THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEGENDS IN FOLK THOUGHT AND WORLD VIEW

Rahmonkulova Gulsevar Samidovna

1st year student of the Faculty of Uzbek Language and Literature of the Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi

Annotation. This article analyzes the role and significance of legends and legends in folk thought and worldview. The scientific basis of the fact that these genres of folk oral art have played an incomparable role in shaping people’s views on nature, society, goodness and evil, life and death is highlighted. Also, the figurative expression of folk thought, philosophical layers in the relationship between nature and man, artistic interpretation of values such as selflessness, faith, love and goodness are analyzed in the examples of the Kashkadarya oasis “Legend of the Creation of Kashkadarya” and “Legend of the Girl Kashka”. This establishes the role of myths and legends in the formation of national historical memory, understanding of spiritual identity, and national worldview.

Keywords: Folk oral art, myth, legend, folk thought, worldview, Kashkadarya, faith, devotion, historical memory, national values.

Folk oral creativity is one of the oldest and most natural forms of human thought. The history, spirituality, life experience, aspirations, religious and moral views, and ways of perceiving the world of every nation are primarily embodied in samples of oral creativity. In particular, myths and legends are genres that hold incomparable importance in the formation of folk thinking and in expressing its worldview. They have served to help humans understand the world, explain natural phenomena, and express attitudes toward concepts such as life and death, good and evil, loyalty and selflessness. In this regard, myths and legends are not only products of artistic thinking but also unique sources that embody the nation’s social, spiritual, and philosophical worldview.

Numerous examples among myths and legends clearly demonstrate how deep and figurative folk thinking is. For instance, ancient myths and legends related to the Kashkadarya oasis are vivid examples of such folk thinking. In the “Legend about the Creation of Kashkadarya,” the emergence of water is depicted as a source of life, embodying the people’s desire to live in harmony with nature and their religious views. According to the legend, in ancient times, the Kashkadarya region consisted of vast deserts and dry plains, where life was full of suffering due to the lack of water. At that time, a kind old saint living among the mountains, seeing the plight of the people, prays to God for mercy, and by God’s grace, a powerful spring bursts forth from the earth’s bosom. This spring flows through the valley, restoring life. The people call this water “kashka,” meaning white, clear water, and name it the Kashka River. Based on this event, the entire region is called Kashkadarya.

This legend reveals important aspects of folk thinking. First, natural phenomena are linked to divine power. That is, in the folk worldview, water is perceived as God’s mercy and a source of life. Second, the legend expresses the people’s sense of goodness and gratitude: people regard the appearance of water as God’s mercy and treat it with respect. Third, the metaphorical (symbolic) form of folk thinking is clearly evident in the legend: the word “kashka” signifies not just the whiteness of the water but its purity and life-giving quality. This demonstrates the artistic and semantic richness of the folk language and the ability to express deep meaning through words.

In folk legends, along with artistic fabrication, moral and educational ideas are strongly expressed. The “Legend about the Origin of the Name Kashkadarya” is one such example. Through the image of a beautiful and selfless girl named Kashka, it highly expresses the people’s spiritual values, humanity, selflessness, patriotism, and ideas of love and kindness. According to the legend, drought engulfs the land, all springs dry up, and people are left in despair. At that time, Kashka girl does not abandon her people and sacrifices her life to provide water for the homeland. She prays to God to save the people, saying, “Take my life, but let water flow here.” As a result, a river bursts forth from the earth’s bosom, but the girl herself merges into that river. For this reason, the people begin to call the river Kashka River and the region Kashkadarya.

This legend embodies several layers of folk thinking. First of all, it shows the people’s affection for nature and their perception of water as a symbol of life. At the same time, the legend sanctifies the image of a woman, her selflessness, and placing the people’s interests above her own life, which are important virtues in the Uzbek people’s spiritual worldview. Through the symbol of Kashka girl, the people have embodied concepts such as “selflessness,” “loyalty,” and “goodness.” Thus, in folk legends, one can see the people’s moral ideals through artistic images.

In both of these examples, we see that folk thinking is formed based on metaphorical expression, religious views, and social values. Myths and legends are historical sources that preserve various layers of the folk worldview from different periods. Through them, we learn how ancient people perceived the world, what beliefs they held, and how they understood life. In this sense, myths and legends are the people’s “oral philosophy.” They appeared before written sources but preserve deep philosophical content within them. For example, in many Uzbek myths, natural elements like water, trees, mountains, sun, and moon are depicted as symbols of vital force, blessing, and purity. This shows that folk thinking was formed in harmony with nature.

Furthermore, myths and legends express universal values such as the struggle between good and evil, the connection between humans and nature, labor, patience, and selflessness. For instance, in legends about “Koksaroy Spring” or “Aral Sea,” there lies a philosophical content warning about disasters resulting from human indifference or greed toward nature. This reveals the moral-didactic nature of folk thinking. Through their oral creativity, the people have taught lessons to generations, shaping feelings of goodness, patience, love, and respect for nature in their minds.

Another important aspect of myths and legends is that they serve as a means of preserving historical memory. Behind every legend stands a specific historical event or person. By expressing them in artistic form, the people have strived not to forget their history. For example, legends like “Bibi Seshanba,” “Girls’ Fortress,” “Chortoq Water” are connected to events in folk memory, religious beliefs, or ancient customs. All of them hold an important place in preserving folk thinking as social memory.

In today’s folklore studies, myths and legends are studied not only as artistic heritage but also as a source for researching “national identity (selfhood).” Because these genres are a unique model of folk thinking, expressing the people’s attitude toward their history, nature, and human values. By analyzing them, the people’s ancient philosophical worldview, social ideals, and aesthetic views are restored. For example, through the legend about the Kashka girl, we understand that the people depicted women not only as beauty but also as a source of life, a symbol of love and selflessness. This, in turn, shows the ancient respect of the Uzbek people for women and their sacred place in society.

In conclusion, myths and legends are one of the oldest sources expressing the historical layers of folk thinking, religious and spiritual worldview. They illuminate the stages of humanity’s artistic perception of the world and embody the people’s inner spiritual world, aspirations, beliefs, and views on life. Myths and legends are also highly valuable for modern humans because they remind us of the Uzbek people’s spiritual roots, living in harmony with nature, and values such as selflessness, goodness, and devotion to faith. Thus, myths and legends are a living bridge of folk thinking continuously extending from the past to the future.

References:

Jo‘rayev M., Saidova R. (2002). Bukhara Legends. A. Qodiriy National Heritage.

Imomov K. (1989). Myth. Essays on Uzbek Folklore. Volume II. Fan.

Uzbek Folk Myths. Uzbek Myths, Wisdoms, Legends. Ten-volume set. Volume 3. A. Qodiriy National Heritage.

Razzoqov H., Mirzayev T., Sobirov O., Imomov K. Myths and Legends.

Uzbek Folk Oral Poetic Creativity. Textbook. – T: O‘qituvchi

Rahmonkulova Gulsevar Samidovna, 1st year student of the Faculty of Uzbek Language and Literature of the Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature named after Alisher Navoi

THE COSMIC VOICE 

Suppose you are travelling in a bus, 

comparable to living

In a house 

In the bus, people are talking,

And some are fighting too over space 

In human homes, 

You can listen to the clamour 

Of understandings and misunderstandings

Now, suppose you are standing 

On the road, 

And that bus passes by you 

You do not hear anything 

Except the sound of the bus

When it passes 

Cutting the winds 

In that sound is blended 

All the  sounds that are raised 

Inside the bus 

The voice ….shoooooooooon,

Overrides all the voices 

In which everything 

Human and mechanical sinks 

The voices and the noise that we create 

Sinks into the voice of the planets 

Which move like packed buses 

Giving out a unified sound of 

Óoooooooooooooooooooooo

This is the voice of the void

The cosmic voice in which 

All the individual voices 

Of men, animals, birds, beasts,

Winds, oceans and mountains 

Are finally sunk.

…….

OM

Jernail S Aanand 

Oooooooooooooooo

is the Vedic voice,

The cosmic voice 

Of the Void 

Which is constant.

When it enters Me, or Em,

It connects the two spheres

The Cosmos and the Living Entity

It is OM.

When this cosmic voice 

Ooooooooooo

enters man,

It is stilled for some time

Because of the noise of human bones 

How we express stillness?

A hush …..sh…shhh…shhh..

So,here it is 

Ooooosh…….

But soon man dies and this voice 

Retains its journey

Again…Oooooooo

Now we out it all together. 

It is

Oooooooshoooooooo (Osho)

Dr. Jernail Singh Anand, with an opus of 190 plus books, is Laureate of the Seneca, Charter of Morava, Franz Kafka and Maxim Gorky awards.  His name adorns the Poets’ Rock in Serbia. Anand is a towering literary figure whose work embodies a rare fusion of creativity, intellect, and moral vision. He’s not just an Indian author but a global voice, challenging readers to confront the complexities of existence while offering hope through art and ethics.   

If Tagore is the serene sage of a colonial past, Anand is the fiery prophet of a chaotic present. Recently he dedicated his collection of 12 epics Epicacia Vol 1 and Vol 2 to Serbia and Dr Maja Herman Sekulic. His evolving oeuvre, from the Mahakaal Trilogy to the Cosmic Trilogy cements his status as a visionary poet-philosopher, comparable to Wordsworth in his moral and philosophical depth, yet distinctly modern in his focus on technology and globalization, particularly his interest in alternate realities.

THE SYSTEM OF HEROISM AND ITS CRITERIA

Andijan State University

1st-year student

Rakhimberdiyev Ozodbek Rasuljon o‘g‘li

Abstract:

This article explores the conditions and principles of the heroic system in folk oral creativity, as well as the tools and weapons that help establish this system. The study examines the manifestations of heroic motifs and the use of combat weapons in the epics “Alpomish” and “The Birth of Gorogly.”

Keywords: Heroic system, folk epics, patron saints, inert society, celestial bow, auspicious birth sign, heroic suffering, figure of Khidr.

It is well known that in heroic epics there exist figures of alp heroes—brave warriors who devote their lives to defending their homeland. The main distinguishing feature of heroic epics, which separates them from other types of folk narratives, is the presence of the heroic system that embodies constant ideals and immutable values in the collective consciousness of the people. The heroic system represents the artistic expression of the unity of concepts characteristic of heroic epic creativity. It is unique to this genre and rarely appears in other narrative types such as legends or fairy tales.

Below we will examine the main conditions and criteria of the heroic system.

1. Divine Patronage Before Birth

First and foremost, the future hero is believed to be under the spiritual protection of divine beings or erans even before birth (in ancient epic tradition, the alp was considered a direct descendant of the gods). For instance, in “The Birth of Gorogly”, celestial beings such as angels, spirits (chiltons), and Khidr, the leader of the erans, play a guiding role in Gorogly’s birth, upbringing, and heroic deeds.

Similarly, in “Alpomish,” the hero’s divine favor and spiritual guardianship before birth is described as follows:

“After forty days, a voice was heard from the garden:

‘Boybo‘ri, God has blessed you with twins—a son and a daughter.

Boysari, you have been granted a daughter.

When you hold a feast for their birth, I shall come as a wandering dervish and name the children myself.’”

This scene reveals that every alp possesses a spiritual patron—a guardian or mentor figure symbolizing divine guidance.

2. Prophecies and Omens at Birth

The second criterion involves the hero’s birth under an auspicious star or celestial sign. Often, priests or soothsayers from rival lands foresee the hero’s arrival and attempt to destroy him. While this motif is not vividly depicted in “Alpomish” or “Gorogly”, it is indirectly referenced in Alpomish:

“When the enemies heard this, they said:

‘This boy is extraordinary, blessed with divine favor.

None can match his strength—even at seven years old he performs mighty deeds.’”

This acknowledgment reveals the enemies’ sense of envy and helplessness in the face of divine destiny.

3. The “Pain of Heroism” (Alplik Dardi)

As the hero matures and surpasses his enemies, he experiences the pain of heroism—a spiritual trial that represents both individual and collective renewal. In Alpomish, this is reflected in the “zakot” (tribute) motif, symbolizing the hero’s moral and spiritual testing. The hero becomes both the redeemer and the sufferer for his people. His mistakes and triumphs mirror those of the entire nation. Thus, the pain of heroism becomes a metaphor for the ethnos’s rebirth and awakening.

4. Connection Between the Hero and the Erans

Another crucial feature of the heroic system is the relationship between the alp and the erans. The erans spiritually strengthen the hero’s body and soul through divine light and sacred drink, granting him supernatural powers. They teach him the mysteries of heroism and reveal his earthly destiny.

In Alpomish, this connection is manifested when Alpomish receives his bow from the erans, when he spiritually unites with Barchin, and in the guidance of his elder companion, Qultoy. Qultoy declares:

“The mark of Alpomish is this:

On his right shoulder lies the imprint of Shahimardon Pir’s five fingers,

And on his left, my own hand’s mark remains.”

Thus, the heroic system forms the very “spine” of the epic—embodying the idea that true heroes are those whom even death cannot defeat.

5. Sacred Weapons and Companions

In epics, heroes are never alone—their loyal horses and supernatural weapons are constant companions. These instruments not only assist the hero in battles but symbolize divine power and destiny. As folklorist Shomirza Turdimov notes in “Uzbek Mythology and Folklore”, the heroic system can be reconstructed through twenty-one features observed in “Alpomish” and “Gorogly.” Among these, two central attributes are highlighted:

The heroic horse that accompanies the alp through trials and transformations.

The sacred weapon received from divine beings or through ordeals, symbolizing the hero’s spiritual strength.

In “Alpomish,” this takes the form of a “fourteen-batman celestial bow made of birch,” while in “Gorogly” it appears as the “fifteen-batman sword bestowed by Ghaus al-Ghiyath.” These weapons transcend the material realm, embodying the hero’s divine mission and identity.

Conclusion

The heroic system is an inseparable component of every epic. The actions of heroes—protecting peace, restoring justice, and defending their homeland—deserve eternal reverence. Through their depiction as symbols of unyielding will, strength, and courage, the alps inspire younger generations to cherish and take pride in the heroic legacy of their ancestors.

References:

Alpomish: Uzbek Folk Heroic Epic. Narrated by F. Yo‘ldosh o‘g‘li, recorded by M. Zarifov. – Tashkent: Sharq, 2010, pp. 93–94.

The Birth of Gorogly: Uzbek Folk Heroic Epic. Narrated by Muhammadqul Jomrot o‘g‘li Polkan. – Tashkent: G‘afur G‘ulom Literature Publishing House, 1967.

Turdimov, Sh. Uzbek Mythology and Folklore. – Tashkent: Fan, 2023.

Jo‘rayev, M., & Eshonqulov, J. Introduction to Folklore Studies. – Tashkent: Barkamol Fayz Media, 2017.

Mirzayeva, T., Turdimov, Sh., Tillayev, A., Jo‘rayev, M., & Eshonqulov, J. Uzbek Folklore. – Tashkent: Malik Print Co., 2021.

Turdimov, Sh. Uzbek Mythology and Folklore. – Tashkent: Fan, 2023.

Madayev, O. Uzbek Oral Folk Creativity. – Tashkent: Mumtoz So‘z, 2010.

Rahimberdiyev Ozodbek was born in the Bostan district of the Republic of Uzbekistan. He is a student at Andijan State University, Faculty of Philology, majoring in Philology and Language Teaching: Uzbek Language. He is a member of international organizations. His creative works have been published. He is a student and an online teacher. He holds international certificates. He writes poetry and articles. Many of his students have received national and international certificates.

Nasulloyeva Feruzabonu 

Bukhara State Pedagogical institute 

Faculty of Foreign language and Literature 

Science and Innovation: The Impact on Education and Society

Annotation

This paper explores how science and innovation have transformed education and society in the modern world. It discusses the role of technology in enhancing learning, improving access to information, and shaping global communication. The study also highlights how scientific progress influences social development, human values, and the economy. The article concludes that science and innovation not only drive technological advancement but also play a key role in building knowledge-based societies and promoting sustainable growth.

Keywords: science, innovation, education, technology, society, progress, sustainability

Introduction

Science and innovation have always been the foundation of human progress. From the invention of the wheel to the creation of artificial intelligence, every great leap in human history has been fueled by curiosity, creativity, and the desire to solve problems. In the 21st century, the relationship between science and education has become more intertwined than ever before. The modern education system depends on scientific discoveries and technological innovations to prepare students for a fast-changing world. This paper discusses the influence of science and innovation on education and society, focusing on how they shape the way people learn, communicate, and live.

Science and the Transformation of Education

Science has revolutionized the way education is delivered, experienced, and understood. Modern teaching methods are no longer limited to classrooms or textbooks. Instead, they are supported by digital technologies, interactive learning platforms, and online resources that make education more flexible and accessible. For instance, online education tools such as Coursera, Khan Academy, and Google Classroom have made it possible for students to learn from anywhere in the world. Scientific research in psychology and pedagogy has also improved our understanding of how people learn, leading to more effective teaching methods that support critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration.

Another major impact of science on education is the development of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs. These disciplines encourage students to apply scientific thinking to real-world problems, promoting innovation and problem-solving skills. In many countries, governments and institutions now emphasize STEM education as a foundation for future economic growth and technological leadership. Science also encourages evidence-based learning, where students are trained to question, experiment, and draw conclusions from data rather than rely on assumptions.

Innovation and Educational Technology

Innovation is the practical expression of scientific discovery. In education, innovation has led to the creation of digital tools that make learning more engaging and efficient. Artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and machine learning are now being integrated into classrooms to personalize education and support students with different learning styles. For example, AI-powered systems can analyze a student’s performance and adapt lessons to match their pace and abilities. Similarly, virtual reality allows students to explore complex scientific concepts or historical events through immersive simulations, making abstract knowledge tangible and exciting.

The COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated the power of innovation in education. When schools closed, digital platforms became the primary medium of learning. Although this transition was challenging, it also showed how resilient and adaptable the education system can be when supported by technology. In the long term, these innovations will continue to shape hybrid learning models that combine traditional teaching with online flexibility, ensuring that education remains accessible in any situation.

Science, Innovation, and Society

Science and innovation do not only transform education—they reshape society as a whole. Scientific progress has improved healthcare, transportation, communication, and quality of life. Today’s society is driven by knowledge and information, and innovation serves as its main engine. The internet, smartphones, and renewable energy technologies have changed the way people work, interact, and think. As a result, societies have become more interconnected and globally aware.

However, scientific and technological progress also brings ethical and social challenges. Issues such as data privacy, automation, and environmental degradation have raised new questions about how innovation should be used responsibly. Education plays a key role in addressing these challenges by teaching people to think critically about the social impact of technology and to use science ethically. A well-educated society is better prepared to balance progress with morality, ensuring that innovation serves humanity rather than harms it.

The Role of Science and Innovation in Economic Development

Education, science, and innovation are the cornerstones of economic growth. Countries that invest in scientific research and technology tend to have stronger economies and higher living standards. For example, nations such as Japan, South Korea, and Germany have built their success on innovation-driven education systems. By supporting research institutions and encouraging creativity, they have turned knowledge into practical solutions and global competitiveness. In developing countries, promoting innovation in education can help reduce inequality and open new opportunities for youth.

Scientific innovation also creates new industries and jobs. Fields such as biotechnology, renewable energy, and information technology are expanding rapidly, demanding a workforce that is educated, adaptable, and innovative. Therefore, investing in science-based education is not only about knowledge—it is about securing a sustainable economic future.

The Social and Cultural Influence of Scientific Innovation

Beyond economics, science and innovation shape human values and social behavior. The spread of information through digital media has created a global culture of learning and collaboration. People from different backgrounds can now share knowledge instantly, promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding. At the same time, this digital era has introduced challenges such as misinformation and overreliance on technology. To overcome these, education must focus on developing digital literacy and ethical awareness.

Innovation also supports social inclusion. Assistive technologies help people with disabilities access education and participate fully in society. Scientific innovations in medicine and engineering improve quality of life and extend human potential. Thus, the social impact of science and innovation goes far beyond laboratories—it reaches every aspect of human existence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, science and innovation have become inseparable elements of education and society. They drive progress, expand knowledge, and connect people across the globe. While they offer tremendous benefits, they also require responsibility, ethical awareness, and continued investment in education. The future depends on how wisely humanity uses science and innovation—not only to advance technology but also to promote equality, sustainability, and human well-being. Education is the key to ensuring that innovation serves society positively, guiding the next generation of thinkers, inventors, and leaders toward a brighter, more intelligent world.

References

UNESCO (2023). Science, Technology and Innovation in Education. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

OECD (2022). The Future of Education and Skills 2030. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

World Bank (2021). Innovation and Economic Development: The Role of Education. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.

Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Business.

National Science Foundation (2020). Science and Engineering Indicators. Washington, DC: NSF.

Mamarajabova Shahnoza

Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy,

2nd-year student, Faculty of Accounting

Digital Transformation in Production Accounting

Annotation.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of conducting production accounting using digital technologies such as ERP systems, electronic invoices, cloud services, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. The thesis explores the double-entry principle, financial and management accounting, and the impact of digital transformation on enterprise efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and emerging requirements of implementing digital accounting in Uzbekistan are examined through the examples of “1C”, electronic invoicing, the State Tax Committee’s digital systems, and UzAuto Motors.

Keywords: digital technologies, accounting, production process, double-entry, blockchain, artificial intelligence.

Introduction

Accounting based on digital technologies refers to the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing information about a company’s financial condition, expenses, revenues, and cash flows using automated information systems. With digital accounting systems, financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity are generated automatically in real time. This enables rapid analysis of assets, liabilities, and financial stability.

Implementing digital technologies ensures transparency and accuracy based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). As a result, analyzing production costs, determining product cost, and making managerial decisions become more efficient. Modern accounting systems (such as 1C, SAP, Oracle, and ERP) integrate financial and managerial accounting, allowing manufacturing enterprises not only to record costs but also to perform planning, budgeting, and control functions effectively.

Production (cost) accounting involves collecting information on expenses incurred during enterprise operations, allocating selected costs to products, services, and other cost objects, and evaluating the efficiency of cost utilization. In addition to cost calculation methods, the following cost accounting techniques are applied by management to control expenses and make key business decisions. These techniques are not independent methods of cost calculation but can be effectively combined with any of the traditional methods.

Table 1. Cost Accounting Methods and Techniques

Marginal (variable) costing:

This method allocates only variable costs (e.g., materials, labor, direct costs) incurred in the production process, excluding fixed costs such as rent and depreciation, as they may distort results. It is useful in industries with fluctuating production volumes.

Direct costing:

This method assigns all directly related costs to a product or process, while indirect costs are covered through profits. Unlike marginal costing, some fixed costs may also be treated as direct costs under specific conditions.

Full (absorption) costing:

This approach includes all variable and fixed costs in the production process. In other words, the total product or service cost covers all expenses—wages, raw materials, rent, and others.

Uniform costing:

This method applies standardized cost calculation rules across several enterprises or organizations. Standardization includes criteria such as cost types, depreciation, taxation, and cost allocation. It facilitates comparison between enterprises, pricing policy formulation, and fair evaluation.

Main Part

In the digital economy, accounting is recognized not only as a component of financial management but also as an important factor in economic development. Modern digital accounting systems strengthen financial stability and provide reliable information necessary for strategic decision-making.

Digital technologies play a crucial role in improving accounting processes and enhancing production efficiency. Practice shows that digitalization helps regulate economic processes, strengthen control, and ensure the accuracy of financial information.

In Uzbekistan, the introduction of electronic invoicing for small and medium-sized enterprises has significantly simplified production accounting. For example, small shops and service providers can now prepare reports quickly, accurately, and without errors using automated programs such as 1C. These systems reduce human errors and save time and resources.

Large manufacturing corporations, including UzAuto Motors, have digitized their accounting systems based on IFRS standards, aligning production costs and financial results with global requirements. As a result, the company established reliable partnerships with foreign investors and strengthened its position in international financial markets.

At the state level, the implementation of digital accounting systems contributes to better economic governance. In particular, the State Tax Committee’s digital information systems allow real-time monitoring of enterprises’ financial activities, control of budget revenues, and reduction of illegal operations.

Modern ERP systems (SAP, 1C, Oracle) are widely used as leading tools for automating production accounting. These systems integrate enterprise income, expenses, and budget status on a single platform, simplifying financial analysis and control. The widespread use of 1C software in Uzbekistan has made accounting processes more transparent and efficient in manufacturing enterprises.

Moreover, blockchain technology plays a significant role in enhancing security in accounting. International production transactions and payments processed via blockchain are faster and less vulnerable to fraud. Artificial intelligence (AI) serves as a powerful tool for analyzing financial reports, optimizing costs, and improving production efficiency.

In general, the application of digital technologies to production accounting ensures speed, accuracy, and security, taking financial management to a new level.

Conclusion

The introduction of digital technologies in production accounting improves quality, reliability, and timeliness of management information, thus increasing enterprise efficiency. Simultaneously, digitalization introduces new professional requirements, such as IT competence and continuous skill development.

Digital technologies have established the necessary infrastructure and principles for conducting accounting in the production process. The integration of the double-entry principle, ERP systems, blockchain, and artificial intelligence helps enterprises maintain financial stability, transparency, and global competitiveness.

Accounting has now evolved from a reporting function to a strategic management tool. Overall, digital technologies make production accounting more convenient, accurate, transparent, and efficient. This field, however, demands continuous innovation and technological advancement.

Consequently, it promotes international recognition of enterprises, builds investor confidence, and fosters cooperation with foreign partners. Accounting conducted in compliance with IFRS accurately reflects a company’s financial condition and strengthens its competitiveness in the global market.

Practical Recommendations:

1. Implement digital accounting systems in manufacturing enterprises step by step — starting with the integration of core processes (supply, production, sales).

2. Introduce continuous training programs to enhance accountants’ digital competencies.

3. Develop and support local software (e.g., 1C modules) adapted to national standards and IFRS requirements.

4. Gradually test and apply blockchain and AI technologies in pilot projects to enhance security and analytical capabilities.

5. Encourage the creation and implementation of affordable, customized digital accounting systems for small and medium-sized enterprises through public-private partnerships.

References:

Smith, J. (2020). Digital Accounting in the Digital Economy. Journal of Accounting Research.

Coman, Elena Liliana. Digitalization of Accounting within the Concept of Cost Management. Valahia University of Targoviste.

Nazarov, Sh. (2021). The Impact of Innovative Technologies on Financial Management. Tashkent: University of Economics Press.

Karimov, M. (2020). Principles of Modern Accounting. Tashkent: Economics Publishing.

Abdukarimov, A. (2022). Development of Financial Control and Accounting Systems. Tashkent: Science and Technology.

Norton, D. (2021). Digital Accounting Systems and Transparency. New York: Oxford University Press.

The Mud Battle and Its Consequences

Student of Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso

Abstract

This article provides information about the Mud Battle (Loy Jangi). It primarily discusses the sides involved in the battle, the sequence of events, and the circumstances that led to the defeat of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn. According to historical sources, Ilyos Khoja, realizing that he could not win in a fair fight, used a yada stone with the assistance of shamans to summon a powerful rainstorm that transformed the battlefield into a swamp.

As a result, the forces of Temur and Husayn became trapped in deep mud; their weapons, clothing, and horses grew heavy with moisture, greatly limiting mobility. Although the Mongol victory resulted from this stratagem, Temur’s strategic miscalculations—particularly his inability to coordinate with Husayn—also contributed to the defeat. Historically, this battle is regarded as the only defeat of Amir Temur, occurring during the early stage of his military career. He later overcame this setback by defeating Ilyos Khoja and strengthening his power. The Mud Battle serves as an important example demonstrating the influence of natural conditions and military tactics in the warfare of Central Asia.

Keywords: Movarounnahr, Jete, Amir Husayn, Chinoz, Ilyos Khoja, Tashkent, right wing

Introduction

In the mid-14th century, Movarounnahr lacked a unified central authority and the region had fragmented into small feudal domains. The renowned historian of the Timurid era, Khofizi Abru, vividly describes this situation in his Zubdat at-Tavorikh: various amirs controlled different territories, and constant internal conflicts created instability across the region.

Taking advantage of this turmoil, the Khan of Moghulistan, Tug‘luq Temur, invaded Movarounnahr in 1360 and swiftly conquered it. The governor of Kesh fled to Khorasan, while Amir Temur, seeking to protect his homeland from plunder, pledged allegiance to Tug‘luq Temur. The khan accepted him favorably and appointed him governor of Kesh and its neighboring territories.

Over the following decade, Amir Temur gradually strengthened his political influence through personal bravery and diplomatic skill. He maintained peaceful relations with influential leaders such as Amir Husayn, the rulers of Moghulistan, and even the governor of Herat.

Main Part

The Mud Battle (Loy Jangi)

According to Nizamiddin Shami’s Zafarnama, the battle took place on 16 June 1365 (Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi dates it to 22 May 1365). The united armies of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn marched against Ilyos Khoja, the Khan of Jete. Although Temur and Husayn had numerical superiority, Ilyos Khoja resorted to an extraordinary stratagem.

Beginning of the Battle

Temur and Husayn deployed their forces along the Chirchiq River between Tashkent and Chinoz. Their army was arranged with strong commanders leading each flank and center. Ilyos Khoja approached from the direction of Konibodom with a large force.

Realizing he would not prevail in open combat, Ilyos Khoja turned to the yadachi—shamans skilled in weather manipulation. With the yada stone, believed in ancient Mongol and Turkic tradition to summon rain or storms, they called forth a torrential downpour. This caused the battlefield to turn rapidly into deep mud.

Shami writes:

“The field became so muddy that neither horsemen nor infantry could move. Their clothes and weapons became soaked and unbearably heavy.”

Outcome of the Battle

The unified army of Temur and Husayn became separated due to the mud. Confusion spread; many soldiers lost mobility, and horses sank into the mire. Ilyos Khoja’s troops, protected from the rain with felt coverings, reorganized themselves and launched a powerful counterattack.

More than 10,000 soldiers were lost, forcing Temur and Husayn to retreat toward Kesh (Shahrisabz). Although Temur displayed great bravery and even managed to break several enemy lines, the conditions of nature and the lack of coordination with Husayn resulted in defeat.

Historical Significance

Shami characterizes the battle as a “difficult trial” for Temur. Yazdi similarly emphasizes that the event served as an early lesson that shaped Temur’s later military brilliance. The battle also marked one of the first serious rifts between Temur and Husayn, contributing to their eventual political separation.

After this victory, Ilyos Khoja captured Khujand and Jizzakh and advanced toward Samarkand. Although there was no large army in the city, the people defended Samarkand fiercely. This uprising later became known as the Sarbador Movement, a prominent event in Central Asian resistance history.

Conclusion

The Mud Battle highlights both the influence of natural forces (rain and mud) and strategic decisions (Temur’s conflict with his ally Husayn) on the outcome of medieval wars. Despite this defeat, Temur learned from the experience, eventually overcoming Ilyos Khoja and establishing a strong empire. Historical sources such as Nizamiddin Shami’s and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi’s Zafarnama provide important insights into this event. The battle of 1365, fought near Tashkent, remains significant not only for its military aspects but also for its political and social implications, influencing regional power dynamics and governance.

References

Omonullo Bo‘riev. Temuriylar davri yozma manbalarida Markaziy Osiyo. Tashkent, 1997.

Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1994.

Nizamiddin Shami. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1996.

Dadaboyev H. Amir Temurning harbiy mahorati. Tashkent, 1996.

History of Moghulistan — Academic publications of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

“Jangi Loy” — Encyclopedic sources and historical accounts.

Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso was born on May 22, 2006, in Denov district, Surxondaryo region. She is currently a second-year student at the Faculty of History, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.

PROFESSIONAL CULTURE OF MEDICAL WORKERS AND THE ART OF COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS

Annotation

This article provides a scientific analysis of the professional culture of medical workers, the art of communicating with patients, and the requirements of medical ethics and deontology. It also focuses on the importance of proper patient interaction in medical institutions, mechanisms for developing communication skills, empathy culture, trust factors in the doctor–patient relationship, and their interpretation based on international standards. Research results show that a high level of professional culture significantly improves a patient’s psychological state and increases the effectiveness of treatment.

Keywords: professional culture, medical ethics, deontology, patient communication, empathy, trust, communication skills.

Introduction

The development of modern medicine requires medical specialists not only to possess strong professional knowledge and skills but also to demonstrate high levels of culture, behavior, speech literacy, and communication skills when interacting with patients. A patient’s trust in the doctor is one of the most important psychological factors that influences the treatment process. It is difficult to achieve positive results in an environment where the professional culture of medical staff is insufficient.

Today, humanism, professional responsibility, and communication culture occupy an important place in the healthcare system. It is essential that communication between the doctor and the patient be sincere, respectful, and neutral. Therefore, the professional culture of a medical worker is not only a set of ethical norms but also an important indicator of the quality of medical services.

Main Part

1. The concept and essence of professional culture

Professional culture refers to the medical worker’s professional responsibility, adherence to ethical norms, appearance, speech culture, psychological stability, humane attitude toward patients, and communication skills.

The main components of professional culture include:

professional knowledge and competencies;

medical ethics and deontology norms;

social and psychological culture;

communication culture;

personal appearance and hygiene;

respect for the patient’s individuality.

When a doctor demonstrates a high level of professional culture, the patient develops trust, which ultimately increases the effectiveness of treatment.

2. Principles of medical ethics and deontology

Medical ethics is a set of norms that govern the behavior, professional conduct, and communication of medical workers with patients.

Deontology, on the other hand, refers to a doctor’s duties, responsibilities, and the ethical system that governs respect for the patient’s life and health.

Core principles include:

prioritizing the patient’s life and health;

maintaining confidentiality;

honesty and responsibility;

non-discrimination and respectful communication;

providing psychological support;

being impartial throughout the treatment process.

Compliance with these principles ensures that the medical service aligns with international standards.

3. The art of patient communication and communication culture

The art of patient communication refers to the doctor’s ability to interact with patients politely, sincerely, clearly, and in a psychologically comfortable manner.

It includes the following components:

3.1. Beginning the interaction

greeting the patient and introducing oneself;

asking about the patient’s condition and initiating the conversation politely;

understanding the patient’s fears, anxiety, and pain.

3.2. Demonstrating empathy

Empathy is the ability to understand the patient’s emotional state, listen attentively, and respect their feelings.

Doctors with high empathy levels build stronger patient trust.

3.3. Using clear and understandable language

Excessive use of medical terminology can confuse patients.

Therefore, a doctor must:

explain information in simple, clear language;

present issues concisely;

provide written recommendations when necessary.

3.4. The culture of listening

Active listening means focusing on the patient without interrupting, carefully understanding their concerns.

This helps quickly identify health issues.

3.5. Culture of physical interaction

During medical examinations:

informing the patient about each step;

respecting the patient’s personal boundaries;

strictly following hygiene rules — are essential elements of medical professionalism.

4. Psychological impact of communication on treatmen effectiveness

Research shows that warm, respectful communication between doctor and patient:

reduces anxiety;

decreases perceived pain;

increases medication effectiveness;

accelerates rehabilitation.

Thus, effective communication serves as a psychological tool that complements medical treatment.

5. International experience and modern approaches

In advanced healthcare systems, the communication culture of medical workers is given special attention. For example:

In the United States, the “Patient-centered care” model is widely used;

In European countries, “Medical Communication Competence” courses are mandatory;

In Japan, empathy and politeness form an integral part of medical protocol.

These practices significantly improve the quality of healthcare services.

Conclusion

The professional culture of medical workers is one of the key factors in effective patient communication. A doctor’s ethics, speech culture, appearance, empathy, and adherence to medical ethical standards play an essential role in the success of the treatment process. In an environment where the art of communication with patients is well-developed, trust increases, psychological wellbeing improves, and rehabilitation becomes faster.

Therefore, enhancing the professional culture of medical workers, continuously improving communication skills, and aligning patient communication practices with international standards remain crucial tasks.

References

1. Karimova M. Fundamentals of Medical Ethics and Deontology. Tashkent, 2021.

2. World Health Organization (WHO). Patient-centered Communication Guidelines, 2020–2023.

3. Smith J. Medical Communication Competence. New York: Elsevier, 2019.

4. Rasulov A., Nasriddinov U. Medical Culture and Doctor–Patient Relations. Tashkent Medical Publishing, 2022.

5. European Medical Association. Doctor–Patient Interaction Standards, 2022.

Avazbekova Rayyonaxon was born on March 12, 2008, in Andijan city, Andijan region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, into an intellectual family.

She is a first-year student of the Andijan Branch of Kokand University, Faculty of Medical Treatment, group 25-11.