Soviet Modernization and the Profound Changes in Uzbek Women’s Lives
ANNOTATION; This article examines the significant transformations in the lives of Uzbek women between 1920 and 1980, during the period of Soviet modernization. It analyzes how Soviet policies—despite their ideological, political, and cultural agendas—played a major role in shaping women’s identities, social roles, and life experiences. The research highlights the ideological contradictions, the impact of forced modernization, and the clash between tradition and the new Soviet worldview. It explores the path of struggle, adaptation, and active participation of Uzbek women within this historic context.
KEYWORDS: Soviet modernization, Uzbek women, social transformation, gender policy, traditional society, emancipation, ideological control
The Soviet period introduced profound and often contradictory changes to the social life of Central Asia, especially in Uzbekistan. Among the most affected groups were women, whose roles in society, family, and public life underwent radical transformations under the guise of liberation and modernization. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of Soviet modernization on Uzbek women between 1920 and 1980, based on historical facts, documents, and research1
From the 1920s, Soviet ideology launched an intensive campaign of social engineering. Uzbek women were expected to discard traditional garments like the paranja and chachvan, symbols of modesty in Muslim society, and join public life as workers, teachers, and activists. The infamous “Hujum” campaign (1927) symbolized this movement, where unveiling was both a political and cultural tool. While promoted as emancipation, this campaign often led to violence, social ostracism, and even death for many women at the hands of their own communities.
Despite such challenges, a generation of educated and politically active women emerged during this period. Names like Uyg‘unoy Abdullayeva and Tojixon Shodieva, among many others, became symbols of transformation. These women were trained in the newly established institutions such as the Women’s Departments [Zhenotdel] and pedagogical institutes, gaining access to education, legal rights, and employment opportunities that had been previously unavailable.
Nevertheless, the transformation was not entirely emancipatory. Soviet modernization was not a neutral, benevolent process but rather one that was tightly controlled, ideologically driven, and often repressive. Women were used as instruments of the state agenda: their visibility in the workforce was both a propaganda tool and an economic necessity. Yet many women continued to experience double burdens—working full-time jobs while still being expected to fulfill traditional roles at home.
In rural areas, modernization occurred more slowly and often encountered stronger resistance. While urban women were able to access state-sponsored opportunities, women in villages faced continued patriarchal pressure. Still, over time, even these regions witnessed significant shifts, particularly through literacy campaigns, compulsory education, and the rise of medical institutions that increasingly involved female professionals1
By the 1960s and 70s, the presence of Uzbek women in social, cultural, and academic life had become normalized. They worked as doctors, engineers, educators, and artists. However, it is important to recognize that these developments were not entirely organic but orchestrated through state pressure, quotas, and ideological control. Women’s organizations were heavily monitored by the Communist Party, and any deviation from Soviet ideals was quickly suppressed.
Despite these limitations, the Soviet era undeniably laid the groundwork for today’s gender dynamics in Uzbekistan. Women’s access to education, employment, and public roles—even if imposed—planted the seeds of long-term change. The Soviet modernization of women’s roles, although controversial, is a key part of understanding contemporary Uzbek society.
In conclusion, the Soviet modernization process brought irreversible changes to the lives of Uzbek women. Despite its many contradictions, pressures, and ideological rigidity, it opened previously inaccessible paths in education, employment, and public life. This transformation was not merely a shift in attire or workplace presence, but a deeper social and psychological reorientation. It disrupted centuries-old traditions while simultaneously creating new forms of dependence on the state. Uzbek women, therefore, were not passive recipients of change but active participants in negotiating their identities and futures within a highly politicized system. Understanding this complex process is essential for evaluating both the costs and gains of modernization in a colonial and ideological context.
REFERENCES
1.Kamp, M. (2006). The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism. University of Washington Press.
2.Northrop, D. (2004). Veiled Empire: Gender and Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Cornell University Press.
3.Edgar, A. L. (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton University Press.
4.Bobojonov, H. (2005). “Oʻzbek ayolining faoliyati tarix zarurati sifatida”. Tarix va Hamdo‘stlik, №2.
5.Jo‘rayev, A. (2011). “Oʻzbek ayollari tarixidagi burilishlar”. Ijtimoiy fanlar, №1.
6.Tursunova, G. (2020). “Sovet davri ayollari: islohotlar va oqibatlar”. Yangi O‘zbekiston, №3.
7.Islomova, Z. (2019). “Oʻzbek ayolining ijtimoiy faolligi: tarix va zamonaviylik”. Fan va turmush. N6Sevara Olimova, [7/27/2025 6:25 PM]
Olimova Sevara, from Kashkadarya region. Born in Mirishkor district , 4th year student at the Faculty of History of Karshi State University
Should All Lawbreakers Be Imprisoned, or Are There Better Alternatives?
It is widely acknowledged that the issue of whether all lawbreakers should be imprisoned or whether alternative forms of punishment may be more effective has sparked considerable debate in recent years. While perspectives on this matter differ, it remains a significant concern that affects both individuals and societies. This essay will explore the key aspects of this topic before presenting a final conclusion.
On the one hand, a common argument in favor of imprisoning all offenders is that it ensures public safety. Supporters of this view argue that strict punishments act as a deterrent to crime, thereby protecting innocent citizens. This is particularly relevant in cases involving violent criminals, regardless of their age. For instance, a study conducted by Eliot in 2018 revealed that the number of crimes significantly decreased in regions where strict enforcement policies were in place.
On the other hand, lenient punishments may encourage further criminal behavior. If criminals are not held accountable through fair and appropriate measures, the number of offenses may continue to grow. Simply imposing fines might not be sufficient, especially in serious cases. A just and balanced system is essential. Governments must also consider the broader needs of society. For example, a 2023 BBC report highlighted a case in which two offenders repeatedly committed crimes despite receiving lenient penalties in the past.
In conclusion, the question of how to deal with lawbreakers presents both challenges and opportunities that require thoughtful consideration. While opinions may differ, it is crucial to adopt a balanced approach that combines justice with rehabilitation. Collaboration among policymakers, educators, and the general public is vital in order to implement effective strategies. Without such efforts, lasting progress will remain out of reach.
My name is Sabina Nafasova, and I was born on May 22, 2008, in Shahrisabz district, Qashqadaryo region, Uzbekistan. I am currently a senior student at School No. 74 in my hometown.
I am actively involved in the SMORM project, which focuses on social awareness, media literacy, and responsible digital behavior.
In 2025, I was selected for the third round of the MGIMO-Tashkent Model United Nations (MUN) conference as a delegate representing the UNESCO committee. Participating in MUN has strengthened my leadership qualities and broadened my understanding of global issues.
One of my articles was recently published in the Kenya Times newspaper.
Just as every nation has its own customs, traditions, and culture, it also has its unique national attire. This clothing is not merely a garment, but a reflection of a people’s history, aesthetic values, taste, and way of life. That is why national attire is rightly called the pride of a nation.
National clothes are an invaluable heritage passed down from generation to generation. They represent the identity and uniqueness of each nation. The traditional Uzbek attire — made from fabrics like atlas, adras, zarbof, and beqasam, adorned with colorful patterns — beautifully showcases our people’s refined taste and deep appreciation for delicate art.
Uzbek women’s garments stand out for their elegance and ornamentation, while men’s clothing — such as doppis (skullcaps), belbogs (sashes), and yaktaks (robes) — symbolize loyalty, resilience, and honor. Each region’s unique clothing style — the Andijan doppi, Bukhara atlas, Qashqadarya yaktak, and Khorezm’s embellished coats and robes — further enriches our national diversity.
Wearing national dress is not merely about decorating oneself; it is about honoring our history, culture, and values. Today, it is heartening to see our youth wearing traditional clothes during celebrations, weddings, international festivals, and cultural events. This reflects the emergence of a generation that remains loyal to its roots and proud of its identity.
Therefore, as the younger generation, we must cherish our national attire, value it, and wear it with pride. Because national dress is not just fabric — it is the visible form of the love we carry in our hearts for our homeland.
My name is Ermatova Dilorom Baxodirjonovna, born on May 3, 1998, in Asaka district, Andijan region. My family is an ordinary family, and we are five members in total.
My father worked as a brigadier at “GM-Uzbekistan” and is now retired. My mother is a housewife. My older brother works in the press service department at “GM-Uzbekistan.” My younger sister is a second-year student at the “Abu Ali Ibn Sino” Public Health Technical School in Asaka.
I graduated from Asaka district’s 55th general education school in 2015. In 2015, I enrolled in the Pedagogical College in Asaka district, specializing in “Machine Drawing and Painting,” and graduated with a red diploma. Unfortunately, I was unable to continue my education at the university, so after completing college, I submitted documents for external studies at the “Public Health” technical school, specializing in “Nursing.”
I graduated from the technical school with excellent grades and currently work as a nurse at the Asaka District Maternity Complex.
I have many interests, including drawing, making toys and clothes from yarn, creating things from cardboard, and sewing. I also enjoy writing poetry. I never stop learning and working on self-improvement. Currently, I am in the process of learning Turkish and Korean languages.
The majority of the world’s population suffers from dental caries. This disease is highly prevalent and occurs in about 95% of the population. In dental caries, complex pathological processes are observed, involving both rapid and slow necrotic changes in the tooth tissues. As a result of these necrotic processes, cavities are formed.
Introduction:
Dental caries is the most widespread oral disease in the world, caused by the erosion of tooth enamel due to harmful bacterial infections. It occurs when acids produced by the consumption of sugary and acidic foods accumulate on the teeth, leading to pathomorphological changes.
In modern dentistry, effective methods have been developed to prevent caries and treat it at early stages. Studying caries, its prevention, and modern treatment methods play a crucial role in maintaining health.
The purpose of this article is to provide detailed information about the causes, development mechanisms, symptoms, treatment, and prevention methods of caries. Understanding caries and exploring ways to prevent it can contribute to improved dental health and well-being.
Causes
a) The onset of dental caries usually begins with the formation of bacterial plaque that accumulates in the mouth. This plaque mainly consists of bacteria, proteins found in saliva, and food debris.
b) Bacteria (such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, which are cariogenic) thrive in the fluctuating pH environment of the mouth. These bacteria metabolize sugars on the tooth surface and produce organic acids.
Effect of acids:
Acids introduced into the oral cavity (such as lactic acid) affect the mineral components of the tooth enamel, primarily calcium and phosphate, leading to demineralization. During the demineralization process, there is a reduction in the mineral content of the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth.
Mechanism of Caries Development
Changes in the enamel layer:
Initial stage: Caries initially begins with the loss of the enamel’s mineralization process, initiating demineralization. The structure and strength of the enamel deteriorate, leading to yellowing. Although demineralization occurs in the enamel, the tooth surface remains intact at this stage. The early stage of caries appears as “white spots.”
Changes in the dentin layer:
Middle stage: Demineralization progresses into the dentin layer, causing mineral loss and damage to the dentinal tubules. At this stage, the surface layer is destroyed, but the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) is not yet affected. Changes in the dentin appear as yellow or brown discoloration. Demineralization in the dentin weakens the tooth structure, making it more susceptible to damage.
Changes in the pulp layer:
Advanced stage: This is considered the final stage of caries, where inflammation and swelling occur in the pulp. When the pulp nerves are affected, the tooth becomes painful and sensitive. Infections in the pulp lead to inflammation (e.g., pulpitis), usually causing pain and swelling and requiring dental intervention for treatment.
Morphological changes of caries:
Morphological forms: Caries can appear in various forms—dot-shaped, linear, or polygonal. As caries progresses, both the structure and shape of the tooth change accordingly.
In the diagnosis of caries:
Radiographic images and microscopic examinations play an important role in identifying the morphology of the tooth. With the help of radiography, it is possible to determine the depth and extent of the carious lesions.
Histological Changes
Bacterial infection:
Bacteria play a major role in the development of caries. They metabolize glucose present in the oral cavity and produce acids, which lead to the demineralization of the tooth. Under microscopic examination, the structure of the damaged enamel is clearly visible, showing a high concentration of bacteria and evident demineralization processes.
Damage to tooth layers:
In the histological view of caries, processes of demineralization, mineral loss, and tissue changes in the dentin and pulp are clearly observed. Changes in the dentin layer are characterized by particle breakdown and surface weakening.
Demineralization and Remineralization Processes
Demineralization:
The demineralization process plays a crucial role in the progression of caries. Acids produced by bacteria dissolve the minerals in the enamel and dentin layers of the tooth. Initially, demineralization occurs only in the enamel, but over time, it can also affect the dentin and pulp.
pH level and tooth demineralization:
As the pH level in the mouth decreases (e.g., after consuming sugary foods), acids are produced that accelerate demineralization. If the pH drops below 5.5, enamel begins to demineralize, leading to yellowing or discoloration of the tooth.
Remineralization:
As the opposite of demineralization, the remineralization process allows for the repair of tooth structure. Minerals such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride present in the oral cavity support remineralization. However, this process is only effective if the demineralization is in its early stages.
Treatment of Caries
The treatment of caries includes a series of medical procedures aimed at stopping its progression and restoring the tooth. Treatment methods vary depending on the stage of caries development. The main goal of treatment is to ensure complete restoration of the tooth and prevent further disease. Below are the main methods and approaches used to treat caries at different stages.
1. Treatment of Early-Stage Caries
Preventive treatment:
At the early stage of caries (when tooth discoloration or white spots are present), it is essential to stop demineralization and support the remineralization process. The main treatment methods at this stage include:
Use of fluoride:
Fluoride helps stimulate the remineralization process. It assists in forming new mineral layers on the surface of the tooth, which strengthens the tooth and prevents the progression of caries.
Remineralization agents:
Treatment with preparations containing calcium, phosphate, and other minerals can also be effective. These agents help restore the outer layers of the teeth.
Improved oral hygiene:
Regular brushing, flossing, and the use of mouth rinses reduce bacterial plaque accumulation and help prevent caries.
2. Treatment of Moderate-Stage Caries
Tooth filling:
If caries has progressed to the moderate stage, affecting the dentin layer, the filling method is used. The damaged part of the tooth is removed, and the cavity is filled with a dental filling. Fillings can be made from various materials, including amalgam (silver), composite, or ceramic.
Composite materials:
These materials match the color of natural teeth, offering an aesthetically pleasing and durable solution. Composite fillings help restore the damaged part of the tooth and return it to its original shape.
Ceramic fillings:
In some cases, when a large portion of the tooth needs treatment, full restoration is done using ceramic materials. These materials provide a natural tooth-like appearance and high durability.
3. Treatment of Advanced-Stage Caries
Endodontic treatment (root canal therapy):
If caries has reached the pulp (the inner part of the tooth) and an infection has developed, root canal therapy is required. The goal of this procedure is to eliminate the inflammation in the pulp and remove the infection.
Cleaning the canal and removing damaged tissue:
The pulp must be cleaned, and the infected tissues removed. Once the canal is cleaned, it is filled with special materials.
Tooth restoration:
After root canal treatment, the tooth is usually restored using crowns or other restorative materials to ensure full functionality and structure.
Application of a crown or onlay:
If the tooth is severely damaged, a crown may be placed to strengthen it. A crown protects the tooth externally and restores its normal shape and function.
4. New Treatment Methods
Laser therapy:
Laser technology can also be used in dental treatment. With the help of a laser, the damaged part of the tooth can be removed accurately and effectively. This process is less painful and promotes faster healing.
Ozone therapy:
Ozone gas can be used in the treatment of caries. Ozone neutralizes bacteria and helps restore the mineral content of the tooth.
Conclusion
The development mechanism of caries begins with the demineralization process caused by bacteria converting sugar into acids, which alters the structure of the tooth. In the prevention and treatment of caries, oral hygiene, proper nutrition, the use of fluoride, and regular dental check-ups play an important role. Proper maintenance and early detection of dental issues are effective in eliminating pathological changes.
This article highlights important aspects of caries morphology in detail. The morphology of caries—its impact on and changes within the tooth structure—is essential for fully understanding the progression of the disease. Morphological changes in caries occur in several layers of the tooth: enamel, dentin, and pulp.
Studying the morphology of caries helps in understanding the changes within these layers. Over time, these changes significantly affect the structure, function, and appearance of the tooth. Understanding caries morphology is vital for developing effective strategies for its prevention and treatment.
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9. Ёкутхон Хабибжонова. (2024). ВИДЫ, ПРИЗНАКИ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА КАРИЕСА ЗУБОВ. Научный импульс, 2 (16), 1082-1087.
Ahmadova Sarvinoz was born in Altinkol district, Andijan region. She is a student of the Faculty of Dentistry at the Andijan Branch of Kokand University in Andijan region.
In life, every person has someone they can lean on, someone they trust wholeheartedly, someone closest to their heart. For me, that person is my mother.
She is not just a mother — she is my guiding light, my kind soul, my confidante, and most importantly, my pillar of strength. The word “mother” is not an ordinary word — it symbolizes bravery, the highest form of patience and loyalty, and an endless source of love. The greatness, compassion, and profound meaning in the word “mother” can only be felt through the heart.
A mother’s heart holds pure and unconditional love, untouched by any circumstances. My mother is the most ideal person in my life. Every step she has taken in life has been for her children. She has endured every hardship with patience and strength. To this day, she has been ready to sacrifice anything for the happiness, health, and future of her four children.
This is not something ordinary — this is proof of the boundless greatness, courage, and nobility of a mother’s heart. My mother has always been my strength. Every time I fell, she held my hand. Every time I cried, she wiped away my tears. Every time I rejoiced, she was even happier than me.
My mother is not a confidante for just a day, but for a lifetime. She is the only person to whom I can tell my deepest secrets, who never judges me, and who accepts me just as I am. Her embrace is a sanctuary of peace, love, and kindness. Her every prayer is a light on my path, and every look in her eyes strengthens my heart.
If someone were to ask me who the most ideal person in my life is, I wouldn’t hesitate to say: “It’s my mother.” Because she is unmatched in love, limitless in sacrifice, and undefeatable in patience.
My mother not only gave me life, but also taught me how to live it. If I am someone today, it is because of her efforts, love, and prayers. She is my greatest treasure, my most trusted friend, and my most loving teacher — the one I will always rely on.
I, Boyqobilova Nargiz Alimardonovna, was born on September 8, 2001, in Oqarbuloq Mahalla, Oltinsoy District, Surkhandarya Region. I am 25 years old. Currently, I am the beloved first daughter of my parents and my parents-in-law, a cherished wife to my husband, and a proud mother of two sweet daughters.
I am a third-year student at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, majoring in Biology at Termez State University.
A whirlwind of people, a river of indifferent faces, and then, you.
A glimmer in the urban grayness, an off-key note in the symphony of asphalt.
Your smile, a crack in the wall of my solitude, letting in the light of an unexpected sun.
The noise of the city fades, only the echo of your voice remains, a melody etched in the silence of my soul.
That crossroads, once an anonymous dot on my map, is now a beacon, a sacred place, the epicenter of a universe that revolves only around you.
Time, once a relentless river, now stops, bends, adapts to our encounter.
Memory, a parched garden, blooms with the memory of your gaze, of your hand brushing mine, a fleeting touch that becomes eternity.
This asphalt, a silent witness to our first encounter, holds the secret of an unexpected love,
a love that sprang from the dry earth of the city,
an oasis in the desert of routine.
GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.
