Basic concepts and terms of translation theory and practice

Andijan State Institute of Foreign Languages

4th year student Gafurova Mahbuba

mahbubaalisherovna@gmail.com

Supervisor: Kadirova Nargiza

АННОТАЦИЯ; В данной статье рассматриваются ключевые понятия и терминология теории и практики перевода. Особое внимание уделяется определению, классификации и применению переводческих понятий и терминов в различных видах перевода. Анализируется роль базовых понятий в переводческом процессе, а также их влияние на качество и точность перевода. Статья предназначена для студентов, преподавателей и практикующих переводчиков.

Ключевые слова: перевод, теория перевода, терминология, переводческая практика, лингвистика, семантика, эквивалентность.

AONNOTATIN:This article explores the key concepts and terminology of translation theory and practice. Special attention is paid to the definition, classification, and application of translation concepts and terms in different types of translation. The article analyzes the role of basic concepts in the translation process and their impact on translation quality and accuracy. It is intended for students, teachers, and professional translators.

Keywords: translation, translation theory, terminology, translation practice, linguistics, semantics, equivalence.

One of the main tasks of translation theory and practice is to study the concepts and terms used in the translation process, determine their essence and analyze their impact on the translation process. Each translator should be able to build practical skills that are theoretical. This requires an in-depth understanding of the key concepts and terms used in translation theory. This article provides details on the most common concepts and terms in translation theory and practice, their origin, classification, and practical application. Translation refers to the equivalent transfer of language units of different degrees into another language. To do this, the translator must have good knowledge of the theoretical foundations and linguistic knowledge.

1. Definition and essence of translation Translation is the process of complete and precise translation of speech of one language in written or spoken form into another language. Translation requires not only changing words, but also preserving content, style, context. The main task of translation is to ensure equivalence between the source text and the translated text.

2. Translation theory and its basic concepts Translation theory is a science that studies the scientific foundations of translation activity, its main concepts include:

Equivalence – the degree of semantic and functional equivalence between the source language and the target language;

Adequacy – the degree of correspondence of the translation to the source text;

Interference – errors that occur as a result of the influence of one language to another;

Transformation is the correct expression of meaning through grammatical and lexical changes in the translation process.

3. Types of translation Translation is mainly divided into the following types:

Document translation; Oral interpretation, which is also divided into sequential and synchronous types;

Literary translation – translation of works of fiction;

Technical translation – translation of scientific and technical texts;

Audiovisual translation – translation of film, TV series, video content.

4. Linguistic knowledge and competence of the translator Each translator shall:

phonetic, lexical and grammatical units;

the basics of stylistics and pragmatics;

cross-cultural communication;

must be well versed in terminology. The cultural, psychological, and ethical competence of the translator is also important.

5. Linguistic aspects of translation The levels of language units – phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic – present various problems in the translation process. At each level, the interpreter employs certain strategies. For example, at the semantic level, it will be important to choose synonyms, and on a pragmatic level, it will be important to choose the option that fits the context.

6. The role of terminology Terminology is a system of terms specific to a particular field. The correct choice and use of terms in translation determines the accuracy of the text. In particular, in areas such as medicine, law, technology, the translator should work with the help of specialized dictionaries and databases.

7. Analyzing Concepts Through Practical Examples The following are some translation methods with examples:

Kalkalash: “skyscraper” – “osmono’par bino”;

Adaptatsiya: “He kicked the bucket” – “U olamdan o‘tdi”;

Synonymous substitution: “big” – “big”, “great”, “large” (depending on the context).

Conclusion

An in-depth study of key concepts and terms in translation theory and practice is an important factor in improving the quality of translation. Every translator should be familiar with these terms and be able to practice them. Translation acts not only as a bridge between languages, but also between cultures. Therefore, translation theory is in constant development and requires new approaches and research.

References:

Komissarov V.N. “Teoriya perevoda” – Moscow, 1990.

Gafurov O. “Fundamentals of translation theory” – Tashkent, 2015.

Baker M. “In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation” – Routledge, 2011.

Newmark P. “A Textbook of Translation” – Prentice Hall, 1988.

Hatim B. and Mason I. “Discourse and the Translator” – Longman, 1997.

Shokirova D. “Translation Practice: Theory and Experience” – Samarkand, 2021

Uchechukwu Onyedikam (italic) 

Christina Chin (plain) 

1

harp-lute

a run of melody 

widening 

the baby lulled 

to sleep

2

watching

two shadows

behind the stacked 

wood pile

newborn puppies 

3

the soul

entwined with

Gángan

the rhythm of pounding 

prophecies 

4

harmonic 

phrasing of a dialect

unfamiliar jargons

scripted in my 

prescription slips

5

twilight corner 

all the memories 

in the shade 

skylight glimmers

the illipe nut canopy 

First of all, we wish everyone a very happy Earth Day! Here’s a picture from regular contributing artist Jacques Fleury.

Poet and essayist Abigail George, whom we’ve published many times, shares the fundraiser her book’s press has created for her. She’s seeking contributions for office supplies and resources to be able to serve as a speaker and advocate for others who have experienced trauma or deal with mental health issues.

Also, the Educational Bookshop in Jerusalem, a store that has the mission of peaceful dialogue and education, invites readers to donate new or gently used books (all genres) that have been meaningful to them, with a note enclosed for future readers about why the books were meaningful. (The books don’t have to be about peace or social justice or the Mideast, although they can be). Please send books here. US-based Interlink Publishing has also started a GoFundMe for the store.

We’re also having a presence at the Hayward Lit Hop festival this year, and we encourage everyone to attend this free, all-ages event! Many local writers will share their work and we will also host an open mic.

Passing along a message from someone who contacted us. If you’re interested, please email Mark directly at jennybridge45@gmail.com

Hi there, As a seasoned coordinator of educational events, this is my official introduction. Mark is my name. I hope our conversations won’t be hampered by my hearing loss. For an upcoming workshop, I’m searching for an illustrator, cartoonist, or artist to work with on a project. I’ll go over the project needs in detail and pay your fees in advance if you can assist. Once I indicate what has to be depicted or drawn, you can estimate the cost.

Mark Stewart from Ohio, USA.

This month’s theme is Lost and Found.

Brian Barbeito shares a mindful reflection on walking a paved road, finding a human place in nature. Rustamova Asalay depicts a farmer in tune with the sun and the cycles of nature. Stephen Jarrell Williams contributes several different ways of looking at and interacting with a city plaza. David Woodward contemplates life and aging while observing his garden, yet to bloom. Sayani Mukherjee dreams of flowers, rivers and mortality, biological life undergirding a modern city. Grzegorz Wroblewski, in a second set of poetry translated by Peter Burzynski, probes the corporeal and how we nourish ourselves.

Maniq Chakraborty speaks to being a lost traveler on a psychological journey. David Sapp writes of ordinary people and the weight of regret for their past choices, whether justifiable or not. Mykyta Ryzhykh’s poetry portrays people trapped in memory or dreamtime. Graciela Noemi Villaverde laments our human limitations: mortality and fragmentary knowledge. Sheila Murphy addresses isolation, confusion, and the weakness of language when it comes to expressing inmost feelings.

Bokijonova Madinabonu Batirovna’s piece explores the universality of grief and how it fragments and hardens some people’s selves. Denis Emorine’s novella Broken Identities explores the weight of the past, even a past we didn’t live through, and how it affects our sense of self. Tamara Walker (T.A. Aehrens) explores the practical and psychological process of repentance and healing from cultural sins in her novel Leaves from the Vine in an interview with editor Cristina Deptula. Vo Thi Nhu Mai’s elegant, understated poems express the weight of memory and unanswered questions.

Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s poem, translated from Greek to English, and then to Bangla by Md. Sadiqur Rahman Rumen, expresses a warmer view of the past and nostalgia for the simple kindnesses of her childhood. Sterling Warner’s poetry revels in nostalgia, nature, and culture – from Silicon Valley to Oktoberfest. Mahbub Alam describes in great detail the Bangladeshi New Year celebration. Rashidova Shaxrizoda pays homage to her cultural past and the poetic heritage of Alisher Navoi. Kylian Cubilla Gomez looks at nature and culture with a whimsical and curious eye. Lilian Dipasupil Kunimasa learns from the past while planning for the future and playfully musing about the present.

Nigar Nurulla Khalilova’s poetic speaker leaves a beloved to pursue artistic dreams in a journey that resembles a camel caravan. Lalezar Orinbayeva reflects on how her youthful dreams have changed over time, but she has not lost her optimism or determination. Ismailova Hilola outlines events that inspired her to become a teacher, how she found her life’s calling.

Eshboyev Oybek Davlat Oglu also speaks to education, highlighting potential roles for e-learning. Shahina Olimova researches the use of role-playing games in English language learning.

Chimezie Ihekuna shares his life’s purpose, asserting his artistic independence and desire to make the world a better place through writing and music. Biljana Letic of the Balkan Beats radio program interviews Maja Milojkovic about the spiritual, intercultural, and humane inspirations behind her writing. Shamsiya Khudoynazarova Turumovna’s poetry celebrates the beauty, grace, and discipline that goes into crafting haiku. Vernon Frazer positions words and shapes and fonts onto three pages with a loose theme of music. Rizal Tanjung explores the nuances and ambiguities within Anna Keiko’s abstract paintings. Jim Meirose’s piece mutates language into a mix of fonts and verbs and sounds, giving the sense of flying a plane.

Jacques Fleury also experiments with language as he reflects on learning to “go with the flow” of life, even when life’s “flow” is uneven, in a piece crafted during meditation. Gabriela Marin’s gentle poems evoke dreams, intimacy, and the imagination. Duane Vorhees’ pieces speak to attraction and intimacy, longing for human and poetic muses. Sam Hendrian explores moments of human connection and faux-connection.

Eva Petropoulou Lianou urges human solidarity and friendship: she wishes for women to stand together and befriend each other. Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s essay reminds us that society’s leaders should represent ethical values beyond money and power. Rahmat A. Muhammad expresses her hopes for international and domestic peace within her country. Ahmed Farooq Baidoon urges the world to become worthy of its children. Isabel Gomes de Diego’s photos celebrate new and burgeoning life in various forms. Isaac Aju’s short story challenges the Nigerian social taboo about middle-aged women remaining unmarried, celebrating a broader scope of people and lifestyles.

Even as we find some new joys and new lives, we sadly lose others. Ahmed Miqdad laments the destruction of Gaza and its ravages on both land and souls. Emran Emon decries the killing in Gaza and the U.N.’s lack of action. Daniel De Culla lampoons those who lead humanity while willfully ignoring climate change.

Sandro Piedrahita’s tale of conquest, tragedy, and some tiny justice finally served dramatizes the Spanish colonization of the Incas. Z.I. Mahmud explores dystopian elements within Margaret Atwood’s feminist classic The Handmaid’s Tale.

On a more personal level, Anna Keiko’s youthful-sounding poetry expresses tender lovesickness and fear of losing her beloved. Taylor Dibbert’s weary poetic speaker gives up on the dating world. Bill Tope’s short story presents a tragic interpersonal situation with tenderness, causing readers to think about the role of the justice system.

Christopher Bernard’s piece illustrates how humans can defend ourselves against all sorts of danger with calm, mindful preparedness. We hope that this issue will not only charm and entertain, but inspire and strengthen you to face the days ahead.

I WEAR YOUR NET

Empires live by iron and corn

and die in marble and famine.

You brought the starvation and war

that harbingered this, my ruin.

I cannot take my rightful throne;

you hold robe and crown and scepter.

All of my ghosts are made of stone.

I’m the quarry, you’re the sculptor.

When someone asks me why I wear

your net? I thought it my ladder.

I aspire into stratosphere

but you keep me in your cellar.

My voice and my vision are lost

among your parrots and mirrors.

You use your dust and mist and rust

to confuse merit with error.

SOME HORIZON

A poet sits next to G. B. Shaw, unopened.

Poet has no mind to drive his pen.

A momentary rickshaw draws from the mist

but is swallowed back in fog with a stumble and list.

Flirtatious Alpha Centauri beckons to the telescopes

but poet’s flaccid astronomer fails to focus.

All the usual muses are asleep,

the whiskey and the mistresses, strangers in the street;

neither the etchings on the walls nor the scrimshaw on the shelf

volunteer to help.

Empty poet begs along the Word,

laments poetry’s place as kickshaw at the smorgasbord.

And then — poet imagines

Humanity in its dungeon —

unbathed – hungry as a blight —

encaged in rags — in a hint of sunlight —

a detested defiled diseased

tenement for generations of fleas —

the cell’s metal, complicit embrace of laxity —

a skeletal thread against a mildew tapestry —

cornucopia of hopeless hope

that even a poor pen surpasses the sturdy rope,

that any desperate continuing

improves on the endless end,

–that hacksaws and pardons

may exist on some horizon,

dandelion the shackles,

and be lion to jackals.

ERGONOMICS

Sitting aside the curb a=nursing coffee and croissants, I can’t help but marvel at couples passing by. Nearly every boy is just-high enough that her head lies snugly in the fit between his face and shoulder. And this inexorably leads me to reminisce about baseballs, how they used to lodge so comfortably in my fingers’ arc, precisely like the exact hyperbole of your remembered breast.

FRENCH KISS, 1789

A girl like a powdered queen.

Man massive and lean.

A love like a guillotine.

As mundane, as keen.

BLACKENING FACTORY

Magpies harangue

jewelled peacocks

to picket the sky.

The river smiles

below

the pier.

The machinery of sex

processes

our progeny.

Silent silver moonface

ticks

toward overtime.

Dusk goes dark goes dawn goes day goes dusk.

The highway

prays toward

E N dl es ss s::

perspective. Every exit

becomes

just

another

road

the night - the eyes - the sea

in the night
the eyes see
the sea of stars

in the night 
the waves water
your pure soul

in the night 
the tears fall 
from high in the sky
in the ocean of feelings
turned into silver mysteries
___________________________________________

clarity

when I arrived
I didn't see you...
you were hiding yourself beyond an eon

when I came back
I saw you in my dream...
you were hiding yourself beyond a moment

when I left
I felt like you've been here...
since the dawn of time
_________________________________________

dreaming 

I see in my dream
I fall asleep on a cloud
I see in my dream
I fly to a star
I see in my dream
I breathe like the moon
I see in my dream
I live like the sun
I see in my dream
I get dizzy in the ether
up there, very high
I see in my dream
you haven't gone away
I know in my dream
you are still here
as in any dream of mine
________________________________________

conditional

if only I could
I would lift you up to heaven
if only I could
I would walk you in the ether
if only I could
I'd keep you away from nostalgia
if only I could
I'd put you to sleep on a cloud
if only I could
I would baptize you on a star
if only I could
I would clone your love
if only I could
I would give you a galaxy
if only I could
I would dedicate an astro-poem to you
_____________________________________________

mirror

pure frozen water
silver surface
water-lilies floating on water
reality reincarnated
close distance
imagined reflection
concealed knowledge
spiral depth
faded concentration
radiant symmetry
inverted imagination
apparition - invention?
___________________________________________

Before It’s Too Late

Time, an hourglass that inexorably empties,

leaving behind the dust of lost years.

Its grains, irretrievable moments,

slip through our fingers like fine sand.

The heart, a scratched record repeating the same melancholic song,

a melody of regrets and missed opportunities.

Its needle, stuck in the past, prevents a new song from playing.

Hope, a small plant in a cracked pot,

struggling to survive in arid soil.

Its roots, weak and thirsty,

desperately search for a little water in the dry earth.

Life, an incomplete puzzle,

with missing pieces we’ll never find.

Its scattered fragments, disjointed memories,

prevent us from seeing the whole picture.

Silence, a heavy marble slab that weighs on the chest,

preventing emotions from flowing freely.

Its relentless cold envelops us in a profound loneliness…

GRACIELA NOEMI VILLAVERDE is a writer and poet from Concepción del Uruguay (Entre Rios) Argentina, based in Buenos Aires She graduated in letters and is the author of seven books of poetry, awarded several times worldwide. She works as the World Manager of Educational and Social Projects of the Hispanic World Union of Writers and is the UHE World Honorary President of the same institution Activa de la Sade, Argentine Society of Writers. She is the Commissioner of Honor in the executive cabinet IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RELATIONS DIVISION, of the UNACCC SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA CHAPTER.

An Expected End

He’s uninstalled 

The Tinder app

From his phone,

His journey

On a road to nowhere

Has come to 

Its expected end.

Taylor Dibbert is a poet in Washington, DC. He’s author of, most recently, “Takoma.”