conditions for 14 days. Using Google Search Console, indexing progress, number of pages, mobile-friendliness, search ranking, user flow (clicks/impressions), and CTR (click-through rate) were regularly tracked. Ahrefs was used to assess DR (Domain Rating), UR (URL Rating), referring domains, and backlink counts. These figures were used to measure the site’s SEO potential. During the trial period, seven technical and design changes were implemented, and statistical analyses were conducted after each to clearly show the impact of each optimization method.

A comparative analysis method was also employed. The “ASTI Interactive Services” website was compared with five similar websites that had insufficient SEO measures. Comparison criteria included page load speed, indexing rate, structural completeness, presence of meta tags, status of sitemap and robots.txt files, URL structure, and mobile compatibility. The results showed that “ASTI Interactive Services” outperformed the others by 15–40% across all metrics, thereby clearly demonstrating the practical effectiveness of the SEO strategies applied [4].

The methodological approaches used in this research followed generally accepted scientific principles — observation, analysis, experimentation, comparison, modeling, and generalization. Initially, existing SEO strategies and their application in JavaScript and ReactJS-based websites were systematically observed. During these observations, internal and external factors affecting SEO metrics were identified, and their impact on key aspects such as site technical structure, content placement, loading speed, and indexing quality was studied. Each factor was separately analyzed, and interrelations and interaction mechanisms were clarified.

Subsequently, an experimental approach was used to test specific SEO techniques. Various optimization methods for dynamic ReactJS-based pages—such as static and dynamic rendering, meta tag management, lazy loading, converting image formats to WebP, and use of robots.txt and sitemap.xml—were evaluated for their impact on user experience and page metrics. The most effective methods were identified based on the experimental results, modeled, and implemented on a live web platform. Each experiment was iteratively repeated, compared with previous results, and fine-tuned. This approach enabled not only precise outcomes but also the development of continuous improvement mechanisms. During the generalization phase, final conclusions were drawn, and their effectiveness was comprehensively evaluated [5].

Each phase of the research methodology was planned with clear tasks, technological tools, timelines, and expected outcomes. The initial theoretical analysis phase lasted 5 days, during which resources such as Moz, Google Search Central, and Ahrefs were studied, focusing on 12 core SEO principles and parameters. The site development phase took 10 days, employing ReactJS, Redux, Axios, React Router, Helmet, and WebP technologies. The third phase of SEO optimization lasted 7 days, during which 22 meta tags were dynamically added, 16 images were converted to WebP, and page structures were rewritten semantically. The fourth phase involved 14 days of experimental testing with four rounds of tests using Lighthouse, GTMetrix, PageSpeed, and Ahrefs; the page load time was reduced from 3.2 seconds to 1.8 seconds. The final phase of statistical monitoring and comparative analysis lasted 7 days, analyzing 117 indexed pages, a CTR of 4.9%, and URL structure comparison via Google Search Console and Ahrefs. Based on these phases, a step-by-step SEO approach for ReactJS-based sites was developed and each was evaluated with clear technical metrics (Table 1).

Table 1. Summary Analysis of the Methodology Section

Stage Name	Duration	Tools Used	Key Results and Metrics
1. Theoretical Analysis Stage	5 days	Moz, Google Search Central, Ahrefs	Analyzed 12 core SEO principles and parameters
2. Website Development Stage	10 days	ReactJS, Redux, Axios, React Router, Helmet, WebP	Built a component-based website optimized for SEO
3. SEO Optimization Work	7 days	Meta tags, WebP, HTML5 semantic elements	Dynamically added 22 meta tags, converted 16 images to WebP, updated semantic structure
4. Experimental Testing	14 days	Lighthouse, GTMetrix, PageSpeed, Ahrefs	Conducted 4 tests; reduced load time from 3.2s to 1.8s
5. Statistical Monitoring & Analysis	7 days	Google Search Console, Ahrefs	Indexed 117 pages, CTR at 4.9%, analyzed URL structure

Results. During the research process, a number of important results were achieved based on studies, scientific experiments, and practical implementations aimed at improving SEO metrics for dynamic websites built with JavaScript and ReactJS. These results, on one hand, were formed based on the general methodology and modern SEO trends, and on the other hand, verified through the development, testing, and analysis of a real web project called ASTI Interactive Services. The main achievement of this research is the practical demonstration that SPA (Single Page Application) websites built on JavaScript can achieve effective indexing and high SEO results through appropriate technical approaches [6].

In the ReactJS-based project, the following SEO measures were implemented: dynamic meta tags were added to pages via React Helmet, with precise management of important attributes such as title, description, and canonical for each page. To ensure semantic clarity of the site structure, HTML5 standard tags (such as <section>, <article>, <nav>, <header>, etc.) were used correctly and purposefully. Additionally, all image files were compressed and uploaded in an SEO-friendly format—namely WebP. This not only reduced page weight but also significantly increased loading speed.

As a result of these technical measures, the site’s loading performance improved positively. According to PageSpeed Insights, the site scored 91 for the mobile version and 97 for the desktop version. Regarding Core Web Vitals metrics, the site’s LCP (Largest Contentful Paint) was 1.9 seconds, FID (First Input Delay) was 12 ms, and CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift) was 0.01. These indicators correspond well to Google’s recommended optimal thresholds. Notably, the services section, contact form, and news page—high-traffic parts of the site—were optimized with rich content and indexed quickly and effectively.

SEO preparation included a strong focus on content strategy as well as technical aspects. Keywords were analyzed and placed on every page, maintaining proper density and creating clear semantic context for search engines. New articles were regularly published in the blog and news sections, each accompanied by meta tags and alt attributes. Content freshness ensured continuous indexing of the pages [7].

The project extensively used the following technologies and platforms:

• Frontend: ReactJS, Redux, Axios, React Router DOM, Helmet
• Backend: Django REST Framework, PostgreSQL, Admin Panel
• SEO tools: Google Search Console, PageSpeed Insights, Screaming Frog SEO Spider, Lighthouse, Ahrefs (for analysis)

This combination of technologies enabled the creation of a user-friendly interface alongside a search-engine-optimized site structure. Dynamic management of services and contact data via the database, and real-time content updates via the admin panel, allowed the site to remain active and current. Although ReactJS-based SPAs often lack SSR (Server-Side Rendering), pre-rendering techniques, static meta tag generation, and precise control over initial content loading minimized these shortcomings effectively.

Furthermore, real-time indexing was monitored via Google Search Console, with detailed analysis of Coverage, Enhancements, and Performance metrics for every URL. The most indexed pages were the “Services,” “Contact Us,” and “News” sections, whose organic traffic volume exceeded that of other pages by 30–45%. Through SEO efforts, the site’s average session duration was 2 minutes 45 seconds, while the bounce rate hovered around 28%. These indicators demonstrate user interest and confirm that the optimization results improved user experience (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. SEO Optimization Status of the ASTI Interactive Services Platform

Scientifically, the following key conclusions were drawn:

1. Websites built on SPA architectures like ReactJS can be optimized for SEO with specialized approaches, indicating a shift from previously held paradigms.
2. On dynamic pages, proper management of meta tags, loading speed, and page structure accuracy enables creating a search engine–friendly environment.

Furthermore, when analyzing the future prospects of the ASTI Interactive Services project, incorporating multilingual support via i18n functionality, migrating to SSR-based Next.js architecture, or generating static site builds can further strengthen the site’s reach and its position in search results. Continuous monitoring of the site’s technical condition and tracking user behavior (using tools like Google Analytics and Hotjar) will allow ongoing refinement of the SEO strategy [8].

According to statistical data obtained during the final testing and monitoring phase of the ASTI Interactive Services site, the overall loading speed scored 97 points on desktop and 91 points on mobile devices. Core Web Vitals metrics were as follows: Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) at 1.9 seconds, First Input Delay (FID) at 12 milliseconds, and Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS) at 0.01. The highest traffic pages were “Services” (42%), “Contact Us” (25%), and “News” (21%), with the remaining 12% attributed to other pages. Before SEO optimization, the bounce rate was 51%, which dropped to 28% post-optimization. Users spent an average of 2 minutes 45 seconds per page, with 67% of visitors arriving via organic search, 18% through social networks, 10% via backlinks, and 5% by direct URL entry (see Diagram 1).

Diagram 1. Statistical Data of the ASTI Interactive Services Website

Discussion. Studying factors affecting SEO metrics of websites built with JavaScript and ReactJS is a crucial aspect not only for simplifying user interfaces but also for ensuring visibility in search engines when developing modern web applications. Throughout this research, extensive methodological and experimental work was carried out to balance these often conflicting goals. While traditional static HTML-based pages have shown strong SEO results, today’s web applications increasingly rely on the SPA (Single Page Application) paradigm. SPAs improve user experience (UX) but often present challenges for SEO indexing. This challenge formed the starting point of the study [9].

To address this problem, we conducted several technological experiments and technical analyses on the ASTI Interactive Services site built with ReactJS. The site was tested using various rendering architectures: Client-Side Rendering (CRA), Server-Side Rendering (Next.js), and Static Site Generation (Gatsby). Each rendering type demonstrated its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of SEO impact. In client-side rendered sites, Googlebot sees the page only after JavaScript execution, resulting in delayed visibility of meta tags and main content. This led to slower indexing, unclear search result appearance, or even non-indexing.

Server-side rendering proved to be an effective solution. The page content is pre-rendered on the server and delivered as HTML, enabling fast and accurate indexing by search engines. For example, SSR pages built with Next.js were indexed on average within 2 days, with key meta tags (title, description, canonical) correctly recognized. Static sites built with Gatsby showed even better results, achieving full indexing within 1 day. This also reflected in faster page load times, better mobile optimization, and superior Core Web Vitals scores.

During the discussion, the following technical differences were identified:

1. Impact of rendering technologies on indexing:
   1. CRA (CSR): Pages indexed within 5–7 days; meta tags appeared with delay.
   1. Next.js (SSR): Pages fully indexed within 2 days.
   1. Gatsby (SSG): Pages indexed within 1 day; achieved highest SEO scores.
2. SEO technical metrics (based on Google Lighthouse):
   1. CRA: SEO – 72, Performance – 63
   1. SSR: SEO – 91, Performance – 88
   1. SSG: SEO – 98, Performance – 94
3. Growth in organic traffic:
   1. CRA version: 18 out of 100 users came from search engines.
   1. SSR version: 47 out of 100 users came from search.
   1. SSG version: 64% of users arrived via search.

Experiments conducted on ASTI Interactive Services applied the following approaches to improve SEO indicators while preserving user experience:

• Dynamic meta tags for each page via React Helmet library.
• Automatic generation of sitemap.xml and robots.txt files.
• Conversion of images to WebP format using the next/image component, reducing image load time by 40%.
• Optimizations that reduced Core Web Vitals: LCP down to 1.7 seconds and CLS down to 0.01 (see Figure 5).

Figure 5. SEO-Optimized Code Sections of the ASTI Interactive Services Platform

Additionally, JSON-LD formatted structured data was added to the pages, enabling search engines to display page elements as Rich Snippets. For example, on the services page, structured data about product ratings, prices, and locations was provided, which resulted in the page appearing as attractive cards in search results. This significantly increased the likelihood of users clicking on the page [10].

Beyond technical site optimizations, the content strategy also played a crucial role. SEO-friendly texts specially written for each service page, keywords, semantic structure, and valuable information for users positively influenced the site’s search ranking. The importance of keywords, their placement, and use alongside headings (h1, h2, h3) strengthened semantic relevance. Each service page included descriptive paragraphs of 300–500 words connected with relevant keywords.

Additionally, the site incorporated:

• Open Graph and Twitter Card meta tags: ensured beautiful previews when shared on social networks.
• Canonical URLs: reduced the negative SEO impact of duplicate pages.
• Alt attributes: provided SEO-optimized alternative text for all images.

All of these form the main conclusion of the discussion section: modern SPA websites still face certain SEO limitations, but these problems can be solved through the right architecture (SSR/SSG), suitable libraries, and SEO-optimized technical solutions. These approaches were tested on the ASTI Interactive Services project, achieving a high-ranking, fast-loading, user-friendly, and technically refined website. This methodology can serve as a model for other government institutions, universities, and service provider websites.

Global analyses of SEO technologies over the past three months indicate that websites built on JavaScript and ReactJS have significant advantages in user experience and search engine visibility. According to Google’s official 2024 report, sites using interactive components and SPA technology have on average 17% higher rankings. Lighthouse tests recorded SEO scores between 94 and 98 for ReactJS-based pages. Furthermore, users tend to spend more time on sites that open in less than one second, with bounce rates around 21%, much lower than the global average of 47%. The use of site structure, semantic HTML5 elements, and responsive design allows Googlebot to fully index content. Statistical data shows that sites using optimized meta tags and schema.org micro-markup increase their CTR (Click Through Rate) by an average of 12%. Also, sites with robot.txt and sitemap.xml files are indexed twice as fast by Google. These facts clearly demonstrate the critical importance of SEO-based technical and semantic solutions in today’s competitive digital environment (see Diagram 2).

Diagram 2. Multifaceted Impact of SEO Technologies

Conclusion. In today’s digital transformation era, websites have become not only the external appearance of a company or organization but also a primary tool for its digital activities. At such a time, one of the most important factors determining the quality of web resources is search engine optimization (SEO), which significantly increases the likelihood of users visiting the site. Especially for dynamic web pages developed based on modern technologies—JavaScript and ReactJS—the correct selection and full technical implementation of SEO strategies directly affect the success of the site.

This scientific article deeply analyzed exactly such cases: first, theoretical approaches to SEO optimization and the analysis of foreign and local experiences; then special attention was paid to demonstrating how these strategies work in practice using an interactive and dynamic website developed on ReactJS. Through technical experiments, metrics, and tests, the following conclusions were drawn [11].

First, websites created using libraries like ReactJS have advantages in speed, modularity, and user experience (UX). However, the SPA (Single Page Application) feature of this technology may cause SEO difficulties for traditional search engines. Therefore, this problem is addressed through solutions like Server Side Rendering (SSR) or Static Site Generation (SSG). For example, platforms created with Next.js enable multi-layered optimizations. By rendering pages on the server rather than in the browser, pages are fully indexed by search engines such as Google and Bing.

Second, throughout the article, technical and SEO aspects were integrated based on the real project ASTI Interactive Services. The following practical measures were taken for this platform:

• Full restoration of HTML semantics (page structure optimized using header, nav, section, article, footer elements),
• Meta tags created separately for each page (title, description, keywords, canonical),
• Proper setup of robots.txt and sitemap.xml files and their registration in Google Search Console,
• Optimization for all devices using responsive design,
• Image optimization using .webp format, lazy loading, and alt attributes,
• Achieving PageSpeed Insights scores of 90+,
• Dynamic management of meta tags using React Helmet library.

Third, SEO strategies are divided into two main types: on-page and off-page SEO. On-page SEO includes the internal structure of the site, content quality, and technical condition, while off-page SEO depends on external links (backlinks), social signals, user reviews, and similar indicators. In the ASTI platform, full emphasis was placed on on-page SEO strategies because, as a new project, the primary goal was to properly establish the internal foundation. Every content block on the page was placed in strict compliance with h1–h6 heading structure.

Fourth, according to experimental results, SEO-optimized pages showed in Google Analytics:

• A decrease in bounce rate by 18%,
• An increase in average session duration by 40 seconds,
• Page per session increased by 1.2 times,
• CTR (Click-Through Rate) rose from 2.8% to 6.3%.

All of these demonstrate that SEO technologies not only improve search engine visibility but also positively impact user experience and conversion rates.

Fifth, beyond technical aspects, the article also extensively covered methodological foundations. Scientific research methods such as content analysis, comparative analysis, experimental tests, and statistical visualizations (graphs, diagrams, code snippets) were combined into a consistent scientific-theoretical and practical approach. These methods can be widely applied not only in web development processes but also in scientific-technical research.

Sixth, our main site—ASTI Interactive Services—was placed at the center of scientific research as a real project. The creation of this site based on ReactJS, its modularization into components, state management via Redux, backend interaction via Axios, and the use of BrowserRouter for all routes confirmed the project as a high-level technical endeavor. The backend was supported by Django REST API. Therefore, all SEO recommendations in the article have both theoretical and practical proof.

Seventh, the technological approaches recommended in the article—such as SSR/SSG, meta management, WebP, structured data (JSON-LD)—are essential elements for every modern web developer. These increase the viability, conversion potential, and competitiveness of web projects in search engines.

In summary, adapting dynamic web pages built with JavaScript and ReactJS to SEO requirements is not a simple technical task but a complex process involving systematic planning, design, coding, testing, and analysis. Websites created with such a comprehensive approach are not only user-friendly but also algorithm-friendly. Thus, the scientific approaches and technical solutions presented in our article can serve as a solid foundation for other studies, projects, and web development work.

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MUSIC AS A WAY OF SELF-REALIZATION: A DIALOGUE WITH PROFESSOR ALEXANDER KLUJEV

Tayron Achury (T.A.). Dear Professor Klujev, you are a well-known philosopher and musician. Your scientific works have been published not only in Russia, but also in the USA, Italy, Spain, Germany, Romania, Greece, the Czech Republic, Turkey, India, China, Pakistan, the UAE, and many countries of the former USSR. You are the author of an original model of the philosophy of music. In this interview, I would like to discuss with you your model of the philosophy of music, as well as your understanding of the connection between music and pedagogy, the role of music in shaping the human experience. 

So, Professor Klujev, the main question is: could you tell us what the essence of your model of the philosophy of music is?

Alexander Klujev (A.K.). Dear Dr. Achury, I consider my model, in general, as the result of the development of Russian philosophy of music. Russian philosophy of music originated approximately in the 15th century and has been constantly evolving. What is the specific understanding of music by Russian philosophers? Russian philosophers interpret music (each, of course, in their own way) as the most perfect means of saving a person. I have summarized the ideas of Russian philosophers about music in my three books: “10 Articles on Russian Philosophy of Music” (published in 2023 in St. Petersburg by the F.M. Dostoevsky Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy), “Russian Philosophy of Music: 2010s and 2020s Articles (Transl. from Russ.)” (published in 2023 in the Czech Republic, in Ostrava, in English by Tuculart Edition & European Institute for Innovation Development) and “Russian Philosophy of Music: Articles of the 2010–2020s” (published in 2024 in Moscow by Progress-Tradition). About my model.

I called my model “The New Synergetic Philosophy of Music”. It has two components: theoretical and practical.

In the theoretical part, the model is based on the combination of two principles: classical (old) synergetics, developed by the German physicist Hermann Haken, and hesychasm, the core of the Orthodox doctrine. In the practical part, it demonstrates how this synthesis can be applied in music. Let me explain.

Classical (old) synergetics, which emerged in the 1970s, is an interdisciplinary field of science that studies the self-organization of systems in the world. It has been established that systems evolve from less organized (ordered, stable, and reliable) to more organized (ordered, stable, etc.).

Hesychasm affirms the unity of the energies of the bodily-mental-spiritual man and the energies of God, which appears as the growth of man’s energies in the sequence: bodily – mental – spiritual. Such growth is carried out as a result of the reading of the Jesus, or the Smart Prayer, by a person.

And the conjugation of classical (old) synergetics and Hesychasm is connected with the fact that in the process of prayer, the Christian Hesychast carries out (and in our days!) communication with all people, humanity. Such communication contributes to the emergence in every layman of a desire for unity with God in the world. This desire is expressed in the bodily, mental, and spiritual activation of the individual in the world, which leads to the development of the world according to the principle of self-organization of systems. In my opinion, the self-organization of systems is represented by the following sequence: nature, society, culture, art, and music. In my view, music is the highest development of the world, which is influenced by human development, and it is also the embodiment of unity.

In practice, the work I offer is based on the realization that music is a powerful means of uniting a person with the Supreme Being, God. I believe that music therapy is the process of bringing a person closer to the Supreme Being through music. I have developed a music therapy technique that I hope will help people ascend to the Supreme Being (I have conducted music therapy workshops using this technique in Russia, the United States, and Finland for eight years).

The model is presented in detail in my monograph “The Sum of Music” (2021), published in Russia, as well as in separate articles published in Russia and abroad.

T.A. You are a teacher. Tell me, can the musical-pedagogical process become a model of the pedagogical process in general, or is it only a special process? And another question: how can the musical-pedagogical process influence the pedagogical process?

A.K. Let’s first define what a pedagogical process is. In my opinion, a pedagogical process is a person’s introduction to the world. This introduction takes place through three sequential actions: sensory contact, knowledge, and practical mastery, which are derived from the sequential manifestation of the three components of human consciousness: feelings, reason, and will. But here’s what’s interesting: these actions make themselves felt in musical pedagogical work in a very distinct way, acting as a succession of musical upbringing, musical education, and musical training (of course, mostly in theory, not in practice, where they are closely intertwined).

Musical upbringing is the development of the ability to experience music as a prerequisite for a proper response to music.

B.M. Teplov writes extensively about musical experience in his famous book “Psychology of Musical Abilities”. According to Teplov, “the specific feature of musical experience is the experience of the sound fabric as an expression of a certain content. This criterion is the main and primary distinguishing feature between ‘musical experience’ and ‘non-musical’ experience of music”.

Musical education is the expansion of musical ideas, predetermining the awareness of music as an original art form. 

B.V. Asafiev made a huge contribution to the improvement of musical education processes. Asafiev proposed a heuristic method in this direction based on the technology of “music observation”. According to the renowned musicologist, “from the analysis of … the properties of (music. – A.K.) and from the installation of provisions that help to understand its “content”, it was possible to conclude that in order to correctly approach (understanding. – A.K.) music … it is necessary not so much to teach it or study it as a scientific discipline, how much is the observation (intelligently organized) of the changes and transformations of the material taking place in it”.

Finally, music training is preparation for working with musical material (especially important in a professional environment).

This work requires the manifestation of musical and creative will. The patterns of this manifestation are discussed by the famous German pianist and teacher K.A. Martinsen. Martinsen refers to the musical-creative will as the sound-creative will (schöpferischer Klangwille) and explains that it is composed of six distinct modes: “Pitch-Wille (Tonwille)”; “Sound-Wille (Klangwille)”; “Line-Wille (Linienwille)”; “Rhythm-Wille (Rhytmuswille)”; “Form-Wille (Gestaltwille)”; and “Forming-Wille (Gestaltungswille)”.

Thus, musical upbringing, education, and training appear to be three consecutive stages (stages) of a person’s introduction to music, but given that music is the perfect embodiment of the world (according to the model of the “New Synergetic Philosophy of Music” proposed by me), it is obvious that introduction to music can be considered as a model of introduction to the world, and therefore, as a universal form of pedagogical activity. I have tried to show this pedagogical potential of music in my article “Musical Upbringing, Education, and Training in Phenomenological Understanding”, published in the journal “Philosophical Sciences” in 2019.

T.A. You have noted the phenomenological focus of your article on music pedagogy. Could you please elaborate on the role that phenomenology plays in the understanding of music? Additionally, I would like to ask you about the significance of a music teacher’s subjective experience in their pedagogical work.

A.K. Yes, of course, the phenomenological approach is crucial for comprehending the principles of music. What is phenomenology? Let me start with the term. The term phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενον, from φαίνεσθαι – to appear, to be visible, also – to seem) in a general sense means a phenomenon given in sensory contemplation. This term is the basis of the concept of phenomenology, which means the study of phenomena. It was first used by the German philosopher Johann Heinrich Lambert in his work “The New Organon” (1764).

According to Lambert, phenomenology is a theory of appearance (Theorie des Scheinens). Phenomenology helps us “break through the appearance (the blindness of appearance) to the true”. As Lambert writes, the concept of appearance, both in its literal meaning and in its original source, refers to the impressions that perceived things (Dinge) evoke in our senses. This concept applies to all the senses, and since it applies to all the senses, it is only natural that this concept would be used to describe “the impression that each sense provides us with through the perception of objects, such as when we want to say ‘heat’ or ‘sound’ (and so on)”. In other words, phenomenology is a way to understand the essence of a phenomenon. 

In musicology, this involves immersing oneself in the sound layers of music. What are these sound layers? 

Many renowned researchers have written about the sound layers of music, including Karl Dalhaus and Nikolai Hartmann in Germany. The Russian-American scientist Genrikh Orlov devoted a section to this topic in his remarkable book “The Tree of Music”. I have proposed my own approach. What is it? 

First of all, I have noted that for greater accuracy, when discussing the sound layers of music, we should be talking about the sound layers of an individual piece of music. I distinguish three such layers: 

the first layer is defined by rhythm, meter, tempo, timbre, and dynamics; 

the second is determined by intonation; 

the third is recognized by means of mode (key), melody, and harmony.

Further. I believe that the listed sound layers, in the order of their enumeration, are the successive stages of revealing the center of a musical work. In accordance with this, the elements that fix these layers: rhythm, meter, tempo, timbre, dynamics, intonation, mode (key), melody, and harmony, are the successive elements that reveal this center.

As a result, it is the harmony that illuminates the center of a musical composition. (I believe that this “picture” can be found in any music, as the progression of rhythm, meter, tempo, timbre, dynamics, intonation, mode (key), melody, and harmony has always determined the structure of musical compositions.) 

According to my understanding, this center is the Spirit, the Spiritual energy.

Thus, one cannot but agree with the famous Swiss conductor and music phenomenologist Ernest Ansermet that “music was found before the sounds”. And, by the way, Ansermet emphasizes: “the meaning of music… is manifested in every (musical. – A.K.) work”.

I develop my ideas about the sound layers of a musical work in the article: “On the Tetrasphere of the Musical Language”, published in the journal “Bulletin of Musical Science” in 2021.

And about the subjective experience of communicating with music… I am a pianist, graduated from the Leningrad (now it is called St. Petersburg) Conservatory. Gave concerts. I remember at one of my performances, and I played Bach, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, played in some intoxicating me delight: absolutely free – the fingers as if by themselves “flown” over the keyboard (!), I, or rather someone inside me, began to ask questions: what is happening? why are people gathered? where do the sounds fly? and in general: what is music? You see – the living phenomenology of sound…

T.A. Tell me, Professor, does music only represent reality, or does it also shape it? How does music contribute to the construction of human existence? 

A.K. Dear Dr. Achury, what is reality? There is an empirical understanding of it, and there is a mystical understanding… 

You know, in medieval Europe, there was a debate about whether universals were objective substances or, on the contrary, abstractions formed in the process of human cognition. Essentially, this was a debate about what reality is. There were those who argued that general concepts have a real existence and precede individual things and objects, and they were called realists (John Scotus Eriugena, Thomas Aquinas). There were also those who denied the ontological significance of universals, arguing that general concepts do not exist in reality but only in the mind. These were known as nominalists (Roscelin, Ockham). There were also those who took a middle position in this debate, arguing that there is something common in individual objects that can be expressed by a concept. These people were known as conceptualists (Pierre Abelard and Duns Scotus). 

I spent a long time trying to decide which of these three camps I belonged to, but I eventually realized that I was a realist in the medieval sense. The fact is that the realists claimed that general concepts exist in three forms: “before things” in the divine mind, “in things themselves” as their essence or form, and “after things”, that is, in the human mind as a result of abstraction and generalization. For me, general concepts live in things themselves, in individual musical compositions. It is in this sense that I speak of the human discovery of God through music.

Regarding the construction of human existence by music, I will say this. Of course, music builds a blueprint for human existence, moreover, it constantly improves this blueprint, even when a person listens to the same musical creation. This is the movement of man towards God in music. As a person develops, he finds in music an ever–increasing unity with God, which constantly raises him and brings him to a new level – the plane of existence. What does this mean? And this means a change in the temporal parameter of human existence, the movement of a person through time into eternity. 

This process has been reflected in the comments of 20th-century music theorists and practitioners. For example, according to the musicologist K. Dalhaus, who devoted the section “On the Temporal Structure of Music” in his book “Music Theory in the 18th and 19th Centuries” to this topic, music exists “in time”, even though time is irreversible. “Irreversible time” is not present in the immediate musical experience. This “constant”, “homogeneous”, “empty”, “quantum” time, or “world time”, is not consciously perceived or experienced during listening; it remains an “external moment of music”. However, “present” time is a “lived” time in which the past and future are synthesized, while measurable time, with its distinct past and future, remains secondary. This effect is also noted by the composer B.A. Zimmerman. He believes that music has an external time, which can change, – the tempo of a piece of music, and an internal time, which is almost constant, – the experience of the person (listener) of the organizational development of a piece of music. The internal time is more important. As Zimmerman explains his position, “time in a piece of music is organized in two ways: on the one hand, by choosing a specific external measure of time (tempo. – A.K.)… on the other hand, by choosing a specific internal measure of time (experience. – A.K.)… “The ‘inner’ as well as the ‘real’ measures are determined by the inner musical consciousness of time, which acquires a regulatory meaning in this sense”.

T.A. Dear Professor, there are two powerful approaches to music that have developed in Germany: Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s. How do you view these approaches, and which one is closer to your model?

A.K. Dear Dr. Achury, in order to understand Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s approaches to music, it is necessary to first understand the essence of Hegel’s and Nietzsche’s teachings. Let me start with Hegel’s teachings.

As is well known, Hegel’s work that most fully expressed the philosophical system of the great German thinker was the book “Phenomenology of Spirit” (1807). In this work, Hegel focuses on the spiritual, leaving the material and non-spiritual aspects outside the realm of the science of the phenomena of the spirit.

In Hegel’s philosophy, the spirit evolves through three stages: subjective, objective, and absolute.

The Subjective spirit is the soul, the consciousness of an individual.

The Objective spirit is the “spirit of society as a whole”.

The Absolute spirit is the highest manifestation of the spirit, the eternally valid truth.

Thus, the subjective spirit precedes the objective spirit, and the objective spirit, in turn, precedes the absolute spirit.

Interestingly, Hegel did not write anything about music. Hegel’s thoughts on music are presented in his lecture notes, which were collected and published by his student, Heinrich Gustav Goto, under the title “Lectures on Aesthetics” (1835-1838), after the philosopher’s death.

From these materials, it is clear that for Hegel, music is a romantic art that expresses the subjective spirit (the soul of an individual). Hegel notes, “music is the spirit, the soul, that sounds directly to itself and feels satisfied in this listening to itself”. It is evident that Hegel, in the context of his philosophical system, did not highly regard music. This is evidenced, in particular, by the following statement by the thinker: “Musical talent is mostly manifested in early youth, when the mind is still empty and the soul has experienced little, and it can even reach a significant level before the artist has gained any spiritual or life experience. For the same reason, we often encounter significant virtuosity in musical composition and performance alongside a lack of spiritual content and character”.

As for Nietzsche, it is considered to be his main work, in which he outlined the essence of his teaching, the text “Thus spoke Zarathustra” (1885). In this essay, Nietzsche presented his main ideas: “God is Dead”, “Superman”, “The Will to Power”, “Eternal Return”, and others. Nietzsche’s ideal is a strong (or rather, unbridled) personality that destroys socially accepted norms of behavior and morality.

Nietzsche wrote a lot about music, which is understandable: Nietzsche was a composer, a pianist, and, most interestingly, he considered himself a composer. Nietzsche’s works on music are well-known, including “The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music” (1872, 2nd edition 1886, with the preface “An Attempt at Self-Criticism” and the subtitle “Hellenism and Pessimism”) and “The Wagner Case” (1888). Many vivid opinions about music can be found in Nietzsche’s book “The Will to Power” (which is a collection of Nietzsche’s notes, compiled and edited by his sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and Peter Gast in 1888).

For Nietzsche, music is a wild element that unleashes the energy of self-destruction and self-renewal. Nietzsche associate’s music with the ancient Greek god Dionysus, the god of wine and revelry. According to Nietzsche, contemporary German music, which he believed had a romantic origin (notably, like Hegel, Nietzsche emphasizes the romantic aspect of music), should become Dionysian. Here is how he writes about this in “The Experience of Self-Criticism”: Romantic music must be overcome by Dionysian music: “What kind of music would it be that would no longer be of romantic origin, like German music, but of Dionysian origin?” I will also quote Nietzsche’s statement about music from his work “The Will to Power”: “We dare to be absurd and childish again… in a word, ‘we are musicians’”. 

So, when it comes to music, Hegel emphasizes its spiritual nature (at the level of the subjective spirit), while Nietzsche emphasizes its sensual and bodily nature. You asked which of Hegel’s or Nietzsche’s ideas about music aligns with my philosophy of music.

 I answer: Hegel’s.

T.A. What, in your opinion, is the main problem for music in the 21st century, are we in a period of expansion of musical consciousness or in a crisis of musical consumerism? 

A.K. In my opinion, music has no problems. Music was, is and will be. Music exists forever, even before sounds (remember the statement by E. Anserme, which I cited). About “eternal music” wrote Ferruccio Busoni, Maurice Ravel, Nikolai Metner… It’s not the music that has problems, it’s the person who has lost touch with music. Let me remind you that in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, there was a philosopher named Diogenes of Sinope in Ancient Greece, who would walk around in broad daylight with a lantern, saying, “I’m looking for a person”. Isn’t it time for someone with a hearing aid to walk around different concert venues, saying, “I’m looking for music”? And you know, it seems to me that to look for music is to look for a person in music, so that the intention of Diogenes was very and very prophetic…

Today, as a rule, there is no human being in music, and moreover, he is deliberately removed from it. 

All this began with the work of A. Schoenberg, then it intensified enormously in connection with the organization of the international summer courses of new music in Darmstadt (1946), where many composers began to hone their ways of removing a person from music: P. Boulez, K. Stockhausen, B. Maderna, L. Nono, L. Berio, J. Cage, J. Xenakis, M. Kagel, V. Rome, M. Feldman, B. Fernihow, H. Lahenman, B. Furrer and others. 

Today, the method of removing a person from music proposed by H. Lachenman is particularly popular. What does Lachenman do? Here is a description of one of his works, the Concert for Percussion Air (1968-69): “During the play, the soloist uses an incredible number of instruments, from a glass Japanese gong… to regular timpani and other drums (including a string drum, or “lion’s roar”…), as well as… electric guitars and other instruments. Orchestral musicians at various points (use. – A.K.) … toy frogs, which are played by both brass players and string players in the final bars of the composition. The croaking of the toys at the end may create a nostalgic atmosphere… Whatever the real purpose of these toys, they… provide a wonderful contrast to the other surprising sounds of the final sections of the piece: the brass instruments bubbling with water in their horns, the electric doorbells being operated by a pair of special performers, and so on”. 

In modern Russia, there are many composers who have adopted Lachenman’s approach, including A. Manotskov, O. Raeva, A. Filonenko, B. Filanovsky, S. Nevsky, D. Kurlyandsky, and others. Perhaps the most diligent follower of Lachenman’s instructions is D. Kurlyandsky.

Here, for example, is what Kurlyandsky says about his composition Vacuum pack (Vacuum Packaging), 2015, written for voice, trombone, piano, glockenspiel, violin, and electronics: “At some point, I felt that it wasn’t enough for me to compose just combinations of sounds or even just sounds themselves… On the first page, here’s what happens. The vocalist leans her ear against one of the four glasses in front of her and listens. The glasses (make. – A.K.) noise of different heights (the effect of a seashell). She (repeats. – A.K.) the tone she heard and as if she puts it in another glass – she sings into it. From the exhalation, the glass slightly steams – the condensation later in the play becomes an independent material with which the musicians work. ‘Putting’ the sound in the glass, the singer listens again to another glass, picks up a new sound and carries it on. At the same time, each glass is sounded and put on a separate column…”. 

I have written about all of this in detail in my article “Game of Music: How Long?”, which was published in the materials of an international scientific conference held at the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music in 2020.

As for the second part of your question, how can we describe what is happening in music today: is it an expansion of musical consciousness or a crisis of musical consumerism? I believe that these are two sides of the same process. I would describe this process as the dispersion of musical consciousness. 

Walter Benjamin wrote about the lack of concentration, and hence the triumph of mass (effortless) art, in his essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technical Reproducibility” (1936). More recently, Jean Baudrillard has written extensively about the total commodification of art (and even the racketeering it engages in). In this regard, his collection of articles and interviews, “The Artistic Conspiracy” (1995), has gained significant attention.

T.A. And the last question, dear Professor. Tell me, what do you see as the prospects for the development of music in the coming decades? 

A.K. You know, I formulated this question for myself and tried to answer it almost 30 years ago in my article “On the Directions of Music Development in the 21st Century” (1998). Unfortunately, what I came to in this article remains relevant today. 

I have identified seven directions for the development of music in the 21st century (just as you have identified seven questions for me). 

The first of these, and, as I see it, the most significant, is the emergence of new technical means for creating and performing musical compositions based on the further development of the principles of electronic, in particular computer-based, musical sound. 

Indeed, the current 21st century is a century of consistent growth in scientific and technological capabilities, which will undoubtedly affect the technical means of musical art, including, of course, electronic means. As K. Stockhausen explained this process, the use of technology enhances a person’s expansion in the world, “because with the help of glasses, a small tape recorder, and similar items, a person can see and hear better, and they begin to view them as part of their body”. 

The second direction of music development is the further movement in the field of interaction of all kinds of musical art. 

This conviction is based on the study of contemporary musical works that belong to various musical genres, styles, etc., as well as on the statements of composers about the current trend towards the unification of various manifestations of musical art. For example, Sergei Slonimsky stated: “There is a process of convergence between different movements and musical systems, where the ‘predisposition’ or ‘affiliation’ of a composer to a particular direction is erased”. Or here is the opinion of Krzysztof Penderecki: “Today… the chance to survive has music written in a natural manner, synthesizing everything that has happened over the past few decades”. 

The third direction of music evolution must be considered the consistent expansion of the sound range of musical art, in other words, the increasingly active musicalization of the sounds of living and non-living nature included in the fabric of musical compositions. 

According to Evgeny Nazaykinsky’s figurative expression, “new questions are being added to the old ones, such as whether musique concrete, which originated in France in the middle of the century, as well as the so-called ‘graphic’ and ‘conceptual’ music, and many other branches that grew on the trunk of musical history in the 20th century, are considered music”.

The fourth direction of music’s evolutionary movement is its increasing desire for unity and interconnection with other arts. 

As Moses Kagan notes, “the importance of expanding music’s interactions with other arts lies in the fact that synthetic artistic structures meet the need for a multifaceted and holistic representation of human existence”. 

The fifth direction of music’s development is the complexity of its language.

One example of this complexity is the increased tonal complexity of musical compositions. For example, according to Edison Denisov, “new music has expanded, and the old tonality has entered the modern system as one of the simplest elements”. The use of the so-called mutation technique in music is equally significant. According to K. Stockhausen, “now… for the first time in music… a musical figure gives rise to a new one that is genetically related to it, but this relationship is hidden and not obvious. The process of change (of the musical figure) is constant. This technique of transformation, the technique of mutation, is completely new…”. 

The sixth direction of music development is the increasingly active inclusion in musical compositions of what is traditionally the opposite of sound: silence.

As you know, one of the first people to use silence when creating a piece of music was J. Cage. For example, I will cite his well-known piano piece “4’33″”, in which the pianist does not extract a single sound from the instrument. Similar essays are created by a student of J. Cage J. Brecht. Here, for example, is Brecht’s composition “Water Jam”. This work, which resembles a suite, consists of a large number of independent pieces written on separate sheets of cardboard. Some of these pieces have titles such as “String Quartet”, “Flute Solo”, and so on. However, the performance is highly unique, with the musicians not playing but merely shaking their hands in the “String Quartet” and dismantling and reassembling the flute in “Flute Solo”.

Finally, the seventh direction of music evolution is the increasing role of the personality of the composer and performer in the musical creative process.

The last direction is especially important: it is this direction that will allow us to bring the human being back into music. After all, what is a human being? It is not his body, which some philosophers, aesthetes, and cultural scientists are so concerned about today (following Nietzsche, I call them Nietzschebrods, or Nietzscheans in spirit!), but his consciousness, i.e., his personality. In general, the encounter of man with God in music is nothing other than a multidimensional interpersonal process, in which God also acts as a Person – the Person of God (yes, the Orthodox God has a Person, as all Russian philosophers, and especially Lev Karsavin, have argued). This is how I describe (build) this process in my book The Sum of Music: Initially, the Personality of God influences the personality of the composer (contributing to the composer’s idea of a musical composition), the personality of the composer influences the personality of the performer (determining the performer’s choice of a musical composition for interpretation), and finally, the personality of the performer influences the personality of the listener (engaging the listener in the interpreted musical composition). As a result of this multi-step influence of the Personality of God on the personality of the listener, the listener’s personality ascends in the following sequence: listener’s personality – performer’s personality – composer’s personality – Personality of God. 

I believe that this is the process we should keep in mind when we talk about music as a path to self-realization. 

T.A. Thank you for the interview, Professor Klujev.

A.K. Thank you, Dr. Achury.

Photo:

Tayron Achury

Alexander Klujev

#Colombia #Russia #Tayron_Achury #Alexander_Klujev #Friendship_of_Individuals_and_Peoples_of_the_World

Tayron Achury is a Colombian philosopher, Doctor of Psychology (PsyD). Teacher at the National Open University of Distance Education (UNAD), Bogotá, Colombia.

Author of the books: “Democracy and Terrorism” (2004), “Ethics, Culture and Education in Colombia” (2012), “Ethical Foundations of Theory and Political Action” (2017), “Post-Truth, Humanisms and the Imaginary” (2021), “Introduction to the History of Philosophy” (2022).

He is also the author of poems, short stories, novels. For ten years, he was the director of the university radio program “Palabreando con Sofía”, a symbolic space for philosophical and social education that became an important pillar in the popularization of philosophy at UNAD.

Currently, he runs the YouTube channel “Ethos filosófico”, where he continues to promote critical thinking and ethical education in new digital formats. Alexander Klujev is a Russian philosopher, musician, musicologist, musicotherapist. Doctor Habil. in Philosophy, Full Professor at the Russian State Pedagogical University named after A.I. Herzen, as well as a Leading Researcher at the Russian Institute of Art History.

Author of books: “Music and Life: about the place of musical art in the developing world” (1997), “The Ontology of Music” (2003, 2010), “Philosophy of Music” (2004, 2010), “Music: The Path to the Absolute” (2015), “The Sum of Music” (2017, 2021), “10 articles on the Russian Philosophy of Music” (2023), “Russian Philosophy of Music: 2010s and 2020s articles (Transl. from Russ.)” (2023), “Russian Philosophy of Music: Articles of the 2010–2020s” (2024).

Member of the editorial boards and editor-in-chief of the following journals: “Philosophical Sciences”, “Questions of Cultural Studies”, “Annales of the Zubov Institute”, “Medicine and Art”, “Credo New”, and others.

a study of the mantis shrimp

this body breathes dizzying ultraviolets and looping

polarized light. in, out. easy as breath. they blind me, 

i am blind to them. the mantis shrimp holds

sixteen photoreceptors, inhaling and exhaling colors 

imaginary to me. and what is imaginary but invisible? 

still, the mantis shrimp disappoints, like all prayers do.

it can not, does not distinguish the gasping pigments 

dancing across its exoskeleton. sacrifices sight for

survival. why? when this vision is breathing? when it is

lungs alive with color? this body breathes. in, out. out.

Tteok (떡)

Half-eaten on my desk, gelatinous flesh 

puffed where the tines of the fork slid inside, 

is a rice cake. White and fluffy with three

lone mustard yellow seeds nestled inside. Like three

sore thumbs or three dull iron eyes. They taste

like rice cake.

Pinched like petals, flour

wilts like sorrow. The best flowers 

are sour. The half-

animals that bite into them

leave them half-eaten. They always leave

them. Strewn on the floor like

metaphor turned cannibal. This is our

last defense, this was

our last stand. We taste

like rice cake.

AN OBITUARY FOR MY FATHER

after Victoria Chang

Because you used to dream in chromatic figuration and now you forget your dreams when you wake up. Because the memory of them warms your hands like a cup of liquor you can’t keep down as you stumble through the door. Because your vision fails, as in it fails you, as in it betrays you. Because you wanted to create something. Leave this world something more than your grave. Press your thumb into the soft flesh of the earth and breathe. Where does our breath go? You pray it is not back into our lungs.

Alternatively: because you warm my curious hands when I wander out to the curious stars. Because you roll down the car window to the infinite sky so we can tip our heads back. Because you don’t flinch when I pluck black hair after gray hair after white hair. Because I know I will mourn you like you mourn yourself.

Haeun (Regina) Kim is a student writer from Seoul, South Korea. An alumna of the Adroit Journal Summer Mentorship, the Sewanee Young Writers’ Conference, and the Sunhouse Summer Writing Mentorship, she has been recognized by Bennington College, the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers, River of Words, and more. Her writing has been published or is forthcoming in Rust and Moth, Stone Soup, and The Galway Review, among others. An editor at Polyphony Lit, she serves as the founder of MISO-JIEUM. When not writing, she can be found painting in an art studio or struggling through amateur ballet.

Erin Kim is a student attending a school in Seoul, South Korea. When she has not trapped herself in her room alone working on her art, she enjoys playing tennis. 

Somewhere Between. 

*For John Dorsey. 

The dusk and the blanket of night, 

the temptation and trepidation, 

the aromatic handful of fries  

and the grease stained takeaway carton,

the ageing and the attrition, 

the nostalgia and the cautious optimism – 

we write, 

because it’s either that, or go crazy.

The BB Gun War of 2004. 

The greatest shot 

of the BB gun war 

of 2004 – 

was a complete fluke. 

One that at I’d FIRED 

from the top of the stairs,

at my brother who 

was hiding

under my dad’s chair 

reloading,

in the kitchen 

as our old man 

ate leftover lasagne. 

It sailed through 

the air and tiny square on 

the back of the chair 

to pierce flesh. 

Nobody appreciating 

the chances. 

of the shot connecting 

even if I’d tried, 

especially not my dad,

who’d just been shot 

straight in the arse.

A Memory of Basque Summer Rain. 

Sat at the desk, listening to thunder, 

drinking cheap wine – 

once again, I was the boy that nobody 

owned and I was alone in every sense 

that evening.

Through the window – 

a lightning bolt hit the ground and 

illuminated the tops of the palm trees – 

another storm having rolled in off 

The Bay of Biscay. 

The swing windows tapped against the wall, 

the stiff latch mysteriously undoing itself 

once again that evening – 

which only added to the strange series 

of events that had unfolded in that flat. 

I continued to sit there, waiting on both 

something and nothing, 

swearing that the lightning bolts outside 

were inching ever closer – 

certain that change was coming with them.

Why I Took Down The Dreamcatcher.   

I no longer dream about 

the one who got away, 

or the sinking mud that I’d fall into alone 

in that beautiful forest – 

where I’d eventually go down in awe, 

staring up at a cloudless sky. 

Yet, I see now that those dreams 

were the ones that I truly felt alive – 

with everything else 

feeling like a night shift where life 

passes idly by. 

Gwil James Thomas is a poet, novelist and inept musician. He lives in his home town of Bristol, England, but has also lived in London, Brighton and Spain. His second poetry collection The P45 Power Ballad is available from Yellow King Press and his nineteenth chapbook of poetry Until The Autumnal Sundown is forthcoming from Two Key Customs. Some of his poetry has been archived by The National Poetry Library in the UK. He is part English, part Welsh and part wolf. IG: @gwiljamesthomas.

THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE OF SOCIETY AND THE OPPORTUNITIES PROVIDED TO THEM

Khudoyqulova Shahzoda Sherali qizi
Student of the Faculty of History, Karshi State University

Annotation: This article discusses the attention and opportunities our state provides to women, young people with disabilities, and socially vulnerable groups, in order to ensure that the youth of our society grow into healthy, educated, hardworking, and independent-minded individuals.

Keywords: Society, youth, neighborhood, state, gender equality, authority, women, leader.

Today, youth have become an integral part of shaping state governance, influencing the country’s domestic and foreign policy, and participating in its activities. The role of young people in the relationship between the state and society is significantly increasing. This is also true in Uzbekistan, where the indicator continues to grow.

The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, stated:
“We will continue the state policy on youth without any deviation and with full determination. Not only will we continue it, but we will also raise this policy to the highest level required by today’s era as our top priority. We will mobilize all the power and resources of our state and society so that our youth can think independently, possess high intellectual and moral potential, and become people who do not lag behind their peers in any field on a global scale, and live a happy life.”
[Mirziyoyev Sh.M. We Will Build a Free, Prosperous, and Democratic Uzbekistan Together. Tashkent: “Uzbekistan”, 2016, p.14]

This statement is a clear example of the great attention paid to youth. Since the future, development, and progress of a country are in the hands of young people, it is necessary to first refer to the international concepts and definitions of youth.

In different countries, the age range defining youth varies. For example, in the USA and Japan, individuals aged 13–14 to 29–30 are considered youth; in Bulgaria, it is from 15 to 29; in Russia, from 15 to 30. In Germany, “younger youth” are 14–18 years old, and “older youth” are 18–27 years old. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, according to Article 3 of the Law “On State Youth Policy,” individuals aged 14 to 30 fall into the youth category.
[http://blog.xabar.uz/post/yoshlar-orasida-huquqiy-savodxonlikni-oshirishda-huquqiy-ta-lim]

From this, we can understand that young people make up a large portion of our society’s population. When discussing youth, it is important to highlight the opportunities provided for them. In Uzbekistan, broad opportunities are provided to increase the role of youth and nurture them as important figures for the country’s future. One example is the democratic reforms introduced into the management system of the mahalla (neighborhood) institution.

New management mechanisms for working with youth have been introduced, a vertical system for youth engagement has been created, youth issues are addressed directly in neighborhoods, and efforts are being made to improve the effectiveness of educational, moral, and upbringing activities in educational institutions.

According to the Presidential Decree “On Measures to Radically Improve the System of Working with Youth in Neighborhoods” (PQ-92, January 19, 2022) [https://lex.uz/uz/docs/-5831865], the position of youth leader was introduced in every neighborhood. Youth leaders are responsible for forming the “Youth Balance,” collecting necessary information about young people in the “Youth Register” and “Youth Portal” electronic platforms, and overseeing various youth support programs.

Based on the recommendations of youth leaders, different forms of assistance are provided, such as:

• One-time financial aid of up to 4 times the base calculation amount for low-income youth.
• Monthly rent subsidies of up to 3 times the base calculation amount for up to 12 months for socially vulnerable young families.
• Subsidies of up to 50 times the base calculation amount to cover up to 50% of tuition fees for talented but socially vulnerable students in vocational and higher education institutions.
• Subsidies of up to 4 times the base calculation amount to cover the cost of driving courses for socially vulnerable youth in state and non-state educational institutions.

A large portion of youth-oriented opportunities are allocated specifically to women. According to the Presidential Decree “On Accelerating Systematic Support for Families and Women” (PF-87, March 7, 2022) [https://lex.uz/docs/-5899498], reforms are being implemented to protect women’s rights and legal interests, increase their economic, social, and political activity, ensure their health, provide vocational training and employment, involve them in entrepreneurship, support women in need, and ensure gender equality, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

In the education system, many opportunities are also being created. For example, socially active youth are given special privileges in admission to higher education institutions. The Presidential Grant is awarded to the top 200 applicants with the highest entrance exam scores in state higher education institutions. Education loans are provided for students studying on a contract basis, and 35% of tuition fees are covered for students who have completed military service or are socially active.

The introduction of the “Youth Register” to ensure the employment of unemployed youth has taken youth policy to a new level. Thousands of unemployed youth aged 18–30 in need of social, economic, and psychological support have been included in the register, and funds have been allocated through “Youth Funds” to solve their problems locally.

Healthy, educated, experienced, and forward-thinking youth are the greatest driving force for positive changes in society. As the First President of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, stated:
“The future of our Motherland, the well-being of our people, and the country’s prestige in the international arena depend primarily on how our children grow up, what kind of people they become, and how they enter life. We must never forget this absolute truth.”
[Islam Karimov. High Spirituality is an Invincible Force. Tashkent: “Ma’naviyat”, 2008]

Among the opportunities provided to youth, special attention is given to people with disabilities. According to the Presidential Decree “On Additional Measures to Improve the System of Supporting Persons with Disabilities” (PQ-74, February 27, 2023) [https://www.lex.uz/docs/6391378], privileges are granted such as priority access to public services for persons with disabilities and their caregivers, strengthening their legal guarantees, and improving the system of providing legal assistance to them.

President Shavkat Mirziyoyev noted:
“Building a New Uzbekistan is not just a wish or a subjective process, but an objective necessity based on deep historical foundations, the current political, legal, socio-economic, and moral-cultural realities of our country, and the age-old aspirations of our people. On this path, we must fully mobilize the knowledge, potential, and capabilities of our citizens, who are the main driving force of our reforms. Only then will our country become a strong, prosperous, and respected state in the world, as our people have dreamed of.”
[Shavkat Mirziyoyev. The Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan. Tashkent: “Uzbekistan”, 2022]

Conclusion: Indeed, the attention and opportunities given to youth are among the strongest factors motivating us to move forward. If every young person knows how to use these opportunities wisely, they will undoubtedly grow into qualified specialists contributing greatly to the country’s development.

The continuous improvements and facilities in the education system are a source of pride. They aim to raise initiative-taking, intelligent young people, and to instill in them a sense of pride for living in a fully developed country.

Not only in education but also in other fields, youth are being supported. For example, loans are provided for young people to start their own businesses, vocational training is offered, and unemployed youth are assisted in finding jobs.

Significant attention is also given to sports, with our athletes raising our national flag high in international competitions and Olympic Games, proving the success of the country’s sports system.

It is also worth noting that young people with disabilities are given equal opportunities, and many have achieved great success in sports, arts, education, business, and leadership. Despite physical limitations, they have healthy minds, hearts, and spirits, and the state works to ensure they can contribute to society just like any other citizen.

From this, it is clear that our state maintains equal opportunities for all citizens, regardless of whether they are healthy or have disabilities. This not only pleases us as youth but also motivates us to work harder for our country.

Piano

The faint piano desk at my back

The church prayers of oblong hault

Numerous passengers thronged through

It came a virtuous glance

The rain smelled of Piccadilly

The London traffic, the Paris rainbow

All imbued on a harmonic tribe

I came and saw the victorious mansions

The fairy tale chiaroscuro of uncharted lamps

It is a place of folly of penmanship and a little trinket

I perched on the jammed trampoline

The loneliness ever growing on

As the peace was costlier than love.