WEDDING CEREMONIES OF THE UZBEK PEOPLE-PAST AND TODAY

Mokhinur Sotvoldieva,

1st stage master’s student of ASU, Faculty of Philology

mohinurqodirova97@gmail.com Phone: +998930988168

Аnnotatsiya: Ushbu ilmiy ishda, o‘zbek xalqi to‘y marosimlarining o‘tmish va buguni, yo‘qolgan yoki butkul yangilangan udumlar, olimlarning bu borada olib borgan tadqiqotlariga atroflicha to‘xtalib o‘tiladi.

Аннотация: В данной научной работе подробно рассмотрены размышления о прошлом и настоящем свадебных обрядов узбекского народа, утраченных или полностью возрожденных традициях, исследования, проведенные учеными в этом отношении.

Annotation: In this scientific work, thoughts about the past and present of the wedding ceremonies of the Uzbek people, lost or completely renewed traditions, researches conducted by scientists in this regard are discussed in detail.

Key words: weddings of the Uzbek people, wedding, customs, courtship, betrothal, housewarming, meeting, blessing wedding, wedding sending (mazar), girl’s wedding (girls’ meeting), marriage education.

It is known that the stages of the emergence and development of Uzbek weddings go back several years. We know many nations with their historically formed traditions and customs. In particular, if we talk about the rituals of the Uzbek people, whose unique ethnographic history has been formed over the years, there are such customs and rituals that you will hardly find in other nations. Among them, the weddings of the Uzbek people are one of the main rituals that have been practiced since the distant past until now.

Uzbek wedding ceremonies are widely studied and are being studied by many people as one of our priceless values that reflect the culture, history, characteristics and stages of development of our nation.

In this regard, scientists such as D.D.Manukyan, Y.A.Sorokin, D.A.Gilfanova conducted research on the wedding ceremony. “Researches related to the names of modern wedding ceremonies A. Jo’raboev [7,9-35], Sh.Nurillaeva [10,11-39], H.Ismoilov [8,12-47], O.Boriev [6,42] , Z.H.Orifkhonova [4, 36], M.Kakharovalar [13,12-45]. The emergence of new traditions in wedding ceremonies during the Soviet era is reflected in the scientific works of O.A.Sukhareva, M.A.Bikjanova, N.P. Lobachyova, L.F.Monogarova, T.Kh.Toshboeva and M.B.Savurov found Researcher Z. Alimova also touched on Persian-Tajik wedding rituals in her scientific work [1, 102].” [1]

It is known from historical sources that the term “wedding” belonging to the family of Turkic languages was used in the form of “toy” or “kurultoy” from the time of the Mongol and Chigatai khans. If we look at the memories of the Arab traveler Ibn Batuta, who went to the Movarunnahr region in the 14th century for the purpose of the trip, “toy” is an annual gathering (kurultay), which was attended by Genghis Khan’s descendants, emirs and Turkish begs, prestigious women and military commanders. In the historical work “Tavarikh Khorezmshakhiya” (May 5, 1864) it is reported that the son of Minister Hassan-Murod Kushbegi, Muhammad Yusufbek, married the daughter of the Khan, and the party lasted for several days.

Over time, based on scientific research, it can be said that “wedding” is a special gathering in the circle of “elders”, with the participation of relatives, relatives, and officials, along with a big party and a special luxury, known as a tradition since the distant past. It is true that with the passage of time, some changes and updates have occurred in Uzbek weddings, but differences in the ceremony from region to region have been observed significantly. Therefore, as a result of the globalization of relations between different nations and peoples, Uzbek weddings from the period before the introduction of Islam and after that form an integral connection with each other. [2].

In the marriage system of the Uzbek people: betrothal, betrothal, house visit, meeting, blessing wedding, wedding send-off (mazar), girl’s wedding (girls’ meeting), marriage education, bride’s wedding, bride’s greeting, charlari, god’s call (father saw, girl saw ) there are rituals and ancient traditions related to them. Most of them are still preserved and celebrated.

The history of Uzbek weddings, their stage of development, genre characteristics have been widely studied by a number of scholars. In this field, A. Ashirov (“Ancient beliefs and ceremonies of the Uzbek people”), K. Kubakov (“Wedding and wedding ceremonies in the past and present”), H. Muin (“About the wedding and mourning ceremony”), H. Sulaymonova (“In Uzbekistan history and present day of wedding traditions”), H. Umurova (“About wedding ceremony terms in English and Uzbek languages”), Z. Alimova (“Comparative analysis of lexemes related to wedding ceremony in English and Uzbek peoples”), H. Ismailov (“Uzbek weddings”), M. Askarov (“Wedding: yesterday, today, tomorrow-ethnographic analysis”) and others conducted scientific research.

In the marriage system of the Uzbek people: betrothal, betrothal, house visit, meeting, blessing wedding, wedding send-off (mazar), girl’s wedding (girls’ meeting), marriage education, bride’s wedding, bride’s greeting, charlari, god’s call (father saw, girl saw ) there are rituals and ancient traditions related to them. Most of them are still preserved and celebrated. Among them, marriage, cradle and circumcision are among the oldest rituals.

Until the 20th century, weddings were held in homes, but by the 70s of the 20th century, the tradition of holding weddings in restaurants and cafes began. Most notably, the bride and groom’s dresses, which are the reason for the wedding, have also changed. The burqas and thick headscarves of the brides were replaced by a fata dress made according to modern fashion. Only the national cloak and turban worn by the groom remained. In addition, the number of wedding ceremony participants has increased relatively.

  Also, in the 70s and 80s, the bride and groom and their “accompanying” friends went to the city’s memorials together, laid flowers, took pictures, videotaped, and put rings on each other. At the same time, especially in the capital, the composition of the bride’s sarpo became more “expensive” with items ranging from tableware, furniture sets to refrigerators, in addition to traditional items. At the end of the 20th century, due to the sharp increase in spending on wedding ceremonies, even in Tashkent, bachelor parties and wedding receptions began to be held together.

In conclusion, it should be said that the wedding ceremonies inherited from the past have been mixed with pre-Islamic and post-Islamic wedding ceremonies. In particular, to protect young people from the evil eye and calamities, they circle around the bonfire, put a big cover over their heads, sprinkle sweets and coins to wish them a happy life, make them sit on their laps, wish them to be rich, and treat them with boiled eggs. special events were held. «Ko‘rpa qavish», «maslahat oshi», «sabzi to‘g‘rar», «mol yoyar» and other udums have reached today without any changes. Even now, these ceremonies are held in the circle of relatives and neighbors, just like before. In addition, there are no additional news to these events. I mean, today’s weddings are held with equal participation of women and men, and it is also customary to bring famous artists to the wedding.

REFERENCES

1. V. Alimova. (n.d.). Comparative analysis of lexemes related to the English and Uzbek folk wedding ceremony, (p. 102).

2. Kh. Saydullaeva. History of wedding traditions in Uzbekistan and today-2021

3. A. Ashirov. “Ancient Beliefs and Rituals of the Uzbek People”,

4. H. Muin. “About the wedding and mourning ceremony”,

5. H. Umurova. “About wedding ceremony terms in English and Uzbek”

---

[1][1] Z.V. Alimova. (n.d.). Comparative analysis of lexemes related to the English and Uzbek folk wedding ceremony, (p. 102).

[2]Z. Alimova, Z. Ibrahimova. (2022). Comparative analysis of lexemes related to the wedding ceremony in English and Uzbek peoples. Science and innovation.

Vocational school No. 2, Koshtepa district, Fergana region. In this vocational school, young people are directed to various professions and trades. Vocational school has various directions.

1 Car body repair.
2 Repair and maintenance of car engines.
3 Tractor driver
4 Tailor
5 Electro-manteur
6 Car electrical and electronic equipment servicing.
7 We can cite computer graphics design and operator directions as an example.
In this school, all conditions are created for young people.
Students can apply the knowledge they have acquired during the lesson in the process of practical training.
As an example, we can say that all conditions are created for the students of the computer graphic design room in this room. And provided with enough computer equipment. Through computers, they study the fields of IT and graphic design. And in the future, they can get a job based on the fields they have studied in school.
Nowadays, due to the high interest of schoolchildren in the profession, schools also guide young people to the profession.

The main goal of these works is to ensure employment of young people in the future.




Toshtemirova Dildora Hakim qizi. 
Born on October 9, 2008 in Uzbekistan.


Roziyeva is the daughter of Gulbahor Hasanboy.
She was born on September 7, 2006, Koshtepa district, Fergana region. Currently, she is a 2nd year student at KHM No. 2, Koshtepa district.

***

Wintering

Birds of flame in the eyes 

Оf the one who looks at the flame

Close your ears don’t breathe

The same old

Еver-familiar musical libretto

Іnside the memory 

Оf the heart

Will be heard by the carpenter

Рreparing a new coffin for my love

***

I talk to the tree but it is silent

I talk to a stone and it wets

I talk to water and it just flows

I scream at the water

I’m screaming at the childhood that doesn’t exist

I scream for war

Hundreds of nuclear bombs explode inside of me

My molecules spill out of a hole in the body

And suddenly I fall silent to become a stalactite

Millennium stalactite

Strong adult silent stalactite

***

my father carves crafts out of my skin

nature plays tag with foliage

my spring is ending

***

cat paws kill mice

blood is splattered all over the kitchen

cat hugging my leg

the kitchen presses against me with the aroma of food

***

wipe my face with the wind

wash my body clean

autumn – human autumn – human

***

The color of the blind and the color of the colorblind

A bird tells a bird about flight

The voice of the silence of the living and the dead

Yellowness of book pages and freshness of rye

The cell of the body and the cell of physicality

The color of death and the twilight of essence

Flight of imagination and imagination of flight

A bird looks for the sky in the sight of a blind man

A color-blind person is bathed in colors

Two people in line in an optician

And over their heads is a joint and separate God

***

No one was born human

No one died as a god

The rain washes away the fear from your face

The courage to be afraid when a stranger with the face of death roars through the windows with artillery explosions

***

Death is the cover

My body starts making friends with worms

The worms are fucking me in all the cracks just as they were during my life

Only now no one pays me for fucking because the bills are paid in full

***

The loneliness of antiquity befell the cemetery

Butterflies played a symphony of heritage with their wings:

They were once in a cocoon

They once cocooned themselves

They were once their own parents

Flowers tickle themselves with playful wings

How much is the life of a butterfly if thanks to a butterfly spring comes and the cemetery lives again?

(The Wise Owl reprint)

***

roads explode right under your feet

war is a house without wallpaper

the skies explode overhead

the plane’s gut becomes the first victim

the ability to be honestly afraid appears when a stranger with the face of death breathes into the crown of the head

***

the witch was burned on such a huge log

that if a crossbar were added

it would be a cross

a time for crusades and disbelief is ahead

my cat is purring

and with my eyes closed I conjure
an end to the war outside the window

the cat smiles knowing that wizards do not exist

the future has arrived

it is spring
the graves remain

(3rd Wednesday reprint)

***

we drink the silence of the water breaking the reflection of the cherry blossoms

we quench our thirst with cherry blossoms disturbing the water in which it is reflected

we also reflected in the water

we are reflected in each other

we kiss like grains of sand

we fall apart like sand kisses

at least that’s what I imagined in my head

the water in the morning will wash away our paired traces that never existed

*

balancing between

war and war

leads to groin strain

outside the broken

window you can hear

the songs of birds

as if no one had died

*

the bird drowned itself in silence

our night cries fall on the cemetery slabs

along with the autumn leaves

*

boy washes in the rain

near the ruins of a house

the night takes slain soldiers

into its womb

*

the sky is turning blue

the water turns white

transparency disappears

and in childhood everything seemed clean and clear

in childhood everything seemed black and white

as a child I did not believe that it was possible to become an adult

I still can’t sleep sometimes

and monsters crawl out from under the bed 

torturing me on a full moon

just don’t call mom for help anymore

(An edited new version published in OPEN: Journal of Arts & Letters)

Essay:

“My cat vomits grass”

What does my cat do all day long? Continuously washes himself after I hug him. However, before that he comes and rubs himself against me. Even at five in the morning and with dirty paws, when I sleep he rubs his face, because the rest of his body is hidden by the blanket.

Often the cat eats: food from the bowl, bugs, grass. Sometimes he vomits on the walkway. The walkway is already stained with cat hair and vomit, too. I don’t blame my cat: I myself have vomited a couple of times in the last year from what’s going on around me.

Often a cat will hunt mice, then toss and chew on the corpse, and leave the mouse remains and guts by the side of the road. Animal instincts are incomprehensible to me: why kill and chew on mice if you’re already well fed?

Sometimes the cat plays with household items, from shoelaces to flowers on window sills.

Despite the fact that my cat is a filthy rotter – I love him. He came to our house after the war began and came to live with us. The cat doesn’t understand at all what’s going on around him, and I don’t explain anything to him: what if he starts protecting our house from the blast wave and dies?

It’s funny, I still haven’t figured out the gender of my cat, but by default I think he’s a boy.

Someday my cat will die without ever knowing that a war has broken out. What’s more, my cat will never know why the war started. I will probably die, too, without ever finding out why people go to war. I want to die without finding out that there is a war.

Reprint by The Journal of Compressed Creative Arts

-----------------------------------------------------------
what could have been
 

the whispers

of my demise

are getting

louder

 

i have never

bothered myself

with paying any

attention to them

 

i'm too damn

busy trying to

sabotage my

own life

 

so far

 

so good
----------------------------------------------------
too damn stubborn
 

sitting alone in a medical

facility waiting to have

some x-rays done

 

looking around at all

the old couples knowing

damn well i have already

lived half of my life

 

quickly thinking about

how i'll manage this shit

when i'm older, alone

and too damn stubborn

to ask for help

 

this is when i hope my

savior has beautiful eyes

and an ass that i can dream

about from across the room
-----------------------------------------------------------
and rainbow eyebrows
 

just walked by

a woman with

green lipstick

 

hopefully the

freaks are finally

taking over
------------------------------------------------------
the stranger
 

a stranger told me

online to seek out

the lord

 

i asked this stranger

if the lord was there

when i was molested

as a child or when

my father tried to

choke me to death

 

silence

 

apparently the lord

was making sure

the stranger didn't

accidentally let the

truth get out
----------------------------------------------
swiss cheese
 

the guy behind

me in the hospital

waiting room

 

just said the

doctor said his

mother's insides

looked like swiss

cheese

 

so much for that

sandwich


J.J. Campbell (1976 - ?) is old enough to know better. He's been widely published over the years, most recently at Misfit Magazine, Disturb the Universe Magazine, Dumpster Fire Press, Horror Sleaze Trash and The Asylum Floor. You can find him most days on his mildly entertaining blog, evil delights. (https://evildelights.blogspot.com)

I'VE COME
 
I have come to you poetry 
To give me, to be 
Not to look at me 
To become a lime, today, a lonely street 
I have come to die, or not to die in love 
Starting between heaven _ earth 
Between two steps, inhabiting heartbreak and praise 
I have come deceitful, distrustful like a late hope, to tell you so much luck as denial 
The birth as the farewell. I have come to you poetry accomplice .. To bare my soul!

GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina. Based in Buenos Aires, she graduated in letters, author of seven books of poetry. Awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects, of the Hispanic World Union of Writers. UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. Commissioner of honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.

Happiness

A blessing given to us,
Every land is wealth
Every time God gives,
It is a great happiness for us

My family is healthy
There is no blame
Live and laugh
It is the greatest happiness

Our sky is clear,
People are kind
It's productive all the time
That is a great happiness.

Boronova Sevinch Ural girl was born in 2006 in Dehkanabad district of Kashkadarya region. Currently, he is a 1st grade student of the Academic Lyceum of Karshi State University. His first poem is called "Onamga" and is the winner of the "Best Journalist" nomination. He is the author of the book "Charming pearls of Uzbek amateur poet and writers", poems and stories were published in the book "Flowers".

Night... quiet, silent, sad
Memories wander
My crazy spirit is restless
Distracted, afraid suddenly

Drops anduh, beun, be sas
I am with myself
This is the breath in which souls enter into battle
You struggled, I struggled, I give up..

Suffering, pain, suffering
A heavy burden on your shoulders...
My heart, kneel! This is breath
I'm a torture in your soul!


***
Without agreeing with myself
I hurt you a lot today
Your heart is broken because of me
I'm sorry, it's no longer valid

I suddenly ask myself a question
- Why do you always say such words?
My answer does not satisfy me:
- It wasn't intentional...

It's canceled, I'm tired today...
Why am I so sad?
My heart, please forgive me
Don't hurt my little heart...




When luck comes, it comes twice
The smile that disappeared.
When happiness comes, it comes twice.
Holding a flower in his smile...
***
To walk around in horse 
I want to live in a palace.
The quietest part of the beautiful castle
I want to read in the light...

Do I say princess is in my blood?
I think, tying my day to my night,
The most handsome and intelligent owner of the palace
Looking at my father...

Etiquette, education, life with peace 
Teacher, my kind mother.
It's getting worse day by day
Lament about the most beautiful dreams...

Anyway, it's over.
God wrote our destiny
Whatever he says is what he says
Good to know dears
Prayers made stand firm...
***
Man is demanding
Man is an aspirant
Man is adaptable
Man is a seeker
Man is enterprising
Man is understanding
A big road
I went on the highway, my destination is far away
I still have a long way to go...
I went for a walk in search of happiness,
I will definitely find it, it is waiting.

***
The winds are stroking my hair, though
Jealousy of raindrops comes.
The wind makes my hair red
If he says to leave, he will...

The rainy air, the smell of the soil...
The heavenly castle captures my imagination
My soul is fresh, I'm in a good mood
I'm happy to play in the lap of drops.

Money
Money makes a person everything
He takes away his faith and puts it in the grave...
He ordered the execution of conscience
Drives and chases the self...

***
When the mirror of the heart is gone,
No matter how hard you try, it won't work.
A heart that hurts from you, give it to you,
Smile from the heart and do not smile!



Mohichehra Rustamova 
Uzbek language student at the Faculty of Philology of Urganch State University
In 2022, she received the "For Services in the Field of Science" badge and badge, and in 2023, she actively participated in the international festival and became the owner of the "Scientific Researcher" badge. In 2023, the owner of the "Hokim Scholarship", the winner of the republican stage of the "Zomin Seminar-2022" of republican artists, an official member of many international organizations, she has authored books, her articles and creative works have been published in international magazines and newspapers.