Musing


There goes my path
Of unflinching state
Devotees of choir sang
An unsung ballad 
Trees whispering a 
Mountain of trees
Cobalt blue of musing
Masterpiece
I jumped an untrodden museum
Kite runners held their guns
Glory’s unmet desires
Full of nonchalant melody
It is the season of
Unspoken understanding
Vanilla blue topaz in my hand
My path rained a thousand
Prophet song
Devotees of choir of
Newly built musing. 

THE CHARACTER OF JALOLIDDIN MANGUBERDI IN HISTORICAL SOURCES

Karimova G.Q
Urganch State University

Abstract: The image and personality of Sultan Jalaluddin Manguberdi is described in the article.
Key words: Khorezmshahs, Mankburnis, Juvainis of Atama, Shihobiddin An-Nasawi, Mongols, Kudrat Mashiripov, Maksud Sheikhzade.

A brave fighter who sacrificed his life for the freedom of the country, a true patriot, a national hero, a great man who left an indelible mark in the history of world nations, a skilled commander, the last ruler of the Khorezmshah dynasty, Sultan Jalaluddin Manguberdi (1198-1231) is the eldest son of Muhammad Khorezmshah. He lives 33 years and spends 11 years of his life in battle. Full name: Jalaluddin ibn Alauddin Muhammad. Jalaluddin was named Mankburni because he had a hole (mank) on his nose. Later, this name changed in pronunciation and became known as “Manguberdi”.

Many scholars wrote works about Sultan Jalaluddin Manguberdi. Aluuddin Otamalik Juvaini says about Sultan Jalaluddin in his work “Tarihi Jahon Kuso”:

“Among the sons of Sultan Muhammad, Sultan Jalaluddin was the oldest, the crown of the kingdom, courageous, learned, and the light of the lamp of theology. Despite the fact that other brothers were given worldly blessings, Sultan Jalaluddin never left his father’s side and helped him in state affairs. When his father did right and wrong things, he told them to his face.

Jalaluddin Manguberdi’s munshi, contemporary and close friend, Shihobbiddin An-Nasawi, wrote down a lot of information about the Sultan in his work “Siirat al-Sultan Jalal-ad-Din”. He states that he fought for the freedom of the country and the people, fought against the Mongols for 11 years, fought against the Mongols 14 times and won 13 battles.

Kudrat Masharipov mentions that Jalaluddin Khorezmshah was the bearer of the freedom struggle, he was successful in the continuous struggles, he showed himself as a famous general and a great statesman, and in a short time he restored the state of the Khorezmshah empire in the south-west of Iran, Khorasan, Azerbaijan, and Iraq.

In fact, even to this day, our grandfather is Mangubarhayat. Maqsud Sheikhzade expresses the image of Sultan Khorezmshah in the drama “Jalaluddin Manguberdi” with the following words:
… He who has a place in mortality – lives forever, I’m Manguberdi, I know.

From the sky, from the water, or from the ground, Maybe from the desert, from the foot of the mountain, I’ll show up here one day
The devil of the country is in an un-buryable desert-cave.
Death does not blind to noble intentions, Whoever chases the enemy from his country, it is me…

In conclusion, the memory of our ancestors who sacrificed their lives for the freedom and peace of the country will always be alive. Their bravery, bravery and bravery in the way of the fate of the homeland is an example. It is difficult to express the great courage of our great grandfather in one word. Sultan Jalaluddin fought valiantly against the enemy while protecting his country. He heroically imprinted his image and his boundless love for the motherland in the history.

Reference list:

1. Juvaini of Otama. The history of the world. Translation by Nazarbek Rakhim. T: MUMTOZ SOZ, 2015. – 275 p.
2. Q. Masharipov. Jalaluddin Manguberdi’s role in world political and military history. Tashkent: Yoshlar media print, 2021. – 256 p.
   Internet networks:
3. Ziya.uz

Oh flower,
are you scared
from a temporary wind?
did you hide among the leaves?
didn't it fall down you
old walls?
Have you shed your leaves?
Did you keep your dreams alive?
Why are you still bowing your head?

The air smells like rain
Oh, flower
be afraid of mud!
from mud!

South Korean alphabet

The origin of the South Korean alphabet is phonetic syllabic writing. It was created in 1444 during the reign of King Se-Jong (1419-50) by Korean scholars Chon Nin Ji, Sin Suk Chu, Son Sam Mum. Until the first half of the 15th century, the Korean language used Chinese hieroglyphic writing. However, since Chinese was the literary language of Koreans during this period, the new national alphabet did not spread widely. By the end of the 19th century, hieroglyphic writing began to be used again in the Korean language. This writing alphabet represents 24 phonemes. Other phonemes are formed by adding letters. Current Korean writing has 40 graphemes, of which 24 are simple and 16 are complex. But the order of these graphemes is different in the DPRK and the Republic of Korea. Previously, texts were written from top to bottom and from right to left. Now more left-to-right writing is drawing components are written separately from top to bottom.

Like traditional Chinese and Japanese scripts, as well as many other East Asian texts, Korean texts were traditionally written from top to bottom, right to left, sometimes for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now usually written from left to right, unlike Japanese and Chinese, where spaces act as separators between words. Hangul is the official writing system throughout North and South Korea. It is a cooperative official writing system of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province, China. Hangul has also seen limited use in the Cia-Cia language.

Work on fallacy and shortcomings in reading comprehension
                                                                                             
        Qosimjonova Zulayxo Baxrombek qizi 
        Uzbekistan State World   Languages   
        University  sophomore  year student.

Annotation: This study aims to investigate reading comprehension problems faced by students, school children or language learners. 

The study also examines student learning.
Keywords: READING, PROBLEMS, EFL, L1, EASY TEACHING METHODS, COMPREHENSION DEFICIENCIES.

Reading plays a crucial role in our life. It is an important part of everyday life without which life cannot be imagined this . Four language skills are used to learn English.Reading is the most important thing students should know.It helps students to familiarize themselves with their majors and subjects help to improve language skills.Reading is an interactive process in which the writer and the reader communicate through the text.

Reading is important because it is one of the most used language skills in everyday life.Internet usage. Students search for information on the Internet, and most of it is published in English. “As a skill It is clear that reading is one of the most important, in fact, in many cases around the world we read the most important foreign skill, especially when students have to study the material in English on their own. Many researchers have noticed that students' reading is very weak, especially in English texts. As a result, they still have reading comprehension difficulties. They also rely on word-for-word translation when reading English.

 According to Al Ma'ani, there are two main reasons why students' comprehension is low. 

When teaching reading, most EFL teachers assess students' word comprehension. Rather than teaching to understand sentences. Second, students' lack of study. That is, the reason is that they rarely read books in their normal life.

Comprehension strategies are also a major cause of students' poor comprehension skills. Taking into account the difficulties of studying a foreign language, especially cognitive, cultural and linguistic aspects, all EFL reading has been proven to be more difficult and complex than L1. To help students need help improving reading comprehension and solving reading comprehension problems.

Difficulties in reading comprehension. 
A reading disorder is a learning disorder that involves a significant impairment in reading accuracy, speed, or comprehension to the extent that the impairment interferes with academic achievement or activities of daily living. People with learning disabilities perform well on reading tasks below what would be expected based on their general intelligence, educational capabilities, and physical health. A reading disorder is most often called dyslexia. Reading comprehension problems are lifelong problems that can seriously damage anyone's learning.

Common problems in people with learning disabilities include
-Slow reading speed. 
-Poor comprehension of material when reading aloud or aloud.
-Skipping words while reading. Confused words or letters while reading.They suffer from difficulty decoding syllables or single words and associating them with certain sounds.
-Difficulty in pronouncing or recognizing words is one of the biggest problems students face.
-Another manifestation of reading comprehension problems is difficulty reading aloud. Usually, people with these problems have difficulty understanding while studying and their interest in the task is reduced.

Problems with reading comprehension: Its basis should be the ability to understand what you are reading. Many learners avoid reading and writing due to lack of interest in reading. Difficulty understanding what you read is one of the main symptoms of the problem.
Most of these cases actually stem from a lack of self-confidence in the people who have the problem. Students with these problems find it difficult to read and write and become nervous.
It takes a lot of time to solve the main tasks. Especially, another sign of reading comprehension problems is an inability to perform basic tasks.

A problem that many EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners may face is not understanding the words in the text. 

Getting rid of reading comprehension problems. Although reading comprehension problems can be difficult to deal with, there are good strategies to help make them livable. In fact, working with professionals can often eliminate these problems almost entirely or turn them into minor problems.

This information can be used as a guide to the direction and style in which students interact with texts to improve their reading comprehension.There are several ways to overcome reading comprehension problems. For example, you can use the following methods as a solution to these problems.

Reconstruct meaning is repeat it and ask questions until you understand its meaning. Think about characters and events when reading fiction.They tend to summarize informational texts. Accepting learning as a productive process.Reading comprehension skills are important for students to become effective readers.
  
      References:
   1. CRE101 - College Critical Reading
           2. Tompkins, G. E. (2011). Literacy in the Early Grades: A Successful Start for Prek-4 Readers, (3rd ed.), Boston:  
Pearson.
       3. Cain, K. & Oakhill, J. (2011). Matthew Effects in Young Readers: Reading Comprehension and Reading Experience  aid Vocabulary Development.
       4. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 44(5): 431-443.
       5. Goodman, K. (1973). Analysis of reading miscues. In Smith, F. Psychologist andReading. New  
 
York: Rinhast and Winson. 
       6. Hartney, R. (2011). Investigating reading difficulties in English second language of Grade 3  learners in one primary school.
       7. Khomas education region of Namibia. (Unpublished  
 
master thesis). The University Of Namibia. 
       8. Hoover, W. & Gough, P.B. (1990). The simple view of reading. Reading and Writing, 2, 127- 
160.

Annotation: Since the emergence of online learning, there has been a discussion on whether online classes are better than traditional classes. At the moment many competing schools of thought are coming up with valid arguments for and against both. Both traditional and online learning comes with advantages and disadvantages. This article discusses the real potential of online vs traditional classes while analyzing both in more detail.

Key words: physical movement, traditional education, online classes, save time, efficiency.

In the fast-paced world we live in, learning has become the main goal. Because by acquiring knowledge, a person’s worldview and knowledge potential expand, and they become useful and necessary personnel in the future. Opportunities in the education system created on a global scale are beneficial for all students, and they have been presenting their effective achievements in various directions as a positive response to the changes in the education system and the technological enrichment of the system. In addition, today, traditional and remote methods of teaching are applied to students and are being used in practice. 

There are many conveniences and advantages to traditional education, as we all know. One of the main achievements of the traditional education system is that it ensures the quality of knowledge. For example, in traditional education, it is easier to acquire skills to understand the reading system, because the topic taught by the teacher is quickly remembered by the student when he receives it face-to-face. In this situation, the teacher’s tone of voice, strength of voice, duration of physical movement, and eye contact (in English, “eye contact”) reach our brain as a strong signal and, together with the above, are imprinted in our memory. 

In traditional education, students can easily exchange ideas with each other and learn to express their thoughts fully and fluently in front of many people. They have the opportunity to work with them in groups, create various projects, and gain new knowledge in the process of communicating with others. Despite the achievements and efficiency mentioned above, this teaching method also has shortcomings. For example, in traditional education, admission is effective, but this method creates a “memory school” in our country. 

That is, the student tries to remember more of the knowledge given by the teacher; it is far from independent educational activities. In this education, unlike the distance system, financing also plays a role, and it requires additional funds and time in addition to the tuition fee. The education system is not lagging behind in the age of technology. 

There are many advantages to distance education, which has been introduced into the education system of Uzbekistan in the last 3 years and is familiar to all of us. In particular, it saves our time; that is, it does not require special time to go to the educational institution. In addition, we can choose the time of education through the online study method and not only study but also work. 

Distance education also has economic advantages. Online classes are slightly cheaper than offline classes. Many enterprises in the world reduce their expenses and increase their income several times through this method. With this method of education, you will be able to study in the area of your choice. That is, you can study at foreign universities or schools while living in Uzbekistan. 

The advantage of distance education is that it directs the student toward independent learning—not memorization but learning through thinking. COVID-19, which took over the whole world at one time, also affected the education system of Uzbekistan. During the pandemic, schools and universities switched to online education. As you know, this was news for everyone and brought with it a number of difficulties. In many remote areas, there are problems such as low internet speed, paying an additional price for its use, not having enough of the necessary equipment and students not knowing how to use it, not being able to attend classes on time, and being distracted during the class. We have also witnessed cases where the effectiveness of knowledge drops due to the teacher’s inability to establish a good relationship with the student. 

Many students are distrustful of the distance education method; they cannot fully receive the information given by the teacher due to poor internet connections, and this causes unacceptability. The most important thing is to get a quality and effective education. There are several reforms that are being made to increase this efficiency. 

Including the following comments of our respected president Shavkat Mirziyoyev about education, they are proof of our words: ”Education is our future, a matter of life and death.” Therefore, we have no right to delay reforms in this field. “No matter how complicated it is, we need to lay the foundations of school education firmly today.” To sum up, what kind of knowledge to get depends on us, our desire, and our diligence, be it traditional or remote. 

For some, traditional education is preferable; for others, distance education Students can choose the type of education they want based on their skills. Regardless of the educational method, the most important thing is to become a strong and useful staff and create more reforms in the education system that will be beneficial and effective for the future generation.

 LIST OF REFERENCES:
1.https://fayllar.org
2.https://www.samdu.uz

              Oydinova Malika Najmiddin qizi
                                                                                                          Uzbekistan State World Languages University
                                                                                                          of English faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature

My tongue that entered my ear as lullaby,
My valiant tongue in the bosom of the ages,
I will write you every moment,
My blood, my language, oh, my motherland.

Come strolling, meaning my language,
Always sing like a nightingale my tongue,
He has the spirit of Navoi, he has Babur,
Let every dialect be beautiful, my language.

Every word has a hundred meanings in my mother tongue,
Every flame is a fire in every heart,
Everything ripples in this language,
Endless treasure, legend in my tongue.

This is my language, which the whole world respects.
This is my language, inherited from my ancestors.




Abdunazarova Khushroy was born on December 21, 2008. She is 15 years old. Currently, she is a pupil of 8th grade of the 15th DIUM of Mingbulak district, Namangan region. She is interested in English and Mathematics. She wants to become a interpreter in the future. And also she is a member of the international organization "All India Council for Technical skill development".