PROSPECTS OF USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES IN UZBEKISTAN
Student of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Kadyrova Arofat Abdukarimovna
This article talks about the importance of using geothermal energy sources in the conditions of Uzbekistan. Information is given about the basis of the widespread use of alternative energy sources, not traditional energy sources, their current state, and the reforms and news that are being carried out in this regard in our country.Today, we are living in a time where modern new age generations and innovative and digital technologies that require almost no manual labor are progressing and growing. It can be seen from this that the machines that make our heavy work light, our complex work easy and even our long journey closer now require energy. They now run on electricity instead of gasoline.
First of all, one thing should be emphasized: "We cannot imagine our life without electricity."
Today, no matter what the field is, electricity is needed. Due to the many actions being carried out now, our development is developing day by day, and the lifestyle of our people is improving more and more. It is worth noting that the adoption of the strategy of supplying the country with electricity until 2030 in our Republic is of great importance for further development, efficient use of alternative energy sources and development of technologies. According to the strategy, it is planned to increase the production capacity of electricity from 5900MW to 29200MW by 2030 and to reduce the consumption of natural gas and reduce the losses in electricity transmission as much as possible.
According to the concept, the consumption of natural gas in the production of electricity will be reduced from 16.5 billion cubic meters to 12.1 billion cubic meters. This plan includes reduction of losses in electricity transmission by 2.35% and in distribution by 6.5%.
Now we will talk about where and how we get electricity.
We know that we receive electricity in a traditional way, that is, through TPPs. TPP stands for Thermal Power Plant. In thermal power plants, thermal energy is converted into electrical energy and transmitted to us through power transformers. And this borad will suffer many losses until it reaches our home. In particular, this happens in a large unit at the station itself. Thermal power plants operate mainly by burning coal, natural gas and fuel oil. These fuels are sources of energy that are running out. One of the harmful aspects of thermal power plants is large energy losses, and another is a very negative impact on the environment. The toxic gases emitted from it go up into the sky and poison our ecology, harming the natural air, and there is also the problem of disposal of the waste from it.
However, its advantage is that it is much cheaper than other types of energy production, which is why we have electricity at the expense of TPPs. However, by now, traditional methods are being abandoned in the developed countries of the world. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources remains very effective.
The use of alternative energy sources can be a little expensive, but it is not harmful. That is, it can be obtained without harming the environment. In this regard, many innovations and reforms are being carried out in this regard in our country. In particular, the verdict of our honorable president Shavkat Miromonovich Mirziyoyev "On measures to accelerate the introduction of renewable energy sources and energy-saving technologies in 2023" can be cited.
The effect of the words said in the verdict can be seen in the example of Bukhara region.
In accordance with the verdict, the first turbine with a height of 100 meters and a blade length of 84 meters was erected in Bukhara region this year as part of the construction of a wind power plant. There are 157 more installations from this device. The first capacities of the stations are expected to be put into operation in 2024.
Now, let's talk about geothermal energy. This type of energy is an alternative and renewable energy. Geothermal energy is heat energy in the earth's crust, which comes from the earth's crust and radioactive decay. That is, simply put, artesian water or hot spring. We know that from somewhere in the mountainous regions of our republic, when water comes out, it turns into a sanatorium and it is said that there is a hot spring.
So, how promising is the use of geothermal energy sources in our country? Of course, it is promising, because Uzbekistan is a country with huge reserves of water, which is a source of geothermal energy. It has been determined that there are geothermal waters in every part of its regions. Scientific research shows that the average gradient of geothermal waters in our country is 40C/km. The heat vapor flow is equal to 0.06 W/m2. Compared to annual indicators, the gross potential of geothermal waters in our country is estimated at 160.8 thousand tons of oil energy.
Of course, we cannot get electricity directly through this energy, but it is being done in other countries, why can't we do it now? Our exact location may not be rich in active volcanic zones, but that doesn't mean it's just accessible. After all, it is possible to find a solution if you do as much research as possible. If water at a certain depth, i.e. 300 or more depth, is brought to the surface of the earth and heated through specially insulated turbines, it will certainly be possible to obtain electricity from it, and this will certainly become one of the major changes in the field of green energy in our country.
Of course, environmentally safe and most importantly clean renewable energy.
In conclusion, it can be said that in the current developing period, I think we should not get tired of working on new scientific researches and new discoveries. Because no matter what we do, we find easy ways and implement them in order to satisfy our needs and our own comfortable life and safety, and all this is only for ourselves, for the comfortable and healthy lifestyle of the new generation. Therefore, we should not stop searching.
Why should I cry?!
If I die my spirit flies to the sky
If they cry with blue on the Earth they are him for I
Say him that she's gone for coming back never- because she died
Why do I have to cry, do they cry
If friends have tears-causes are expressed
We said it for the soul, or what or else
This sadness stuck me into the darkness
If any questions, say she flied to the sky
Why do I have to cry, do they cry
Bunches of the life throw away flowers
The life of one flower is ending as bu(rgeon)d
Making me feel that events in my heart
They left me leaving such torture as peeks
Nibble my inside-I became downward
Why do I have to cry, do they cry
Reason-memory(memento) martyr me by after by after
Heart burning continuously (my mind) hurts (mine) my mind
Versus winds standing my patience
Roars saying "oh" - tough protestation
"Don't cry" they say, flower glamourous
But cannot say we don't make you cry, tongue wonders
Left me, won't come back that sweetheart liar
Why do I cry, do they cry
Kindness in eyes, words without words
Exists spark still, intends glowing
But the possessor of fire burning another
Every moment tells fiery words
Getting away, not coming back my valentine-without tolerance, pert (without justice-fired)
Why do I cry, do they cry
Causing impatience they left me, of course
Have you reached at your pointed distance, (at the end ?) destinations
Did you deliberately hurt me, finally again (at the end) ?
Or again brought me to the grain, at the end ?
Oh my chosen valentine chose the other
Have you left me forever - entirely end ?
Yourself whisper, who could I make mine-my lovely anymore(then) ?
Why do I cry, do (they) cry
I will leave this world one day
Right towards to my God, his forward (away)
At that time He will give me Happiness huge endless
I do live in the garden of Paradise with gladness
My patience's travelled unending space
Before it ends, impart(deliver) me to Your Ways
Oh My God, I will go back to You, without any doubts
I am Your servant(creature, prayer), I am (only, just) Yours
Forgive my sins, My Lord who created, (I am thoughtless)
You are aware and listener as well(also) with patience
The time hasn't been taken down for us - mysterious
Why do I have to cry, (but) do they cry
My heart hurt, causing that satisfaction night
I find my soul out dead at (next) that dawn
No hearts to feel anymore then
I will shut it (forever) till the end
And that life unmatched and with locked hair
From my Happiness into the moments
Why is sadness finding spaces ?
That annoyed(uneasy) psyche is abandoned(ruin), insulted
That fire is not for intolerant jack, anymore again
Why do I cry, do they(he, all) cried...?!
Mukhlisa Safarova was born on August 13, 2001, in the Surkhandarya region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. She is 21 years old and has a deep interest in poetry. She is the author of numerous poems, songs, stories, and articles. Currently, she is a second-year student at the University of World Economy and Diplomacy. She was awarded the Peace Ambassador nomination in a competition organized by the Iqra Foundation and has served as a representative of the SPCS organization in the United Kingdom, as well as a Global Education representative for Wisdom University, earning certificates and winning various competitions and contests.
Vocational school No. 2, Koshtepa district, Fergana region. In this vocational school, young people are directed to various professions and trades. Vocational school has various directions.
1 Car body repair.2 Repair and maintenance of car engines.3 Tractor driver4 Tailor5 Electro-manteur6 Car electrical and electronic equipment servicing.7 We can cite computer graphics design and operator directions as an example. In this school, all conditions are created for young people. Students can apply the knowledge they have acquired during the lesson in the process of practical training.
As an example, we can say that all conditions are created for the students of the computer graphic design room in this room. And provided with enough computer equipment. Through computers, they study the fields of IT and graphic design. And in the future, they can get a job based on the fields they have studied in school. Nowadays, due to the high interest of schoolchildren in the profession, schools also guide young people to the profession.
The main goal of these works is to ensure employment of young people in the future.
Ro'ziyeva Gulbahor Hasanboy qizi. She was born on September 7, 2006, Koshtepa district, Fergana region. Currently, she is a 2nd year student at KHM No. 2, Koshtepa district.
The Pros and Cons of Privatizing Enterprises and Organizations: Exploring the Impact on Production Development in Uzbekistan
Abstract: The article raises the issue of withdrawing enterprises from state control and fundamentally renewing Uzbekistan's businesses. Currently, there are 2,819 state-owned enterprises in the country. The majority of them cannot even pay dividends due to their outdated and inefficient methods of operation. Additionally, there has been no modernization or reconstruction of these enterprises for years. The possibilities and development opportunities provided to enterprises through privatization are highlighted.
Key words: Privatization, oil and gas industry, market economy, private ownership, state ownership, production, products, modernization, reconstruction, raw materials, jobs.
Introduction
Since the early years of independence, the Uzbekistan government has given great attention to the privatization of enterprises and organizations. The main reason for this is the transition to a market economy. The privatization program was developed and is being implemented in line with the "Uzbek model" of the transition to a market economy, which takes into account the social, spiritual, and cultural aspects of the country and its people. The market economy is based on private ownership, and each consumer is more careful about their property. This ensures quality and efficient service of the property for many years.
The Law No. 425-XII "On Expropriation and Privatization" adopted on November 19, 1991, is the basis for many processes of privatization in Uzbekistan. For example, the privatization of banks in the country has turned them into joint-stock companies.
Relevance of the research topic is the need to fundamentally update approaches to privatization, attract international experts, and move to a system specific to the market economy is necessary. Specialists in privatization and corporate management need to be trained and their qualifications upgraded. In addition, managers of state-owned enterprises should be trained in this regard. Privatization of state-owned factories is also a major focus.
Setting a scientific problem. One such factory is the Fergana Oil Refinery, a subsidiary of Uzneftmahsulot joint-stock company located in the Fergana region. The plant produces more than 56 products, including octane gasoline, aviation kerosene, diesel fuel, coconut, various motor and diesel oils, and paraffin. However, the enterprise uses only 50% of its potential due to the lack of modernization and reconstruction of the enterprise over the past 20 years, the lack of basic raw materials for the full operation of the plant in Uzbekistan, and the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the demand for the enterprise's products has sharply decreased.
The purpose of the study is to highlight the central importance of the oil and gas industry in ensuring the economic freedom of any country. Minerals such as oil, gas, hydrocarbons, and coal are considered the raw material base of the oil and gas industry, which is more profitable than any other industry. According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 11, 2021, No. P F-6167 on "Further Accelerating the Processes of Privatization of State Assets," 100% share in the authorized capital of "UzAssets" JSC, "FNQIZ" LLC had announced its desire to sell through a public sale process.
Scientific essence. Privatization of enterprises has been an ongoing process in many countries, including Uzbekistan. To achieve success in this endeavor, it is important to study the experiences of foreign enterprises while taking into account their achievements and shortcomings. In the case of the oil and gas industry, which relies heavily on a rich resource base, it is crucial to ensure its profitability.
Resource abundance has been a major factor in the growth of oil production in many countries. The oil sector is particularly focused on the utilization of this resource. Some of the largest representatives of countries rich in natural resources in the world are the USA, Canada, Australia, Spain, countries of the Persian Gulf, Malaysia, Norway, Lebanon, and Russia.
Studying the experiences of these countries can provide valuable insights into the best practices for privatization and resource utilization in the oil and gas industry. This includes strategies for increasing profitability, modernizing infrastructure, and improving efficiency. However, it is also important to consider the unique social, cultural, and economic contexts of each country in the development of privatization programs.
In Uzbekistan, the government has already taken steps to accelerate the privatization process through the sale of state assets. For example, UzAssets JSC and FNQIZ LLC have recently been put up for public sale. However, to ensure the success of privatization and development of the oil and gas industry, it is essential to continue learning from the experiences of other countries while adapting strategies to local conditions. This includes investing in the training and development of skilled professionals in privatization and corporate management. By doing so, Uzbekistan can unlock the full potential of its oil and gas resources and create a more prosperous future for its citizens.
Methodology used. Research at work grouping, categoriinge, comparing, induction, deduction, surveillance, statistics analysis were used.
The main part. We maintain state participation even in areas where it is not necessary. "There have been no significant changes in the management of state-owned enterprises, increasing the effectiveness of their activities, transferring their functions to the private sector," said Shavkat Mirziyoyev.
After the successful privatization of the Fergana Oil Refinery in Uzbekistan, the foreign company "Sanoat Energetika Group" (formerly Jizzakh Petroleum) has taken over the plant with a commitment to invest more than 380 million US dollars for the modernization of the plant. With their extensive experience and availability of necessary raw materials, the company is expected to bring numerous benefits to the country. These include the production of modern and environmentally friendly gasoline, diesel fuel that meets Euro-5 requirements, Jet A-1 jet fuel, and increased production of liquefied natural gas. The modernization of oil aggregates and an increase in production capacity by at least 2 million tons are also included in their investment plan.
To develop a privatized oil enterprise that can compete at the global level, it is important to follow certain suggestions and recommendations. Firstly, investing in liquefied natural gas (LNG) production and technology is a smart move that can enhance the enterprise's profitability. Additionally, searching for other sources of oil and gas can help secure the raw materials needed for production.
It is also suggested to organize new departments such as oil and gas processing, petrochemistry, and gas chemistry within the enterprise to expand its operations. Attracting equipment and technologies for gas stations, along with purchasing new non-destructive testing (NDT) and automated control systems (ACS) equipment, can further improve the quality of products and services. Finally, the wide introduction of information technology (IT) in the oil and gas industry can facilitate full deep processing of oil raw materials and help develop the enterprise's production capabilities.
It appears that America is the leader in the length of both pipelines, while the shortest pipelines are in Great Britain.
If we look at more specific data, the length of the oil pipeline in America was 276.0 km and the gas pipeline was 331.0 km. And with this index, it made a big difference from other countries. Following this, Russia also had longer pipelines than the rest of the countries, but gas pipelines were two times less than America, and oil pipelines were almost four times less. Mexico also had long oil pipelines with 39.7, but gas pipelines were 3 times less. The length of the oil pipelines of Germany and France was the same with 7.5, but the length of the gas pipelines was different, that is, the length of the first one was 97.6 and the second one was 24.7.
A similar phenomenon was observed in Italy and Great Britain, namely the oil pipelines were almost equal in both, but the gas pipelines were different and they were also lower than 20. Canadian oil pipelines were almost 3 times less than gas pipelines, and gas pipelines were estimated at 75.0. And in other countries, China and Argentina, oil pipelines were below 11 and gas pipelines were below 10, ie the former was 6.2 and the latter was 9.9
Overall, the successful privatization of the Fergana Oil Refinery and the commitment of the new owner to invest in modernization and expansion provide great opportunities for the development of the oil and gas industry in Uzbekistan. By following the recommendations and suggestions outlined above, the privatized enterprise can further increase its competitiveness and contribute to the country's economic growth.
References.
Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президенти Шавкат Мирзиёевнинг 2020 йил 11 декабрь куни давлат иштирокидаги корхоналарни ислоҳ қилиш натижадорлиги ва бу йўналишдаги устувор вазифаларга бағишланган йиғилиши.
Achilov A. N. Accounting for inventory at the chemical industry of the republic of uzbekistan //Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2019. – №. 11. – С. 5-7.
Achilov A. N. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi iqtisodijotida kimjo sanoatining tutgan o‘rni, ahamijati, muammolari va tovar-moddij zahiralarni? isobga olishni takomillashtirish masalalari //Iqtisod va molija" ilmijamalij zhurnal. – 2018. – №. 4. – С. 25.
Ачилов А. Н. Кимё саноати корхоналарида товар-моддий захиралар туркумланишининг ўзига хос хусусиятлари ва улар ҳисобини такомиллаштириш масалалари //Экономика и финансы (Узбекистан). – 2019. – №. 9.
Ачилов А. Н. Мамлакатимизда кимё саноатида товар-моддий захираларнинг сарфини хисобга олиш ва уни такомиллаштириш масалалари //Экономика и финансы (Узбекистан). – 2018. – №. 8
Achilov A. N. Accounting for inventory at the enterprises of the republic of Uzbekistan //ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. – 2016. – Т. 4. – №. 36. – С. 181.
Ваҳобов Ш.В Нефт ва газ саноатида ишлаб чиқаришни ресурслардан фойдаланиш усулларининг илмийназарий асослари. "Экономика и социум" №11(90) 2021.
https://farbitis.ru/uz/oil-and-gas/oil-and-gas-industry-in-russia.
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20 and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation.
Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyzes available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems.
Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end-uses should be considered in the breakdown?
Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analyzed in deeper detail.
Keywords
Building energy use, HVAC consumption, Air conditioning consumption.
1. World energy use
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc). The International Energy Agency has gathered frightening data on energy consumption trends. During the last two decades (1984-2004) primary energy has grown by 49% and CO2 emissions by 43%, with an average annual increase of 2% and 1.8% respectively (Figure 1).
Current predictions show that this growing trend will continue. Energy use by nations with emerging economies (Southeast Asia, Middle East, South America and Africa) will grow at an average annual rate of 3.2% and will exceed by 2020 that for the developed countries (North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand) at an average growing rate of 1.1% (Figure 2). The case of China is striking, taking only 20 years to double its energy consumption at an average growing rate of 3.7%.
Interesting consequences can be obtained from the analysis of the trend of main world energy indicators [1] between 1973 and 2004 (Table 1): (1) the rate of population growth is well below the GDP, resulting in a considerable rise of per capita personal income and global wealth, (2) primary energy consumption is growing at a higher rate than population, leading to the increase of its per capita value on 15.7% over the last 30 years,
(3) CO2 emissions have grown at a lower rate than energy consumption showing a 5% increase during this period, (4) electrical energy consumption has drastically risen (over two and a half times) leading to a percentage increase in final energy consumption (18% in 2004),
(5) efficiency in exploiting energy resources, shown as the relation between final and primary energy, has declined by 7 percentage points, especially due to soaring electrical consumption, and (6) final and primary energy intensities have dropped because of the higher rate of growth of the GDP over the energy consumption increasing ratio, resulting in an overall improvement of the global energy efficiency.
These figures confirm the relationship linking energy consumption with economic development and population growth, and question global policy attempts to invert this trend by increasing energy efficiency (including renewable and green technologies).
Globalization, improvement of living conditions in emerging regions and the development of communication networks, promote developed nations’ life style and raise energy needs to consumption patterns that, without doubt, will exhaust fossil fuels and will produce a serious environmental impact. In this sense, current energy and socio-economic systems are definitively unsustainable.
2. Energy consumption in buildings
Final energy consumption is usually shown split into three main sectors: industry, transport and ‘other’, including in the last-named, agriculture, service sector and residential. This makes it considerably difficult to gather information about building energy consumption. For example, energy consumption in buildings other than dwellings constitutes a fraction of the services shared within the ‘other’ key sector.
Considering its overall significance in developed countries (buildings account for a 20 to 40% of the total final energy consumption), we believe it should be accounted for independently and become the third main sector, broken down, at least, for domestic and non-domestic buildings.
Growth in population, enhancement of building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, have raised building energy consumption to the levels of transport and industry (Table 2). Especially significant is the reduction of the ratio of industry (9 points) and the expansion of ‘other’ (6 points) due to buildings.
The term “other sectors” is ambiguous and produces great confusion. Many international, national and regional sources, include different end uses within this concept, which makes any sort of comparison difficult. Looking to the evolution (Figure 3) and importance (Table 3) of building energy consumption, we conclude:
(1) In the UK building energy consumption has increased at a rate of 0.5% per annum, which is slightly below the European figure of 1.5%. In contrast building energy consumption in Spain is increasing at a rate of 4.2% per annum, well above both the European and the North American (1.9%) rate. Reasons can be found in the economic growth, expansion of the building sector and the spread of building services, especially Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems.
(2) In 2004, building consumption in the EU was 37% of final energy, bigger than industry (28%) and transport (32%). In the UK, the proportion of energy use in building (39%) is slightly above the European figure. This is in part due to the shift away from heavy industry towards service sector activities. In contrast the figure for Spanish buildings is only 23%, 14 points below Europe, and expected to rise strongly as economic growth lead to convergence with the European average.
The service sector, which covers all commercial and public buildings, includes many types of buildings (schools, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, museums…) with a wide variety of uses and energy services (HVAC, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting, refrigeration, food preparation, etc.). Growth both economical and in population, increases the demand of services (health, education, culture, leisure, etc) and the energy consumption. In USA, energy consumption in the service sector has expanded from 11 to 18% from the 1950s. In the UK, service energy use in 2004 accounted for around 12% of all final energy use, similar to the EU average (11%).
By contrast the Spanish figure was only 8% but it is reporting massive increases and has been multiplied by 2.5 between 1980 and 2000.
In the residential sector, size and location are key factors for energy consumption. Small flats need less energy as there is less conditioned and transfer area, and also less occupation. The amount and type of energy used in dwellings are mainly related to weather, architectural design, energy systems and economic level of the occupants. By and large, dwellings in developed countries use more energy than those in emerging economies and it is expected to continue growing due to the installation of new appliances (air conditioners, computers, etc). In USA, dwellings consume 22% of the total final energy use, compared with 26% in the EU. The UK figure is 29%, well above the Spanish 15% mainly due to a more severe climate and building type (predominance of independent houses over blocks).
The EIA, in its International Energy Outlook [2], analyses and forecasts future trends in building energy consumption (Figure 4). Energy use in the built environment will grow by 34% in the next 20 years, at an average rate of 1.5%. In 2030, consumption attributed to dwellings and the non-domestic sectors will be 67% and 33% respectively (approximately). Spread in Southeast Asian, and therefore, the growth of construction will boost energy demand on the residential sector. Forecasts predict that both developed and non-developed economies will be balanced in the use of energy in dwellings by 2010. Economic, trading and population growth in emerging economies will intensify needs for education, health and other services, together with the consequential energy consumption. It is expected that energy consumption in the service sector in non-developed countries will be doubled in the next 25 years, with an annual average growth rate of 2.8%.
3. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
The proliferation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the built environment has made energy efficiency and savings strategies a priority objective for energy policies in most countries. A clear example is the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) [3]. Especially important has been the intensification of energy consumption in HVAC systems, which has now become almost essential in parallel to the spread in the demand for thermal comfort, considered a luxury not long ago. It is the largest energy end use both in the residential and non-residential sector, comprising heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Its predominance is obvious when it is compared with other end uses. For dwellings (Table 4) it represents about half the energy consumption more than doubling that for DHW. For non domestic buildings, IDAE [4] estimates HVAC energy consumption to be around 48%, still lower than the 57% in the USA, and similar to figures from other sources [5]. At the European level, the weight of HVAC is unknown; however, many sources show a significant increase in the use of air conditioning, especially in Southern countries (Spain and Italy accounts for more than 50% of the European market), creating serious supply difficulties during peak load periods.
In Europe, data produced by the administration at national, regional or local levels is insufficient to efficiently plan future energy policies for buildings and to coordinate measures to address each of the end uses. Analysis by sectors, as those produced by the EIA for residential [6] and commercial buildings [7] should be funded by governments, so that a comprehensive database of the building stock (type, area, location, age…) and energy parameters (consumption, expenditures, fuels, end uses…) can be the basis for future planning.
By and large, HVAC consumption in developed countries accounts for half the energy use in buildings and one fifth of the total national energy use. Moreover, predictions indicate a massive growth in energy consumption and conditioned area in the EU [9] during the next 15 years, increasing approximately in 50%.
4. Non-domestic buildings
In non-domestic buildings, the type of use and activities make a huge impact on the quality and quantity of energy services needed. However, few sources offer data by typology and there is not consensus on a universal classification, which makes the analysis extremely difficult. After revising several sources, some general conclusions may be reached:
(1) In the UK energy consumption in this sector has stabilised somewhat in recent years, with increases in floor area and increased servicing levels being offset by increases in efficiency. Across the rest of Europe energy consumption in the commercial sector grows at a higher rate than other sectors due predominantly to the expansion of HVAC systems in new buildings [10]. In the UK new build rates in the service sector are typically around 2%, whilst in Spain the average annual rate of growth from 2000 is 6.1%, and forecasts show that this will continue increasing. In 2003, this sector was accounting for 12% of the total energy consumption compared to USA (18%) and equal to EU (11%). Energy policies have focused on the residential and industrial sectors and have tended to overlook the service sector, despite its highest growing rate.
(2) Office and retail are the most energy intensive typologies typically accounting for over 50% of the total energy consumption for non-domestic buildings. Hotels and restaurants, hospitals and schools follow. (Table 5)
(3) HVAC is the main end use with a weight close to 50%, lighting follows with 15% and appliances with 10%. Building type is critical in how energy end uses are distributed (Figure 5) and in their energy intensity (Table 6). This makes it essential to develop independent studies by building types.
5. Office Buildings
Within the commercial sector, office buildings are, together with retail, those with the biggest consumption and CO2 emissions. In USA offices account for 17% of total non domestic area and about 18% of the energy use, equivalent to a 3.2% of the total consumption. In Spain, they account for a third of the commercial sector energy consumption and almost 2.7% of total energy consumed and in the UK for 17% of energy consumption and 2% of total energy use. Therefore, it is advisable to start the commercial analysis with office buildings. Other reasons, supporting energy surveys for this typology are:
(1) The substantial increase of total built area of office buildings due to the economical prosperity with many new business developments in mayor city outskirts [11]. During 1990-2000, 9.3 Mm² were built in Spain, with no reliable information on the total built area. In USA, per capita area is about 4 m², well above the European figure of 2 m²/per.
In the UK the total floor area of offices has increased by around 4% between 2000 and 2005.
(2) The amount of artificial lighting required, IT equipment use and air conditioned area have steadily increased. In Spain, more than 90% of companies use IT equipment and virtually all new offices are conditioned. Even in mild weather as in the UK more than half of new offices are conditioned.
(3) It is a typology quite uniform across the building stock, both in envelope and building services, with three key energy end uses, HVAC, lighting and appliances, adding up together to about 85% of the total.
6. Conclusions
Energy consumption of buildings in developed countries comprises 20 to 40% of total energy use and is above industry and transport figures in EU and USA. However, available information is clearly insufficient and not proportional to its importance. It is not considered as an independent sector and there is a lack of consistent data which makes it difficult to understand the underlying changes that affect energy consumption in this sector. It is essential to make available comprehensive building energy information to allow suitable analysis and efficiently plan energy policies for the future.
In that respect, studies developed by the EIA on the energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings in the USA are a valuable reference.
Proliferation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions on the built environment have made energy efficiency strategies a priority for energy policies developing new building regulations and certification schemes which now include minimum requirements. With the consolidation of the demand for thermal comfort, HVAC systems (and its associated energy consumption) have become an unavoidable asset, accounting for almost half the energy consumed in buildings, and around 10 to 20% of total energy consumption in developed countries.
The growing trend in building energy consumption will continue during the coming years due to the expansion of built area and associated energy needs, as long as resource and environmental exhaustion or economic recession allows it. Private initiative together with government intervention through the promotion of energy efficiency, new technologies for energy production, limiting energy consumption and raising social awareness on the rational use of energy will be essential to make possible a sustainable energy future.
References
[1] International Energy Agency. Key World Energy Statistics, 2006.
[2] Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2006. U.S.
Department of Energy, June 2006.
[3] Directive 2002/91/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16
December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, 2002.
[4] Ministerio de Economía. Estrategia de ahorro y eficiencia energética en
España 2004-2012. Noviembre 2003.
[5] Pérez-Lombard, L., Adnot, J., Ortiz, J. A. and Rivière, P. HVAC systems
energy comparisons for an office building. Proceedings of Climamed. Lisbon,
2004.
[6] Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy Consumption Survey
(RECS). U.S. Department of Energy, 2001.
[7] Energy Information Administration. Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS). U.S. Department of Energy, 2003.
[8] Instituto para la diversificación y Ahorro de la energía (IDAE). Eficiencia
Energética y Energías Renovables (Nº 8). Madrid, octubre de 2006.
[9] EECCAC (Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners)
project for the Directorate General Transportation-Energy of the Commission
of the European Union. Final report. April 2003.
[10] Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. La Energía en España 2005.
Abstract: Machine translation (MT) has completely changed the translation industry and presented both opportunities and difficulties for human translators. This study attempts to analyze the effects of machine translation on human translators, with a particular emphasis on how the job of human translators is evolving, the standard of texts produced by the technology, and the implications for translators’ careers. This study investigates the experiences and viewpoints of human translators in the era of machine translation using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, including professional translator interviews and comparative analysis of translated texts. The study aims to pinpoint the advantages and drawbacks of machine translation, investigate how it affects the translation procedure, and assess how it alters the skill set needed by human translators.
Key words: Machine translation technology (MT), artificial intelligence (AI), neural machine translation(NMT), collaborate, post-editors, language skills, language innovation.
The rise of machine translation
Advances in artificial intelligence and neural network models are mostly to blame for the significant growth of machine translation in recent years. Deep learning approaches have shown to significantly increase the translation quality of neural machine translation (NMT) systems in particular. These computers can produce translations with astounding accuracy and fluency by learning from enormous amounts of multilingual data.
Improved efficiency and productivity
Improved productivity and efficiency are two of machine translation’s most obvious effects on human translators. Large volumes of text can be processed quickly by MT systems, which then provide preliminary translations that human translators can utilize as a base. Because of the time and effort savings, human translators can concentrate on more challenging and imaginative areas of their profession. Additionally, machine translation systems can be combined with translation memories and glossaries to create a hybrid method called computer-assisted translation (CAT). The advantages of machine translation are utilized by CAT technologies, but human translators are still used to revise and polish the results. This combination enhances uniformity between translations, increases productivity, and streamlines the translation process.
Enhanced language access
The ability to translate text between a variety of languages is another key benefit of machine translation. This has made it possible for human translators to work on a variety of projects and opened up new markets. Machine translation empowers translators to handle languages they might not be native speakers of, opening doors for them to work on projects that were previously out of reach.
Quality concerns and the Human touch
Despite improvements in machine translation, quality problems persist. Particularly in specialist fields or creative literature, machine translation systems frequently have trouble faithfully reproducing the nuances and intricacies of language. Human translators have the linguistic and cultural knowledge required to provide accurate translations that are suitable for their context, guaranteeing that the original text’s content and intent are not altered.
Additionally essential to the process of localizing content for certain target groups are human translators. Since they are familiar with the cultural quirks and nuances of the target language, they can ensure that translations are tailored to appeal to the target audience. Even if machine translation is getting better, it still falls short in this regard and could result in translations that lack cultural context or the right tone.
Professional evolution and adaptation
Human translators are figuring out methods to collaborate and adapt with machine translation systems rather than being displaced by them. As post-editors, many translators are now examining and improving translations produced by machines in order to improve quality. With this strategy, translators can take advantage of machine translation’s advantages while still using their language skills.
Additionally, translators are concentrating on specialized fields where their abilities are essential. Machine translation cannot replace the level of cultural background knowledge and language innovation required for services like transcreation, which entails modifying information for commercial and artistic objectives.
In order to produce high-quality translations, human translators are establishing themselves as authorities in these particular sectors. They collaborate with machine translation tools.
Conclusion
There is no denying that machine translation has an impact on human translators. Although AI has unquestionably resulted in considerable improvements in terms of productivity and linguistic accessibility, questions about quality and the requirement for human expertise continue. In order to guarantee accurate, culturally appropriate, and contextually suitable translations, human translators continue to be extremely important. Translators can offer high-quality translations that satisfy the changing requirements of a globalized world by embracing machine translation technologies and modifying their roles.
References:
1. Myle Ott, Michael Auli, David Grangier, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, “Analyzing Uncertainly in Neural Machine Translation”, 35th International Conference on machine Learning, 3956-3965, 2018
2. Masaru Yamada, “The impact of Google neural machine translation on post-editing by student translators”, the journal of specialized Translation 31 (1), 87-106, 2019
3. Stephen Doherty, “Investigating the effects of controlled language on the reading and comprehension of machine translated text: A mixed-methods approach”, Dublin City University, 2012
4. Maja Popovic, “On the differences between human translators”, 22nd annual conference of the European association for machine translation, 365-374, 2020
5. Fabio Alves, Arlene Koglin, Bartolome Mesa-Lao, Mercedes Garcia Martinez, Norma B de Lima, “Analyzing the impact of interactive machine translation on post-editing effort”, new directions in empirical translation process research: exploring the CRITT TPR-DB, 77-94, 2016
6. Michael Carl, Silke Gutermuth, Silvia Hansen-Schirra, “Post-editing machine translation”, Psycholinguistic and cognitive inquiries into translation and interpreting 115, 145, 2015
7. Lynne Bowker, Jairo Buitrago Ciro, “Investigating the usefulness of machine translation for newcomers at the public library”, Translation and Interpreting Studies. The Journal of the American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association 10 (2), 165-186, 2015
Saidabonu Abdumalikova Khayrulla kizi was born on December 4, 2004, in Angren, Tashkent region. She earned a gold medal and graduated from high school with honors. She was granted admission to Tashkent State University of Uzbek Language and Literature in 2022.
She is a holder of a TEFL certificate. She participates actively in the “Juntos por las Letras” Working Group of International Writers, is an international member of the “Creativity Forum for Culture, Arts and Peace” in Egypt, and is an honorary member of the “Iqra Foundation” in Pakistan. Currently she is a student of Angren University.
Abstract: Establishing a free and prosperous life in the society without corruption. Joint fight against corruption, formation of human consciousness and rights. Offenses related to corruption. Key words: corruption, money, state, society, law, law, offense, substance, Uzbekistan, people.
The fight against corruption remains one of the most urgent issues of today’s world. The fight against this disease covers many countries of the world. The Republic of Uzbekistan also contributes to the fight against corruption. Currently, a number of anti-corruption programs have been adopted in our republic, and extensive work is being carried out on them. Corruption arises from the attitude of ordinary people to high officials or state officials to each other. Any manifestation of this negative situation will inevitably bring the society to the brink of destruction.
It is known that today corruption has become an international problem and very serious attention is being paid to this issue. A lot of work is being done in this regard in our country. For example, the law “On Combating Corruption” was developed by our country and adopted by the Legislative Chamber on November 24, 2016. Approved by the Senate on December 13, 2016. Article 2 of this law states: “The anti-corruption legislation consists of this Law and other legislative documents. If the international agreement of the Republic of Uzbekistan stipulates different rules than those stipulated in the anti-corruption legislation, the rules of the international agreement shall be applied.
It should be emphasized again that I think it will be appropriate if we work together with our people, in solidarity, in harmony, to create a free and prosperous life in our country.
References:
1. “Law on Combating Corruption”.
2. https://lex.uz site.
3. https://uzmarkaz.uz
Aituvova Khurshida is a 3rd stage student of the Faculty of Philology of Gulistan State University.
