Dr. Jernail Singh Anand, with an opus of 190 plus books, is Laureate of the Seneca, Charter of Morava, Franz Kafka and Maxim Gorky awards. His name adorns the Poets’ Rock in Serbia. Anand is a towering literary figure whose work embodies a rare fusion of creativity, intellect, and moral vision. He’s not just an Indian author but a global voice, challenging readers to confront the complexities of existence while offering hope through art and ethics.
If Tagore is the serene sage of a colonial past, Anand is the fiery prophet of a chaotic present. Recently he dedicated his collection of 12 epics Epicacia Vol 1 and Vol 2 to Serbia and Dr Maja Herman Sekulic. His evolving oeuvre, from the Mahakaal Trilogy to the Cosmic Trilogy cements his status as a visionary poet-philosopher, comparable to Wordsworth in his moral and philosophical depth, yet distinctly modern in his focus on technology and globalization, particularly his interest in alternate realities.
This article explores the conditions and principles of the heroic system in folk oral creativity, as well as the tools and weapons that help establish this system. The study examines the manifestations of heroic motifs and the use of combat weapons in the epics “Alpomish” and “The Birth of Gorogly.”
Keywords: Heroic system, folk epics, patron saints, inert society, celestial bow, auspicious birth sign, heroic suffering, figure of Khidr.
It is well known that in heroic epics there exist figures of alp heroes—brave warriors who devote their lives to defending their homeland. The main distinguishing feature of heroic epics, which separates them from other types of folk narratives, is the presence of the heroic system that embodies constant ideals and immutable values in the collective consciousness of the people. The heroic system represents the artistic expression of the unity of concepts characteristic of heroic epic creativity. It is unique to this genre and rarely appears in other narrative types such as legends or fairy tales.
Below we will examine the main conditions and criteria of the heroic system.
1. Divine Patronage Before Birth
First and foremost, the future hero is believed to be under the spiritual protection of divine beings or erans even before birth (in ancient epic tradition, the alp was considered a direct descendant of the gods). For instance, in “The Birth of Gorogly”, celestial beings such as angels, spirits (chiltons), and Khidr, the leader of the erans, play a guiding role in Gorogly’s birth, upbringing, and heroic deeds.
Similarly, in “Alpomish,” the hero’s divine favor and spiritual guardianship before birth is described as follows:
“After forty days, a voice was heard from the garden:
‘Boybo‘ri, God has blessed you with twins—a son and a daughter.
Boysari, you have been granted a daughter.
When you hold a feast for their birth, I shall come as a wandering dervish and name the children myself.’”
This scene reveals that every alp possesses a spiritual patron—a guardian or mentor figure symbolizing divine guidance.
2. Prophecies and Omens at Birth
The second criterion involves the hero’s birth under an auspicious star or celestial sign. Often, priests or soothsayers from rival lands foresee the hero’s arrival and attempt to destroy him. While this motif is not vividly depicted in “Alpomish” or “Gorogly”, it is indirectly referenced in Alpomish:
“When the enemies heard this, they said:
‘This boy is extraordinary, blessed with divine favor.
None can match his strength—even at seven years old he performs mighty deeds.’”
This acknowledgment reveals the enemies’ sense of envy and helplessness in the face of divine destiny.
3. The “Pain of Heroism” (Alplik Dardi)
As the hero matures and surpasses his enemies, he experiences the pain of heroism—a spiritual trial that represents both individual and collective renewal. In Alpomish, this is reflected in the “zakot” (tribute) motif, symbolizing the hero’s moral and spiritual testing. The hero becomes both the redeemer and the sufferer for his people. His mistakes and triumphs mirror those of the entire nation. Thus, the pain of heroism becomes a metaphor for the ethnos’s rebirth and awakening.
4. Connection Between the Hero and the Erans
Another crucial feature of the heroic system is the relationship between the alp and the erans. The erans spiritually strengthen the hero’s body and soul through divine light and sacred drink, granting him supernatural powers. They teach him the mysteries of heroism and reveal his earthly destiny.
In Alpomish, this connection is manifested when Alpomish receives his bow from the erans, when he spiritually unites with Barchin, and in the guidance of his elder companion, Qultoy. Qultoy declares:
“The mark of Alpomish is this:
On his right shoulder lies the imprint of Shahimardon Pir’s five fingers,
And on his left, my own hand’s mark remains.”
Thus, the heroic system forms the very “spine” of the epic—embodying the idea that true heroes are those whom even death cannot defeat.
5. Sacred Weapons and Companions
In epics, heroes are never alone—their loyal horses and supernatural weapons are constant companions. These instruments not only assist the hero in battles but symbolize divine power and destiny. As folklorist Shomirza Turdimov notes in “Uzbek Mythology and Folklore”, the heroic system can be reconstructed through twenty-one features observed in “Alpomish” and “Gorogly.” Among these, two central attributes are highlighted:
The heroic horse that accompanies the alp through trials and transformations.
The sacred weapon received from divine beings or through ordeals, symbolizing the hero’s spiritual strength.
In “Alpomish,” this takes the form of a “fourteen-batman celestial bow made of birch,” while in “Gorogly” it appears as the “fifteen-batman sword bestowed by Ghaus al-Ghiyath.” These weapons transcend the material realm, embodying the hero’s divine mission and identity.
Conclusion
The heroic system is an inseparable component of every epic. The actions of heroes—protecting peace, restoring justice, and defending their homeland—deserve eternal reverence. Through their depiction as symbols of unyielding will, strength, and courage, the alps inspire younger generations to cherish and take pride in the heroic legacy of their ancestors.
References:
Alpomish: Uzbek Folk Heroic Epic. Narrated by F. Yo‘ldosh o‘g‘li, recorded by M. Zarifov. – Tashkent: Sharq, 2010, pp. 93–94.
The Birth of Gorogly: Uzbek Folk Heroic Epic. Narrated by Muhammadqul Jomrot o‘g‘li Polkan. – Tashkent: G‘afur G‘ulom Literature Publishing House, 1967.
Turdimov, Sh. Uzbek Mythology and Folklore. – Tashkent: Fan, 2023.
Jo‘rayev, M., & Eshonqulov, J. Introduction to Folklore Studies. – Tashkent: Barkamol Fayz Media, 2017.
Mirzayeva, T., Turdimov, Sh., Tillayev, A., Jo‘rayev, M., & Eshonqulov, J. Uzbek Folklore. – Tashkent: Malik Print Co., 2021.
Turdimov, Sh. Uzbek Mythology and Folklore. – Tashkent: Fan, 2023.
Madayev, O. Uzbek Oral Folk Creativity. – Tashkent: Mumtoz So‘z, 2010.
Rahimberdiyev Ozodbek was born in the Bostan district of the Republic of Uzbekistan. He is a student at Andijan State University, Faculty of Philology, majoring in Philology and Language Teaching: Uzbek Language. He is a member of international organizations. His creative works have been published. He is a student and an online teacher. He holds international certificates. He writes poetry and articles. Many of his students have received national and international certificates.
Science and Innovation: The Impact on Education and Society
Annotation
This paper explores how science and innovation have transformed education and society in the modern world. It discusses the role of technology in enhancing learning, improving access to information, and shaping global communication. The study also highlights how scientific progress influences social development, human values, and the economy. The article concludes that science and innovation not only drive technological advancement but also play a key role in building knowledge-based societies and promoting sustainable growth.
Science and innovation have always been the foundation of human progress. From the invention of the wheel to the creation of artificial intelligence, every great leap in human history has been fueled by curiosity, creativity, and the desire to solve problems. In the 21st century, the relationship between science and education has become more intertwined than ever before. The modern education system depends on scientific discoveries and technological innovations to prepare students for a fast-changing world. This paper discusses the influence of science and innovation on education and society, focusing on how they shape the way people learn, communicate, and live.
Science and the Transformation of Education
Science has revolutionized the way education is delivered, experienced, and understood. Modern teaching methods are no longer limited to classrooms or textbooks. Instead, they are supported by digital technologies, interactive learning platforms, and online resources that make education more flexible and accessible. For instance, online education tools such as Coursera, Khan Academy, and Google Classroom have made it possible for students to learn from anywhere in the world. Scientific research in psychology and pedagogy has also improved our understanding of how people learn, leading to more effective teaching methods that support critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration.
Another major impact of science on education is the development of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) programs. These disciplines encourage students to apply scientific thinking to real-world problems, promoting innovation and problem-solving skills. In many countries, governments and institutions now emphasize STEM education as a foundation for future economic growth and technological leadership. Science also encourages evidence-based learning, where students are trained to question, experiment, and draw conclusions from data rather than rely on assumptions.
Innovation and Educational Technology
Innovation is the practical expression of scientific discovery. In education, innovation has led to the creation of digital tools that make learning more engaging and efficient. Artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and machine learning are now being integrated into classrooms to personalize education and support students with different learning styles. For example, AI-powered systems can analyze a student’s performance and adapt lessons to match their pace and abilities. Similarly, virtual reality allows students to explore complex scientific concepts or historical events through immersive simulations, making abstract knowledge tangible and exciting.
The COVID-19 pandemic further demonstrated the power of innovation in education. When schools closed, digital platforms became the primary medium of learning. Although this transition was challenging, it also showed how resilient and adaptable the education system can be when supported by technology. In the long term, these innovations will continue to shape hybrid learning models that combine traditional teaching with online flexibility, ensuring that education remains accessible in any situation.
Science, Innovation, and Society
Science and innovation do not only transform education—they reshape society as a whole. Scientific progress has improved healthcare, transportation, communication, and quality of life. Today’s society is driven by knowledge and information, and innovation serves as its main engine. The internet, smartphones, and renewable energy technologies have changed the way people work, interact, and think. As a result, societies have become more interconnected and globally aware.
However, scientific and technological progress also brings ethical and social challenges. Issues such as data privacy, automation, and environmental degradation have raised new questions about how innovation should be used responsibly. Education plays a key role in addressing these challenges by teaching people to think critically about the social impact of technology and to use science ethically. A well-educated society is better prepared to balance progress with morality, ensuring that innovation serves humanity rather than harms it.
The Role of Science and Innovation in Economic Development
Education, science, and innovation are the cornerstones of economic growth. Countries that invest in scientific research and technology tend to have stronger economies and higher living standards. For example, nations such as Japan, South Korea, and Germany have built their success on innovation-driven education systems. By supporting research institutions and encouraging creativity, they have turned knowledge into practical solutions and global competitiveness. In developing countries, promoting innovation in education can help reduce inequality and open new opportunities for youth.
Scientific innovation also creates new industries and jobs. Fields such as biotechnology, renewable energy, and information technology are expanding rapidly, demanding a workforce that is educated, adaptable, and innovative. Therefore, investing in science-based education is not only about knowledge—it is about securing a sustainable economic future.
The Social and Cultural Influence of Scientific Innovation
Beyond economics, science and innovation shape human values and social behavior. The spread of information through digital media has created a global culture of learning and collaboration. People from different backgrounds can now share knowledge instantly, promoting cultural exchange and mutual understanding. At the same time, this digital era has introduced challenges such as misinformation and overreliance on technology. To overcome these, education must focus on developing digital literacy and ethical awareness.
Innovation also supports social inclusion. Assistive technologies help people with disabilities access education and participate fully in society. Scientific innovations in medicine and engineering improve quality of life and extend human potential. Thus, the social impact of science and innovation goes far beyond laboratories—it reaches every aspect of human existence.
Conclusion
In conclusion, science and innovation have become inseparable elements of education and society. They drive progress, expand knowledge, and connect people across the globe. While they offer tremendous benefits, they also require responsibility, ethical awareness, and continued investment in education. The future depends on how wisely humanity uses science and innovation—not only to advance technology but also to promote equality, sustainability, and human well-being. Education is the key to ensuring that innovation serves society positively, guiding the next generation of thinkers, inventors, and leaders toward a brighter, more intelligent world.
References
UNESCO (2023). Science, Technology and Innovation in Education. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
OECD (2022). The Future of Education and Skills 2030. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
World Bank (2021). Innovation and Economic Development: The Role of Education. Washington, DC: World Bank Group.
Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. New York: Crown Business.
National Science Foundation (2020). Science and Engineering Indicators. Washington, DC: NSF.
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of conducting production accounting using digital technologies such as ERP systems, electronic invoices, cloud services, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. The thesis explores the double-entry principle, financial and management accounting, and the impact of digital transformation on enterprise efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and emerging requirements of implementing digital accounting in Uzbekistan are examined through the examples of “1C”, electronic invoicing, the State Tax Committee’s digital systems, and UzAuto Motors.
Keywords: digital technologies, accounting, production process, double-entry, blockchain, artificial intelligence.
Introduction
Accounting based on digital technologies refers to the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing information about a company’s financial condition, expenses, revenues, and cash flows using automated information systems. With digital accounting systems, financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity are generated automatically in real time. This enables rapid analysis of assets, liabilities, and financial stability.
Implementing digital technologies ensures transparency and accuracy based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). As a result, analyzing production costs, determining product cost, and making managerial decisions become more efficient. Modern accounting systems (such as 1C, SAP, Oracle, and ERP) integrate financial and managerial accounting, allowing manufacturing enterprises not only to record costs but also to perform planning, budgeting, and control functions effectively.
Production (cost) accounting involves collecting information on expenses incurred during enterprise operations, allocating selected costs to products, services, and other cost objects, and evaluating the efficiency of cost utilization. In addition to cost calculation methods, the following cost accounting techniques are applied by management to control expenses and make key business decisions. These techniques are not independent methods of cost calculation but can be effectively combined with any of the traditional methods.
Table 1. Cost Accounting Methods and Techniques
Marginal (variable) costing:
This method allocates only variable costs (e.g., materials, labor, direct costs) incurred in the production process, excluding fixed costs such as rent and depreciation, as they may distort results. It is useful in industries with fluctuating production volumes.
Direct costing:
This method assigns all directly related costs to a product or process, while indirect costs are covered through profits. Unlike marginal costing, some fixed costs may also be treated as direct costs under specific conditions.
Full (absorption) costing:
This approach includes all variable and fixed costs in the production process. In other words, the total product or service cost covers all expenses—wages, raw materials, rent, and others.
Uniform costing:
This method applies standardized cost calculation rules across several enterprises or organizations. Standardization includes criteria such as cost types, depreciation, taxation, and cost allocation. It facilitates comparison between enterprises, pricing policy formulation, and fair evaluation.
Main Part
In the digital economy, accounting is recognized not only as a component of financial management but also as an important factor in economic development. Modern digital accounting systems strengthen financial stability and provide reliable information necessary for strategic decision-making.
Digital technologies play a crucial role in improving accounting processes and enhancing production efficiency. Practice shows that digitalization helps regulate economic processes, strengthen control, and ensure the accuracy of financial information.
In Uzbekistan, the introduction of electronic invoicing for small and medium-sized enterprises has significantly simplified production accounting. For example, small shops and service providers can now prepare reports quickly, accurately, and without errors using automated programs such as 1C. These systems reduce human errors and save time and resources.
Large manufacturing corporations, including UzAuto Motors, have digitized their accounting systems based on IFRS standards, aligning production costs and financial results with global requirements. As a result, the company established reliable partnerships with foreign investors and strengthened its position in international financial markets.
At the state level, the implementation of digital accounting systems contributes to better economic governance. In particular, the State Tax Committee’s digital information systems allow real-time monitoring of enterprises’ financial activities, control of budget revenues, and reduction of illegal operations.
Modern ERP systems (SAP, 1C, Oracle) are widely used as leading tools for automating production accounting. These systems integrate enterprise income, expenses, and budget status on a single platform, simplifying financial analysis and control. The widespread use of 1C software in Uzbekistan has made accounting processes more transparent and efficient in manufacturing enterprises.
Moreover, blockchain technology plays a significant role in enhancing security in accounting. International production transactions and payments processed via blockchain are faster and less vulnerable to fraud. Artificial intelligence (AI) serves as a powerful tool for analyzing financial reports, optimizing costs, and improving production efficiency.
In general, the application of digital technologies to production accounting ensures speed, accuracy, and security, taking financial management to a new level.
Conclusion
The introduction of digital technologies in production accounting improves quality, reliability, and timeliness of management information, thus increasing enterprise efficiency. Simultaneously, digitalization introduces new professional requirements, such as IT competence and continuous skill development.
Digital technologies have established the necessary infrastructure and principles for conducting accounting in the production process. The integration of the double-entry principle, ERP systems, blockchain, and artificial intelligence helps enterprises maintain financial stability, transparency, and global competitiveness.
Accounting has now evolved from a reporting function to a strategic management tool. Overall, digital technologies make production accounting more convenient, accurate, transparent, and efficient. This field, however, demands continuous innovation and technological advancement.
Consequently, it promotes international recognition of enterprises, builds investor confidence, and fosters cooperation with foreign partners. Accounting conducted in compliance with IFRS accurately reflects a company’s financial condition and strengthens its competitiveness in the global market.
Practical Recommendations:
1. Implement digital accounting systems in manufacturing enterprises step by step — starting with the integration of core processes (supply, production, sales).
2. Introduce continuous training programs to enhance accountants’ digital competencies.
3. Develop and support local software (e.g., 1C modules) adapted to national standards and IFRS requirements.
4. Gradually test and apply blockchain and AI technologies in pilot projects to enhance security and analytical capabilities.
5. Encourage the creation and implementation of affordable, customized digital accounting systems for small and medium-sized enterprises through public-private partnerships.
References:
Smith, J. (2020). Digital Accounting in the Digital Economy. Journal of Accounting Research.
Coman, Elena Liliana. Digitalization of Accounting within the Concept of Cost Management. Valahia University of Targoviste.
Nazarov, Sh. (2021). The Impact of Innovative Technologies on Financial Management. Tashkent: University of Economics Press.
Karimov, M. (2020). Principles of Modern Accounting. Tashkent: Economics Publishing.
Abdukarimov, A. (2022). Development of Financial Control and Accounting Systems. Tashkent: Science and Technology.
Norton, D. (2021). Digital Accounting Systems and Transparency. New York: Oxford University Press.
Student of Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy
Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso
Abstract
This article provides information about the Mud Battle (Loy Jangi). It primarily discusses the sides involved in the battle, the sequence of events, and the circumstances that led to the defeat of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn. According to historical sources, Ilyos Khoja, realizing that he could not win in a fair fight, used a yada stone with the assistance of shamans to summon a powerful rainstorm that transformed the battlefield into a swamp.
As a result, the forces of Temur and Husayn became trapped in deep mud; their weapons, clothing, and horses grew heavy with moisture, greatly limiting mobility. Although the Mongol victory resulted from this stratagem, Temur’s strategic miscalculations—particularly his inability to coordinate with Husayn—also contributed to the defeat. Historically, this battle is regarded as the only defeat of Amir Temur, occurring during the early stage of his military career. He later overcame this setback by defeating Ilyos Khoja and strengthening his power. The Mud Battle serves as an important example demonstrating the influence of natural conditions and military tactics in the warfare of Central Asia.
Keywords: Movarounnahr, Jete, Amir Husayn, Chinoz, Ilyos Khoja, Tashkent, right wing
Introduction
In the mid-14th century, Movarounnahr lacked a unified central authority and the region had fragmented into small feudal domains. The renowned historian of the Timurid era, Khofizi Abru, vividly describes this situation in his Zubdat at-Tavorikh: various amirs controlled different territories, and constant internal conflicts created instability across the region.
Taking advantage of this turmoil, the Khan of Moghulistan, Tug‘luq Temur, invaded Movarounnahr in 1360 and swiftly conquered it. The governor of Kesh fled to Khorasan, while Amir Temur, seeking to protect his homeland from plunder, pledged allegiance to Tug‘luq Temur. The khan accepted him favorably and appointed him governor of Kesh and its neighboring territories.
Over the following decade, Amir Temur gradually strengthened his political influence through personal bravery and diplomatic skill. He maintained peaceful relations with influential leaders such as Amir Husayn, the rulers of Moghulistan, and even the governor of Herat.
Main Part
The Mud Battle (Loy Jangi)
According to Nizamiddin Shami’s Zafarnama, the battle took place on 16 June 1365 (Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi dates it to 22 May 1365). The united armies of Amir Temur and Amir Husayn marched against Ilyos Khoja, the Khan of Jete. Although Temur and Husayn had numerical superiority, Ilyos Khoja resorted to an extraordinary stratagem.
Beginning of the Battle
Temur and Husayn deployed their forces along the Chirchiq River between Tashkent and Chinoz. Their army was arranged with strong commanders leading each flank and center. Ilyos Khoja approached from the direction of Konibodom with a large force.
Realizing he would not prevail in open combat, Ilyos Khoja turned to the yadachi—shamans skilled in weather manipulation. With the yada stone, believed in ancient Mongol and Turkic tradition to summon rain or storms, they called forth a torrential downpour. This caused the battlefield to turn rapidly into deep mud.
Shami writes:
“The field became so muddy that neither horsemen nor infantry could move. Their clothes and weapons became soaked and unbearably heavy.”
Outcome of the Battle
The unified army of Temur and Husayn became separated due to the mud. Confusion spread; many soldiers lost mobility, and horses sank into the mire. Ilyos Khoja’s troops, protected from the rain with felt coverings, reorganized themselves and launched a powerful counterattack.
More than 10,000 soldiers were lost, forcing Temur and Husayn to retreat toward Kesh (Shahrisabz). Although Temur displayed great bravery and even managed to break several enemy lines, the conditions of nature and the lack of coordination with Husayn resulted in defeat.
Historical Significance
Shami characterizes the battle as a “difficult trial” for Temur. Yazdi similarly emphasizes that the event served as an early lesson that shaped Temur’s later military brilliance. The battle also marked one of the first serious rifts between Temur and Husayn, contributing to their eventual political separation.
After this victory, Ilyos Khoja captured Khujand and Jizzakh and advanced toward Samarkand. Although there was no large army in the city, the people defended Samarkand fiercely. This uprising later became known as the Sarbador Movement, a prominent event in Central Asian resistance history.
Conclusion
The Mud Battle highlights both the influence of natural forces (rain and mud) and strategic decisions (Temur’s conflict with his ally Husayn) on the outcome of medieval wars. Despite this defeat, Temur learned from the experience, eventually overcoming Ilyos Khoja and establishing a strong empire. Historical sources such as Nizamiddin Shami’s and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi’s Zafarnama provide important insights into this event. The battle of 1365, fought near Tashkent, remains significant not only for its military aspects but also for its political and social implications, influencing regional power dynamics and governance.
References
Omonullo Bo‘riev. Temuriylar davri yozma manbalarida Markaziy Osiyo. Tashkent, 1997.
Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1994.
Nizamiddin Shami. Zafarnama. Tashkent, 1996.
Dadaboyev H. Amir Temurning harbiy mahorati. Tashkent, 1996.
History of Moghulistan — Academic publications of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
“Jangi Loy” — Encyclopedic sources and historical accounts.
Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso was born on May 22, 2006, in Denov district, Surxondaryo region. She is currently a second-year student at the Faculty of History, Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy.
PROFESSIONAL CULTURE OF MEDICAL WORKERS AND THE ART OF COMMUNICATION WITH PATIENTS
Annotation
This article provides a scientific analysis of the professional culture of medical workers, the art of communicating with patients, and the requirements of medical ethics and deontology. It also focuses on the importance of proper patient interaction in medical institutions, mechanisms for developing communication skills, empathy culture, trust factors in the doctor–patient relationship, and their interpretation based on international standards. Research results show that a high level of professional culture significantly improves a patient’s psychological state and increases the effectiveness of treatment.
Keywords: professional culture, medical ethics, deontology, patient communication, empathy, trust, communication skills.
Introduction
The development of modern medicine requires medical specialists not only to possess strong professional knowledge and skills but also to demonstrate high levels of culture, behavior, speech literacy, and communication skills when interacting with patients. A patient’s trust in the doctor is one of the most important psychological factors that influences the treatment process. It is difficult to achieve positive results in an environment where the professional culture of medical staff is insufficient.
Today, humanism, professional responsibility, and communication culture occupy an important place in the healthcare system. It is essential that communication between the doctor and the patient be sincere, respectful, and neutral. Therefore, the professional culture of a medical worker is not only a set of ethical norms but also an important indicator of the quality of medical services.
Main Part
1. The concept and essence of professional culture
Professional culture refers to the medical worker’s professional responsibility, adherence to ethical norms, appearance, speech culture, psychological stability, humane attitude toward patients, and communication skills.
The main components of professional culture include:
professional knowledge and competencies;
medical ethics and deontology norms;
social and psychological culture;
communication culture;
personal appearance and hygiene;
respect for the patient’s individuality.
When a doctor demonstrates a high level of professional culture, the patient develops trust, which ultimately increases the effectiveness of treatment.
2. Principles of medical ethics and deontology
Medical ethics is a set of norms that govern the behavior, professional conduct, and communication of medical workers with patients.
Deontology, on the other hand, refers to a doctor’s duties, responsibilities, and the ethical system that governs respect for the patient’s life and health.
Core principles include:
prioritizing the patient’s life and health;
maintaining confidentiality;
honesty and responsibility;
non-discrimination and respectful communication;
providing psychological support;
being impartial throughout the treatment process.
Compliance with these principles ensures that the medical service aligns with international standards.
3. The art of patient communication and communication culture
The art of patient communication refers to the doctor’s ability to interact with patients politely, sincerely, clearly, and in a psychologically comfortable manner.
It includes the following components:
3.1. Beginning the interaction
greeting the patient and introducing oneself;
asking about the patient’s condition and initiating the conversation politely;
understanding the patient’s fears, anxiety, and pain.
3.2. Demonstrating empathy
Empathy is the ability to understand the patient’s emotional state, listen attentively, and respect their feelings.
Doctors with high empathy levels build stronger patient trust.
3.3. Using clear and understandable language
Excessive use of medical terminology can confuse patients.
Therefore, a doctor must:
explain information in simple, clear language;
present issues concisely;
provide written recommendations when necessary.
3.4. The culture of listening
Active listening means focusing on the patient without interrupting, carefully understanding their concerns.
This helps quickly identify health issues.
3.5. Culture of physical interaction
During medical examinations:
informing the patient about each step;
respecting the patient’s personal boundaries;
strictly following hygiene rules — are essential elements of medical professionalism.
4. Psychological impact of communication on treatmen effectiveness
Research shows that warm, respectful communication between doctor and patient:
reduces anxiety;
decreases perceived pain;
increases medication effectiveness;
accelerates rehabilitation.
Thus, effective communication serves as a psychological tool that complements medical treatment.
5. International experience and modern approaches
In advanced healthcare systems, the communication culture of medical workers is given special attention. For example:
In the United States, the “Patient-centered care” model is widely used;
In European countries, “Medical Communication Competence” courses are mandatory;
In Japan, empathy and politeness form an integral part of medical protocol.
These practices significantly improve the quality of healthcare services.
Conclusion
The professional culture of medical workers is one of the key factors in effective patient communication. A doctor’s ethics, speech culture, appearance, empathy, and adherence to medical ethical standards play an essential role in the success of the treatment process. In an environment where the art of communication with patients is well-developed, trust increases, psychological wellbeing improves, and rehabilitation becomes faster.
Therefore, enhancing the professional culture of medical workers, continuously improving communication skills, and aligning patient communication practices with international standards remain crucial tasks.
References
1. Karimova M. Fundamentals of Medical Ethics and Deontology. Tashkent, 2021.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Patient-centered Communication Guidelines, 2020–2023.
3. Smith J. Medical Communication Competence. New York: Elsevier, 2019.
4. Rasulov A., Nasriddinov U. Medical Culture and Doctor–Patient Relations. Tashkent Medical Publishing, 2022.
5. European Medical Association. Doctor–Patient Interaction Standards, 2022.
Avazbekova Rayyonaxon was born on March 12, 2008, in Andijan city, Andijan region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, into an intellectual family.
She is a first-year student of the Andijan Branch of Kokand University, Faculty of Medical Treatment, group 25-11.
Abstract: The Metaverse is emerging as a significant aspect of modern digital life, blending virtual experiences with real-world interactions. This study investigates whether the boundary between virtual and real life is disappearing due to the rapid adoption of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and digital avatars. By reviewing recent literature, case studies, and observational data, this paper explores both the benefits and risks associated with prolonged engagement in the Metaverse. Results indicate that while the Metaverse enhances communication, creativity, and accessibility, it may also lead to reduced real-life social interactions, psychological stress, and dependency on virtual environments. The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance between virtual engagement and real-life activities and suggests strategies for promoting healthy digital habits.
Key words: Metaverse, virtual reality(VR), augmented reality(AR), digital avatars, virtual life, real-life interaction, social skills, digital addiction, mental health.
Introduction
The concept of the Metaverse represents a digital universe where users interact through avatars and immersive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Unlike traditional social media, the Metaverse provides a three-dimensional environment where users can socialize, work, study, play, and create in real-time. The origins of this concept trace back to early internet communities, online gaming platforms, and virtual worlds like Second Life, which laid the foundation for modern immersive experiences.
The recent surge in Metaverse development has been accelerated by major technology companies, including Meta (formerly Facebook) and Microsoft, who have invested billions into creating expansive virtual ecosystems. The COVID-19 pandemic further amplified the relevance of virtual interaction, as remote work, online education, and digital socializing became essential.
Despite these advancements, questions remain regarding the psychological, social, and behavioral effects of spending extended periods in virtual environments. Scholars and psychologists debate whether virtual engagement complements or threatens real-life experiences. This paper aims to:
1. Explore the potential benefits of the Metaverse for social interaction, creativity, and education.
2. Examine the risks associated with over-reliance on virtual experiences, including social isolation and psychological challenges.
3. Discuss strategies for integrating virtual and real-life activities to ensure balanced digital engagement.
Methods
This study employs a qualitative approach, relying primarily on literature review and observational analysis. Academic journals, reports from technology companies, and research articles on digital behavior and psychology were examined to assess the current understanding of Metaverse effects.
Key steps included:
1. Reviewing case studies of Metaverse applications in education, work, and social environments.
2. Comparing patterns of real-life interactions versus virtual engagement.
3. Identifying reported social, psychological, and behavioral outcomes associated with prolonged Metaverse use.
Data analysis focused on synthesizing findings to determine common themes, including the advantages of digital immersion and the potential risks of social detachment. The study also considered recommendations from digital psychologists and technology experts regarding safe and balanced Metaverse use.
Results
Positive Impacts of the Metaverse
1. Enhanced Communication: Users can connect with friends, family, and colleagues across vast distances, allowing for more flexible social and professional interactions.
2. Virtual Education and Remote Work: VR classrooms, online conferences, and collaborative virtual offices provide innovative ways to learn and work without geographical limitations.
3. Creativity and Entrepreneurship: Digital platforms in the Metaverse offer spaces for creative expression, virtual product sales, and entrepreneurial ventures.
Case Studies:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, VR classrooms were used by thousands of students worldwide, enabling interactive and immersive learning experiences.
Virtual job meetings and conferences replaced many in-person events, reducing travel costs and environmental impact.
Social gaming communities, such as Roblox and Fortnite, became central hubs for youth socialization.
Negative Impacts of the Metaverse
1. Reduced Real-Life Social Interaction: Prolonged engagement in virtual environments can diminish face-to-face communication skills and real-world social connections.
2. Addiction Risk: Excessive virtual engagement may result in compulsive behavior, where individuals prioritize online experiences over real-world responsibilities.
3. Psychological Effects: Studies indicate that prolonged VR use can contribute to anxiety, stress, and depression.
4. Decline in Practical Skills: Over-reliance on virtual environments may reduce problem-solving abilities and practical life skills.
Example: Adolescents spending more than six hours daily in Metaverse platforms showed lower social empathy and reported increased loneliness compared to peers engaging primarily in real-life activities.
Discussion
The Metaverse provides a dual-edged impact: while offering unprecedented opportunities for connection, creativity, and education, it simultaneously presents social and psychological challenges.
Interpretation of Results
The integration of virtual and real-life experiences can enhance human capabilities but also risks creating dependency on digital spaces. Younger generations, in particular, may prioritize virtual interactions over real-world relationships, potentially affecting emotional intelligence and social development.
Policy and Practical Implications
Digital Literacy Programs: Educators and parents should encourage responsible and balanced digital engagement.
Digital Detox: Scheduled breaks from virtual environments can improve mental health and real-life social skills.
Monitoring Engagement: Tracking time spent in Metaverse platforms can prevent excessive dependency.
Comparison with Previous Studies
The findings align with existing research indicating that VR and AR offer significant educational and professional benefits but may compromise social skills and emotional well-being if not properly managed.
Future Research Directions
Long-term psychological effects of heavy Metaverse engagement
Strategies for harmonizing virtual and real-life experiences
Potential policy frameworks for safe virtual space usage
Conclusion
The Metaverse represents a transformative frontier in digital interaction. It offers opportunities for communication, learning, and creativity that were previously unimaginable. However, the line between virtual and real life is becoming increasingly blurred, raising concerns about social skills, mental health, and over-dependence on digital experiences. Achieving balance through education, personal discipline, and responsible policy is crucial to maximize benefits while mitigating risks. The future of human interaction will likely depend on how effectively individuals and societies integrate the Metaverse with real-world experiences.
References
1. Bell, J. (2023). Virtual Worlds and Human Interaction. Tech Journal, 12(3), 45–59.
2. Meta Platforms. (2022). Metaverse Roadmap. Meta Reports.
3. Smith, R., & Lee, A. (2021). Psychological Effects of VR. Journal of Digital Psychology, 8(2), 101–118.
4. Johnson, K. (2020). Augmented Reality in Education. Education Tech Review, 5(4), 32–50.
5. Brown, T. (2022). Social Skills in Digital Environments. Social Science Quarterly, 14(1), 15–29.
6. Roberts, P., & Nguyen, L. (2021). Addiction in Virtual Worlds. Journal of Behavioral Studies, 10(3), 88–104.
7. Miller, S. (2020). Balancing Real and Virtual Life. Digital Ethics Review, 6(2), 55–70.
Zamira Moldiyeva Bahodirovna was born on May 14, 2006, in Zomin district, Jizzakh region. From 2013 to 2024, she studied at School No. 47 named after Khayrulla Akhmedov in Zomin district. During her school years, a collection of poems written together with amateur young poets was published under the title “Qaldirg‘ochlar” (“Swallows”).
Currently, she is a second-year student at the Uzbekistan State World Languages University, Faculty of English Philology. She is the founder of the “Aleksandr Faynberg Heritage” Club and a coordinator at the clubs “Qizlarjon,” “Students Union,” and “Leader Qizlar.” She is also an active member of the sports club and a player of the “Aurora” volleyball team, as well as the winner of numerous competitions.
She actively participates in projects such as “English Quest: Freshmen Edition,” “EmpowerHer: Republican Forum of Young Women Leaders,” and “Eco Marathon.” She is an official member of the “Intellectual Youth” team. She holds the certificate “Quiz Competition on World AIDS Day with Certificate 2023” along with several other international certificates. She has participated in various conferences and is the author of several articles.
