Denau

When a person comes into the world, he will face a lot of love during her life. But there is a love in her heart that is eternal! This is love for the Motherland! For everyone, the place where they were  born such as their home, their district, their country – everything is their Motherland!

We always compare the motherland to mothers and call it Motherland! I also consider it my duty and pride to tell the story of my hometown, to introduce it to the world! I am a girl from Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan has 12 regions located in different regions and connected to each other. I was born and grew up in Denov district of Surkhandarya region, which is located in the south of Uzbekistan. I can proudly say that Denov is one of the most famous and developed districts of Surkhandarya region!

Denov district has a very old and unique history. It was called Dehinav in ancient times. But in 1958 it was officially founded as Denov district. The population of Denov consists of representatives of various nationalities. You can meet Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Russians and even Arabics in my city. The most gratifying thing is that these people always live there   together as a family. I love these people of my city. Because among them I never feel alone. Even every street, every house and family feels like mine.

The climate and nature of my city is unique. It is a tropical region that is  located between Surkhandarya and Sangardak rivers. There are fields and hills, apple, pomegranate, cherry, apricot orchards and vineyards, cotton and wheat fields. People who want to see the most beautiful example of my hometown’s nature can visit the Sangardak waterfall located between Denov and Saraasia districts. Because this waterfall captivates any person with its purity, enthusiasm and beauty. Especially in the summer months, the number of visitors increases. That is why many people think of Sangardak firstly when they talk about Denov city.

It is necessary to mention the achievements in the field of education in my town. Because there are currently more than 100 general secondary schools and specialized schools are operating . The magnificent university in the center of our city provides great comfort for  youth. Also, sports school and music and art schools are always lovely for talented youth and children.

I would not be mistaken if I say that my district is currently in the period of rapid development. Because renewal, development and creativity in all regions of my district! I hope that in the next 5-10 years, Denov will become one of the most famous and most developed places not only in the Surkhandarya region, but also in the whole of Uzbekistan! Maybe one day when you visit Denov, you might say “Denov is unique Denov”!

Ochildiyeva Shahnoza Abdivohid qizi was born on July 17, 2006 in the republik of Uzbekistan, Surkhandarya region , Denov district. Presently, she studies at school number 49 in 11^th grade. She is a member of international organizations such as “Asih sasami Indonesiya Global Writers”,”Juntos por las letras”,”Iqra” and so on and a head captain of Youth Union Organization!

Her poems have been published in several international newspapers and magazines. Apart from, her books which called “Yurakdagi orzularim”, “She’riyat o’ziga ayladi asir” were published. Her new book which is “Happiness” is selling in 26 countries of the world.

              Traditional Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan is one of the oldest countries in world history and a country rich in many historical places and historical events. Uzbekistan consists of 12 regions and one autonomous republic and is currently one of the developing countries in every field. Now I want to tell about the most ancient and well-known places in Uzbekistan.

My hometown is Surkhandarya region where is located in southern part of the country. According to some facts, my hometown has a long-life history which is located next to Amudarya and is the southernmost part of our country. Our nation is strong, brave and courageous, and also still the same. Even there are many stories and fairy tales about it. For example, there are our historical heroes Barchinoy and Alpomish, these people are symbols of bravery, loyalty and love. In addition, there are many historical places in my motherland, for example, 2000-year-old buildings and their remains are still available.

The most important thing to say about our people is that they are very hardworking, open-minded, kind and simple-minded people compared to other regions of Uzbekistan. Our family consist of eight people, they are my grandparents, parents, three sisters and me. Elders in our country are wise, knowledgeable and experienced people. That is why, youngsters always respect and help them also ask some some advice for difficulties in their life. Every Muslim people in the world are aware of religious people in Central Asia, one of the most person Al-Hakim at-Termiziy lived in our country and his tomb is located in my hometown.

When it comes to my education. I am a third course student in higher education where located in Samarkand. I think more people around the world know about this city, because here is most famous, historical and touristic location. Thousands of tourists visit this city in a year from verity parts of the world. Especially, Samarkand is  well-known for its historical places, mosques, and madrasahs such as Registon Square, Bibikhonim mosque, Guri Amir, Shkokhi Zinda and so on. Like all of  this places are related to Middle Ages when Amir Temur and his generations lived. By the way, this city is a country where was the capital of Amir Temur’s country.

If I tell about higher education our country that it consists of four year for bachelor degree but for Master’s degree students study for two year. I study at Samarkand state institute of foreign languages, the faculty of English philology and translation studies. In the future I will be teacher and translator, because my major is to be translator or interpreter but my dad really wants me to be a teacher in higher education. So that I will be both of them. In our institute there are more international teachers who are from USA, UK, Japan, Korea, Chine Turkey and so on. Therefore, our local teachers also have the same knowledge and practice. For example, all of teacher in our institute teach students with efficient methods and through modern high- digital technologies.

Different holidays, competitions, conferences, camps and other meetings are held every month. After graduating this institute I am going to study for Master’s degree abroad may be in the USA, UK or Turkey. I want to tell you about my parents, they are very kind, sincere, open-hearted, easy-going and my closest people in my life. I thank them for all the love they have shown and the opportunities they have created. In our country, it is very important to respect and honor parents. Because they grow you up by giving their everything.

My dad and mum are the best people in the world. I clearly remember, I was in the 6th grade at secondary school, my father had to come from abroad, and I asked them to bring me a computer. I didn’t believe that he would bring it, but unexpectedly he gave me a new laptop of the latest model. I was very happy at that time. Because I was the only student in the class who had a personal computer. Also, they always emphasize that we should study and be good professionals. My sisters and I are always trying to make my parents’ dreams come true. I am very proud to be a child of such parents. 

MOTHERLAND..

My navel blood.. spilled dirt,

Basil is fragrant, mint is full of smallpox.

In the lamp.. the light illuminates,

Self-esteem.

Homeland..

The value of every breath

Mother’s love, Father’s prayer.

Priceless, priceless jewel,

Erk’s echo in the mountain.

Homeland..

The air is an example.

Dear as bread, dignified as water.

A gift from the creator,

A thousand good news in one memory.

Homeland..

And the dear, noble place,

If you love, you will be happy with love.

If you catch one, you win ten.

Soaring vulture on your chest.

Homeland..

The Alps are blue and lightning is proud,

The first look from birth.

The feeling of having found its place,

A dog who fell in love and enjoyed it.

Homeland..

Peace be upon you, corner of hearts,

The soul of every nation.

Heaven is the land.. I was born,

The Uzbek people are Uzbekistan.

Homeland..

O’tkir Mulikboyev Kochkor oglu, Koshrabot district, Samarkand region, Republic of Uzbekistan

The son of Mulikboyev O’tkir Kochkor was born on August 11, 1990.

Currently, he is a student of the “Primary Education” department of Tashkent ISFT Institute Teacher of “Primary Education” at School 75, Koshrabot District, Samarkand Region.

His creative works are “Bakht khunirogi” Tashkent, “Buta 5” Azerbaijan, “Turan writers” Turkey, “Anthology of Kazakh and Uzbek artists” Uzbekistan, “Uzbek writers anthology” Canada, “Young Pencilers 2″ ” Published in Moldovan, republican and international collections.

His poems were translated into Turkish, Azerbaijani, English, Russian and published in more than ten countries. Hundreds of poems have appeared in the press. Awarded with the “Initiative Reformer” badge of the international level.

ORIGIN OF THE QAQAN DYNASTY

Abstract: This article provides information on the importance of historical sources and the essence of the works of Kagan historiography in covering the history of the Kagan Khanate. The opinions of various authors of the source studies of the Kagan khanate on the factual information presented in the work are presented.

Key words: Kagan khanate, source, Fargona valley, "Muntakhab al-Tawarikh", "History of Shahruhi", "Tarihi Jadidayi Tashkent", "Tarihi Fargona", A. Fedchenko, V. Khanikov.

After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of the history of the Uzbek statehood, the study of the history of the states that existed in our country from ancient times and the Middle Ages gained important scientific and political importance. It is one of the main tasks of all historians. As for the Khanate period, the history of the Khanate period is an important period in the history of Uzbek statehood.
Kagan Khanate, as a developed region in the 18th-19th centuries, has always attracted the attention of scientists. In general, many tourists entered Fargona Valley and recorded the available information about this area in their few works.

The history of the Fargona valley of the XVIII-XIX centuries is the legacy of many researchers. Depending on the time they lived and created, the sources can be conditionally divided into several periods: 1. Works of palace historians; 2. The works of local authors that reflect the history of the khanate; 3. travelogues and memories of Russian and European tourists, soldiers, ambassadors and merchants who visited the khanate during the XVIII-XIX centuries; 4. Archive documents.

The first "Qoqon scholars" are local historians who wrote works on the history and culture of Qoqon. These works are also considered important written sources because they were created using different sources, using the language of events and participants.

The history of the Kagan Khanate is organized primarily on the basis of primary sources, that is, historical works created in ancient times. Among such sources, the first work on the history of the Khanate of Qakhan is the work "Muntakhab al-Tawarikh" written by Khoja Muhammad Hakim Khan Tora Khaqandi. The author is a descendant of Makhdumi Azam, one of the representatives of the major sects in Central Asia. Hakim Khan Tora's father, Masum Khan Tora, was one of the most respected figures in the khanate, like his grandfathers. He married the daughter of Khan of Qakan Norbotabi and from this marriage Hakim Khan Tora was born (1221 Hijri). Masum Khan held the post of Shaykhulislam during the reign of Tora Olim Khan and Umar Khan, and was considered an advisor to the Khan in the palace.

One of the characteristic features of Muntakhab al-Tawarikh is that it contains original information not only about the Kagan Khanate, but also about the situation of Russia, Turkey, Iran and Iraq in the first half of the 19th century. such as cities, their inhabitants, trade relations in this city and the participation of Central Asian merchants in it. Tora sometimes does not give an objective assessment of Muhammad Alikhan's personality. According to SH. Vahidov, Hakimkhan Tora was one of the initiators of Amir Nasrullah's march to Kagan in 1842.

After the establishment of the Khanate, one of the valuable sources for us is "Tarikh Jadidai Tashkandi", written by Muhammad Salih Tashkandi. Muhammad Salih wrote "Tarikh Jadidai Tashkand" for 25 years. He wrote some parts in 1305 AH (1887-1888 AD). The author's manuscript of Muhammad Salih's work is a rare copy
The manuscript is stored in the treasury of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Raikhan Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under the number 7791. The copy copied from the manuscript of the same author in 1936 by the secretary Nabirohoja ibn Said Khoja in two covers (NN 11072, 11073) and copied by the hand of the researcher of this institute Abdulla Nasirov. copies (iiv.I 5732) also exist.

In addition to the lithographic copy of the work "Ibratul-khavoqin", which became famous in science under the name "History of Shahrukhi" or "Tarihi Shahrukhiya", one of the major historical sources, there are 12 copies. The description of these copies was not mentioned by T.K. Besembiev in a few research works and scientific research works and in his book.

The work "History of Fargona" is also one of the important sources in the study of the history of the Khanate of Kagan. The work was published in 1916 by the historian scholar Ishaq Khan Junaidullo ogli Ibrat. The work describes a great period from the rise of thousands to the conquest of the Khanate by the Russian Empire. Information about the military campaigns of each Khan of Qagan, socio-political situation, Qazgolans, the Russian invasion, its consequences and the largest cities of the Khanate is given. "History of Fargona" is a historical work of great importance for us. The work was published in Tashkent in 1991 in the "Heritage" series.

In the study of the history of the Khanate, historical documents, in other words, the works of Russian tourists, ambassadors and historians, play a key role. Most of such documents are now kept in state archives.

Most of the documents related to the history of the Khanate are from Turkestan and Russian scientists G. Potanin, D.N. Romansky, V. Khanikov, L.F. Kostenko, A. Maksheev, V. Belyaminov-Zernov, V.V. Grigorev, A.P. Khoroshkhin, N. Pantusov, A. Nurekin, N.O. Petrovsky, It is possible to mention the works of M.A. Terentev, A.F. Mindendorf, A. Fedchenko, A. Kun, V.V. Nalivkin. S.S. Soodanbekov, Yu.Lunyov, N.Terletsky, Scott S, Levay and other scientists whose works have been published abroad, Russian researchers D.V. Vasilev, V.V. Korneev, A.I. Dubinina from the scientists of near and far foreign countries have written about the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of the khanate in their works. who covered his life, his colonial period.

In conclusion, it can be said that there are many problems in the issues of Qakan source studies. In order to study and edit them, it is necessary to know the Persian-Tajik language well, to be aware of the science of using manuscripts. In addition, it is appropriate to use foundation documents, documents and information stored in the archives of Uzbekistan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan in the deep and comprehensive study of the history and cultural life of the Kagan Khanate, ethno-cultural processes in it. Otherwise, new works and studies will continue to emerge based on the information provided by previous authors. In addition, the history of the Khanate of Kagan was widely covered in the works of various genres written in Eastern Turkestan in the beginning of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as in the historiography of Bukhara and Khiva. It is necessary to study the history of the khanate in a holistic and comprehensive manner, involving these data in the research.

LITERATURE AND SOURCES USED:
R.Kh. Akbarov. "History of the Khanate of Kagan" Instructional manual. Fargona, 2015.
Shodmon Vahidov. "History writing in the Kagan Khanate". Tashkent Academy, 2010.
3. Ikramjon Kuzikulov "History of the Khanate of Kagan". Namangan publication, 2014.
4. Mirzo Olim Makhdum Khoji. History of Turkestan" Tashkent "New Century Generation" 2009.
5. Vahidov Shodmon Husenovich"" Development of historiography in the Kagan Khanate at the beginning of XIX-XX centuries"""""Tashkent-1998.
6. Niyaz Muhammad Khaqandi "Ibratul Khavaqin" Tashkent"""Turan zamin zia" 2014
7. Fargona State University. Kokan source studies and historiography. Fargona -2010.

My tongue that entered my ear as lullaby,
My valiant tongue in the bosom of the ages,
I will write you every moment,
My blood, my language, oh, my motherland.

Come strolling, meaning my language,
Always sing like a nightingale my tongue,
It has the spirit of Navoi, he has Babur,
Let every dialect be beautiful, my language.

Every word has a hundred meanings in my mother tongue,
Every flame is a fire in every heart,
Everything ripples in this language,
Endless treasure, legend in my tongue.

This is my language, which the whole world respects.
This is my language, inherited from my ancestors.



Abdunazarova Khushroy was born on December 21, 2008. She is 15 years old. Currently, she is a pupil of 8th grade of the 15th DIUM of Mingbulak district, Namangan region. She is interested in English and Mathematics. She wants to become a interpreter in the future. And also she is a member of the international organization "All India Council for Technical skill development".

Dreams...

Like a person, dreams never lived..,
From every trace, finding without love, 
A million questions in his heart, 
Hope waited, 
dreams of a false covenant...
Buried. The faithfulness of love is buried,
Ishq. 

I made a mistake in your trust,
The life of the heart is shriveled,
thoughts disappearing from pain...
Astana. Don't make me feel that you don't love me once I lived.
Pampered and deceived dreams...
Tell the world!
What is love? One question.
Was it our fault that Laila Majnun was crazy?
Halfway, we lost half of us,
Mountains cry in my thoughts. Thoughts...
It came without a trace and left without a trace, without noticing...Dreams...

Zafar NUR, Uzbekistan, Navoi

I love you

confess i love you today
I hid this love for years.
I hid from my father, I hid from you
I hid from the world, even from myself.
I buried it deep in my heart,
But I remember you every day…
My mind recognized love this day,
At that time I ran to you,
My eyes are full of tears, my heart is full of toys,
My hands are shaking with excitement,
Sometimes red cheeks from embarrassment,
My lips whisper your name.
Mother, mother, there are thousands, mother,
I just can’t put this word out of my mouth,
I’ll give it to you if you need it, dear,
I always think about you.
Mother, my heaven, my priceless state,
I love you more than anything,
Knowing that my heart is pounding
Sorry, I realized this feeling later.
Having struggled for nine months,
At that time you suffered a thousand pains,
Now the most suitable girl for you,
I walk around in the gardens of paradise.
I will scatter flowers on your path,
Kneel down at your feet, kiss your feet,
Carrying me to Mecca in my head
Drink zam-zam water from your hands.
Mother, mother, there are thousands of mothers,
I just can’t put this word out of my mouth,
I’ll give it to you if you need it, dear,
I always think about you.

Hamrokulova Zilola was born 2006.06.26 in the village of Kyzilcha, Nurota district, Navoi region. She studied at the 22nd general secondary school there for 9 years, and now she is a 1st-year student of the NDKTU academic lyceum in the direction of “Foreign Languages”. Zilola’s poem expressing her love for her mother.