MURDERER OF FATHER                                                                                       

                    or the state of uneducated teenagers

              (a lesson from an enjoyable life in Turkistan)

                                                                                       Makhmudkhoja Bekhbudi

Translated by Nafisa Abralova                                               

                            Three act, four scenes. Initial Uzbek nation tragedy

Characters (dramatic personae):

A Rich Man – 50 years old

Tashmurad – the Rich Man’s son, 15-17 years old

An Imam – instructor at a Muslim school or religious figure with new perspective

An elite person – (with clothes of Europe), studied in the Russian language

Khairullo – clerk and guard of the Rich – 18-20 years old

Tangriqul – killer of the Rich

Davlat and Nor – (virgin children) – need approximately four sum to their pockets

Liza – Russian woman, in role of foul

Artun – Armenian man who owns the drunk-house

Pristuf – including two policemen, two guards, three neighbors of the Rich Man

Boybuchcha – wife of the Rich Man – 35-40 years old

Necessary things:

A serving tray of sweets, bread, table-cloth.

A tea-pot, a tea-bowl, kalian.

A carpet, a quilt, a pillow to the hotel.

A bed.

A stick.

Ten bottles of water and kvass.

Five-six glasses.

A trunk.

A purse with something like money.

A big knife.

A pistol.

A iron tool to open the trunk.

The perfect clothes of policemen, two guards the sticks.

                                Act 1. Scene 1.

                       A hotel. The Rich is sitting with Khairullo.

Imam (enters): Assalomu alaykum.

Rich: Va alaykum assalom. Welcome to there. (He stands up and shows place to the Imam and sits again)

Imam: May Allah increase your wealth even more. (He prays)

Rich: May your prays be accepted, In sha Allah.

Imam: Of course, night of Jumma is right time to the preys be accepted.

Rich: Thank you, Imam.

Imam: You are welcome.

Rich: Khairullo! Bring tea and the serving tray!

Khairullo: It will be fine. (He brings tea and the serving tray with sweets, he pours tea and they drink)

                 Tashmurad enters rudely without greeting.

Tashmurad: Dad, I am going to the cinema, give me money!

Rich: Who are you going with?

Tashmurad: With my friend named Tursun.

Rich: Ok, come early and don’t go to a bad place. (He gives money from his pocket)

Tashmurad: Ok, ok, you talk too much.

          Imam looks at the Rich and Tashmurad and he lowers his head.

Rich: What’s up, Imam?

Imam: Well, your son has become a big boy, may God give him long life. Does he study in the new method school or in the old one?

Rich: Not both.

Imam: Do you homeschool him?

Rich: No, no, I do not think about teaching him!

Imam: I wonder why you do not teach him? Indeed, our study is both a condition and a debt, knowledge is the honor of the world and the hereafter.

Rich: In my mind, the honor of the world is wealth. As for the hereafter, there will be a destiny written by Allah. For example, we see that people respect the rich more than the learned. There are also more banks, and if someone wants to get a loan from the bank, they take the rich people like us as guarantors. Banks do not give money to people who do not have a guarantor, that is why everyone respects us a lot.

Imam: These words of yours are acceptable in the present time, but the values and respect of the guarantors and the rich are temporary, until the people come to their senses. Because they only respect you when they come with work. And the whole nation really respects scientists and intellectuals.

Rich: No, they really respect us too. Even Russians and Armenians respect us.

Imam: Okay, let’s put respect aside. If you teach your son, he will help you with your calculations, he will learn well about prayer and Islam, and it will also be a reward for you.

Rich: It is not difficult to be a clerk. I give Khairullo seven sums every month, he works as a secretary during the day, does hotel work at night, and even reads books until I fall asleep.

Imam: It is good, but you must educate your son in Sharia and religion.

Rich: It is good, but you must educate your son in Sharia and religion. My wealth alone is enough for him.

Imam: What do you say about the conditions of Islam, Namaz..?

Rich: I know the prayers for Namaz five times, I will teach him myself.

Imam: Then what about writing and literacy? However, an illiterate person is useless.

Rich: Your opinion is strange, because I am also illiterate, but I am one of the richest people in our city and I know everything.

Imam: You were practically rich in the past, but that is no longer possible. Even for daily living, knowledge is needed. As you know, for twenty to thirty years our trade has passed into the hands of Armenians and Jews and other foreigners. The reason for this is that we are not educated. In addition, we see uneducated children who ruin their father’s property and end up being humiliated-he becomes a bully. Therefore, I suggest you educate your son in school.

Rich: Hey Imam, are you criticizing me? Son is mine, wealth is mine, what is yours? One of those who read is you, but you don’t even have bread to eat. Again you advise me. Khairullo, lock the hotel, I want to sleep.

Imam (looks people): We also need money to study and become mullahs. And such is the case of our wealthy people. So with this departure, the world and the hereafter will be disgraced. Reading was the same assumption to everyone: men and women. Eh Rich, I made advice to you and fulfilled the duty on my neck. We will see your son’s condition when he is an older child, and you will still regret that you did not teach him.

Rich: Hey Imam, I don’t need an Admonisher. (depending on the people). This man distracted me from my work, from my sleep. Khairullo, lock the hotel.

Imam goes out in a row. Rich man sits nervously.

An elite person: Assalamu alaikum.

Rich: Vaalaikum assalam. Khairullo, bring a chair. This person cannot sit on the ground.

Khairullo brought the chair. The elite person sat down and smoked.

The elite person: Mr Rich, you don’t seem to be in a good mood, may I know why?

Rich:  An Imam came, “Why aren’t you teaching your son?” said. I barely escaped chasing him. We almost got into a fight.

The elite person: Yeah, yeah, it was a very interesting event. (Looking at people) There is also a mullah in this city who commands the rich. Alhamdullilah. I need to find that Imam. Ziyoli. Ah-ha, interesting and intriguing event indeed (referring to people), there is a well-known and respected mullah in this city who guides the people. Thank God, I found the true path and now I must visit the southern holy shrines. Boy, sir, may your words never fail, I also wanted to speak a few words to you for a long time. But now is not the right time, so please give me a few minutes of your attention so that I can talk about beneficial knowledge.

Rich (looking at him): Now I understand, you also consider me as someone who teaches children (referring to people). Today I am sitting on my left side thinking about unexpected matters, let’s put aside these thoughts and go towards our destination. Goodbye! Bring my pipe! (Both remain silent, the pipe arrives. Boy lights it up).

Rich: Goodbye!

Khairullo: Excuse me!

Rich: Take care of my place, I need to sleep (yawns), there will be a lot of work tomorrow and I need rest (yawns again).

Khairullo: Alright then.

Elite person (seriously): Rich, sir! I told you that I wanted to talk about necessary knowledge for the nation but it seems like you are not interested in listening to my words. For the second time, please listen to me for a few minutes so that I can talk about beneficial knowledge for you and the nation.

Rich: Do you want to force and burden me with your words? And why did you come here? To punish me?

Elite person: No, I came here for another reason but got distracted by the discussion of knowledge. So let me change the subject and explain about knowledge properly to you. Maybe young boys like you should be taught religious subjects.

Rich (looking at the people): Well, it seems like there are not enough mullah stories. Okay, my dear friend, do not be disappointed, finish your talk tomorrow. I am sleepy now (yawns), go and teach the children.

Elite person: This is a new and different era. In this era, without knowledge and skills, the people’s dignity, land, and property will gradually disappear. Even morality and culture will deteriorate, and even religion will become weak. That is why it is necessary for us to teach Muslims, especially in this era there are two types of scholars: one is religious scholars; the other is contemporary scholars. Religious scholars include imams, preachers, teachers, religious judges, muftis who manage the religious and moral affairs of the common people. These students should first study scientific and religious subjects in Turkistan and Bukhara, then go to Mecca, Medina, Egypt and Istanbul to complete their religious studies or become competent clerics (Boy listens attentively). Do you understand boy?

Rich (raising his head): Yes, yes, tell me more.

Elite person: To become a contemporary scholar, children should first learn Islamic reading and writing as well as their native language after studying at madrasas (religious schools) or schools under the government’s system. After completing their education at gymnasiums (high schools) and city schools they should be sent to universities in St. Petersburg or Moscow to study medicine, agriculture engineering , law , fine arts , economics , philosophy , teaching profession , etc . They should actively participate in Russian society and state affairs and reach high positions in the government . If they contribute to the welfare of our nation according to our current needs as well as serve Islam by becoming partners of the Russian state even if they become partners of the Russian state , send Muslim children who have studied this way to educational institutions in Farangistan (Europe), America or Istanbul for further education . Our beloved prophet said: If knowledge is found even in China, seek it out, isn’t that right? (Boy falls asleep) These things are not possible without money but with the support of great people like you, wealthy Muslims from the Caucasus, Orenburg and Kazan spend a lot of money on educational programs and teach disabled children. Of course, you probably didn’t understand what I said, southern boy. Boy, ah!

Rich (smiling, raising his head proudly): Yes, yes…

Elite person: Oh, let me tell you something about the bad habit of our Turkistan people. If someone learns Russian and gets a job in government service wearing an official uniform, they make fun of him. If he becomes a spy or a black market worker and wears old clothes of Europeans or the clothes of gamblers, nobody says anything. They think that this is normal and ignorance of the world. Isn’t that right, boy?

Rich  (lying on his side): Xur, xur, xurra, xurra, xurra…

Elite person: Oh my god! May God’s mercy be upon the Islamic ummah, especially us Turkistanis! (Leaves with tears in his eyes).

Curtain falls.

SECOND SCENE

Scene in a tavern: a boy and three men are lying dead.

TANGRIQUL: I don’t understand why I don’t feel drunk even though I drank so much. I’ve been drinking for days and my ears haven’t turned red. Fill it up with more wine! (Fills their cups).

ALL: Cheers to Toshmurod the boy! Cheers! Cheers! (They drink).

DAVLAT: Let’s go. I drank Manuv’s wine and now Liza came to my mind. Oh Liza!

ALL: Oh Liza, where are you?

NOR: The cruel fate has separated me from my beloved; if only she could come back.

DAVLAT: This is all nonsense. Let’s call the fortune teller and try to bring our father back from the grave.

NOR: Give me your hand, you nomad, if you want to find something (grabs his hand). Done.

DAVLAT: Hey Tangriqul who believes everything you say. You’re lying to everyone. Go and drink. It’s your turn, it’s my turn. Talk and lie down. Or don’t you want to make these people feel bad? We all have a five tenge coin in our pockets. Go on! Open the door and lie down.

TANGRIQUL: Let’s go. We don’t hide anything from you. If I tell the truth, I drank Manu’s wine and my ear turned red, you said it was Liza, now even if I become like this myself, my mind is on Liza and if you don’t bring Liza, you won’t be able to talk to me. But since you brought it up, Davlat, do it!

DAVLAT: Don’t worry about it, if Liza is here, you will see her soon, won’t you? I’ll take your head.

NOR: Boy! Do you have water for washing?

TOSHMUROD: Yes, sir. Let me bring some water for washing.

TANGRIQUL: You talk so much and waste time with meaningless words. If only you were as fast as your words. Hurry up and wash me (Davlat starts shouting loudly). Next!

ARTUN: What’s going on?

DAVLAT: Send someone to call Liza.

ARTUN: Why?

DAVLAT: Yes, didn’t she say that she won’t come until she gets fifteen thousand tenge? Give her fifteen thousand tenge and also pay for the taxi fare. I’ll send Nikolay over there. If there is no Liza, bring someone else, what do you care?

TANGRIQUL: Artun! Wait a minute, we’ll give you the money.

ARTUN: Really? Then give it to me now so that I know that Liza won’t come without money. Yes, give me fifteen thousand tenge and a little extra. I’ll bring back Nikolay. If there is no Liza, we’ll have fun with someone else, right?

DAVLAT: First bring her here, then I’ll give you the money.

ARTUN: Alright, I’m ready (leaves. They all start enjoying themselves and remain silent).

DAVLAT: Pour the wine! (Nor pours it for them).

TANGRIQUL: Asking for money right away made him sober up.

DAVLAT: If it’s the opposite of work, it will be like this. If you have money, bring it out. Bring out your money carriers (they all bring out their wallets, but Davlat doesn’t have enough). There is nothing here. We need to find a solution.

NOR (mockingly): Hey boy, we are poor cripples. If you tell us what you want from us, we won’t have any money left? Look at the palm of the boy’s hand (shows his hand).

DAVLAT: Don’t worry about that. Nor. I thought of something if the boy agrees.

TANGRIQUL: What is it? What?

DAVLAT: Wait, you know

TASHMUROD.  Brother Tangriqul, are you going?

TANGRIQUL:  I will go to the other world if the gods order.  It’s your yard.

DAVLAT: What do you say, Nor?

 LIGHT:  I will also go if you say you have one of many.

 STATE:  No, just two.  Don’t be suspicious of those who saw it.  Today is tomorrow.

 NOR:  Little boy!  Do you know the location of your father’s coffin?

 TASHMUROD:  In my father’s dormitory.

 DAVLAT:  How many doors does the dormitory have?

 TASHMUROD: Three.

 DAVLAT: Which door do you enter?

 TASHMUROD.  One of the doors opens from my mother’s house, I enter and open the door on the side of the yard, and then my brother Tangriqul enters.

 DAVLAT:  Blessings!  Looks like you’ve stolen before.  No!  Fill up, let’s drink!  (Fills the light and drinks. Looking at Tangrikul and Tashmurad) Are you going now?

 TANGRIQUL: Of course.  What is the matter?

 DAVLAT: (looking at the two).  Farewell, heroes?

 TANGRIQUL: Olgani (the State takes aside Tangriqul, hints and secretly gives information and commands).

 NOR: Amen, Allah… (All) Allahu akbar.  (The state gives blessings).

 The curtain is drawn

 THIRD ACT

 As usual, the rich man was sleeping on the bed, and we put the house on one side.  Tashmurad gently enters through one door, looking this way and that, opens another door and stands aside.  Tangrikul enters with a key and an iron tool in his hand, a knife on his waist, he goes to the chest and puts the key, but the chest does not open.  He looks at Tashmurad.  He gestures and asks for advice.  Tashmurad ordered to break the chest with an iron tool.  Tangriqul breaks the chest with an iron tool.  Rich wakes up with the sound of a box.  The rich man was frightened, took the club and ran to Tangriqul saying, “Oh, oh, oh, oh.”  Tashmurad grabs the club.  Tangrikul stabbed his neck in his armpit with a knife.

 RICH (falls apart): Wow, my dear (sighing, grunting. Tangrikul takes a bag of coins from the chest, hides a knife and an iron tool, the sound of several people can be heard from outside).

 PEOPLE.  What’s up, someone said dod?  (They enter a rich woman with several men, they see Tangriqul and Tashmurod).

 TANGRIQUL: Tashmurad, horse!  (Tashmurad shoots a pistol in the air and now shows the weapons to the people and runs away).

 BOYVUCHCHA:  Alas, from the hand of the oppressor!  What a day it was, wow dod!  (He claps his hands, throws himself on the rich man, tears his face and hair).  Hey, young man Tashmurad!  Bloody bird!  If only you had smallpox!  Oh dear!  Tashmurad!  Whoa, dod-ey!

 IMAM(enters): Mother, you have no choice but to be patient.  The cause of this misfortune and calamity is ignorance and ignorance, absurdity and lack of education.  Ignorance has ruined your house.  Beilm will send your son to Siberia.  The scourge of neglecting your dear child will take its life away from you.  Your child was not raised or educated by his father.  In the end, you got into trouble, bad wives led you astray, and you became a victim of ignorance.

 BOYVUCHCHA (excited): Oh, wow, baby!  Oh, my dear, oh, oh, wow!

 IMAM: Boyingiz didn’t listen to the advice and finally this bad incident appeared.  Andy, you really have no choice but to be patient, Mom.  May Allah give you patience.

 BOYVUCHCHA (perfect impatience makes the snake sigh).  Dod, oh oy!  Oh my rich!  I lost both of them, they will send my husband to the grave and my child to Siberia!  Wow, wow, wow!

 FOURTH SCENE

 (Same as the second one, tavern)

 No, Davlat kills by drinking and singing.  Tangriqul and Tashmurad sneaked in, hid the pistol and the bloody knife aside, took out the wallet and threw it on the table;  they kill.

TANGRIQUL: Bring my chili!

 Artun brings chili, checks.  Artun leaves.  Tangriqul takes  DAVLAT to one side, talks about confidential matters, and makes hints. Davlat placates the “poor” with a hint.

 TANGRIQUL (opening the wallet, drinking water, patting Tangriqul and Tashmurod on his shoulder). Excellent, excellent (Government rings, Artun enters).

ARTHUN: Do you order?

DAVLAT: Ma, take the money, hurry and bring Lizann!

 ARTHUN:  Headrest.  He comes now (they take the money, they drink. Liza enters).

 LISA: Good evening!  (everyone will see).

 DAVLAT: Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you…

 LISA: Mercy (killer).

 DAVLAT: Pour , to Lisa’s health.

 NOR (spouring, squatting).  Cheers to Lisa’s health (drinks).

 Nor sings, whistles are heard from outside, footsteps are heard.  People at the meeting will be confused and surprised.  Armed policemen, police officers, guards enter.  Lisa opens.

 The police arrest four people, search some of their belongings and everywhere, and find a bloody knife and a pistol.  He hands the pistol to the police officer. 

 Tangriqul and Tashmurad run away.  Guards catch.

 Tashmurad cries loudly and becomes restless.

 Pristup points.  They bring out a sledgehammer and hit Tangriqul and Tashmurad.  The hands of the other two are tied.

 Pristup ranks sinners and guards.

 Elite person (enters, looks at the sinners and regrets. Looking at the people).  This is the result of children without knowledge and education.  If their father had taught them, this crime and adultery would not have happened, and they would not have drunkenly, and they would not have had a bad diet.  As long as he lived, he would not stay in Siberia, slavery, and hell.  If they didn’t drink alcohol, they wouldn’t have to suffer and work forever in this world and the hereafter.  Oh, it was really ignorance that killed the rich man and made these guys suffer forever.  It is lack of education and ignorance that make us homeless, childish, and uneducated.  A nation that has progressed in the world will progress with the help of science.  Those who are captives and captives are also from ignorance.  As long as we are not disciplined and do not educate our children, bad events and misfortunes will always reign among us.  There is no other way to make these things disappear, except to study and study.  May Allah Ta’ala always be an example to others and give you patience.

 PRISTUF (in a commanding tone).  Drive, stop, march (direction).

                The curtain closes

THE LINGUISTICAL STATUS OF “HYPERBOLA” IN MODERN LINGUISTICS

ABSTRACT. 

Annotation. Cognitive science can be developed in linguistics today. The “concept”, which is the object of study of the basis of cognitive linguistics, is a framed view of “cognitive semantics” as a result of mental processes, in language to its verbalizers. The concept of “hyperbola” is among such concepts. Articles, the universal nature of hyperbola stylistic tool is highlighted, the similar and different knowledge of verbalizers of their lexical and semantic “deeper research, their lexical and deeper study in Uzbek languages” hyperbola” tools is highlighted. 

 Keywords: cognitive linguistics, concept, semantics, hyperbole, tropes, stylistics, anti-hyperbole.

 INTRODUCTION. Today, in world linguistics, as well as in the linguistics of our country, attention is being paid to the study of the use of language as a social phenomenon. The interest of scientists in the fact that language is an important means of communication between people and its unique mediating function in communication, to study a number of aspects arising from the need for communication, is growing more and more. The department of general linguistics called stylistics or “stylistics” that investigates language as a means of communication performs an important task of consistent and systematic study and clarification of its communicative-pragmatic issues and problems.

Another direction in world linguistics – cognitive linguistics – is developing and flourishing. The subject of his analysis is the role of language in the process of understanding the objective existence of language speakers or writers, as well as the role of cognitive factors in the process of the formation, development and use of language as a means of communication, the unique role of the human factor in it, conceptualization and categorization of the system of human knowledge about the objective world. is the scientific research and scientific illumination of the techniques, tools and methods of language storytelling through processes. In linguistics, the “concept”, which is the main object of the study of cognitive linguistics, as a result of mental processes, has its own special verbalizers, i.e., means of realizing them directly in the language. The concept of “hyperbola” is one such concept. 

  Hyperbole is one of the most common stylistic tools. In order to exert a strong influence on the interlocutor in the process of communication, the speaker is inextricably linked with his communicative-pragmatic purpose-goal, that is, the need to exaggerate one or another description of an object or event. With the intention of fully realizing the “cognitive/conceptual semantics of hyperbole”, using the stylistic tool of “hyperbole”, he tries to make the speech in the dialogue consistent with the situation, attractive, impressive and expressive. The universal nature of hyperbola is related to such an important factor that its linguo-cognitive basis is “the conceptual semantics of hyperbola, existing in the thinking of every sane person who speaks and writes in the language, is normalized by the received society. Therefore, it is a perceptual phenomenon expressed in the social conceptosphere, and such semantics cannot legally be manifested in any living language through a special system of specific verbal and non-verbal means” (Karaboyev J.B 2015, 74-75.

In conclusion, it can be said that in modern linguistics, a new, interdisciplinary direction – cognitive linguistics-is increasingly developing. Research specific to this direction is based on the principle of anthropocentrism, and the focus of such research is the human factor. At the same time, “concept”, which is the main category of cognitive linguistics, as a mental unit, is used to acquire world knowledge. Among various concepts or conceptual semantics, the concept of “hyperbole”, which is one of the cognitive stylistic concepts, is among the concepts that have a universal nature, and it is impossible not to exaggerate them deliberately and often according to the situation. This indicates that this conceptual semantics is a very important and necessary semantics from the communicative point of view. All synonymous, homonymous, hyponymic, hyponymic and patronymic relationships related to hyperbola are implemented within the hyperbola concept area through its components based on the laws of this system.

 REFERENCES 1. Karaboyev J.B. Linguistic status of hyperbole and phraseological units with integrated semantics//New trends in linguistics and their problems. Tashkent, 2015. p. 74-75. 2. Kunin A.V. Frazeologicheskie intensifikatory v sovremennom angliyskom yazyke./ I.Ya., 1960 3. Krysin H.P. Hyperbola in Russian conversational speech. Problemy strukturnoy lingvistiki. 1988, 9-11.

Malika Kaxarova was born on July 10,2001 in Uzbekistan, Navoi . She graduated school №2 . Malika is a fourth-year student of Kimyo International University in Tashkent. Currently, she is a student of primary Education. Holder of Yeoju Technical Institute in Tashkent “ Scholarship 2021/2022” and Kimyo International University in Tashkent “ Scholarship 2022/2023”.

Malika has written articles on the topic of education and has appeared in one of the education journals of the Russian Federation, Indonesia, and Uzbekistan. In 2022, the article on the topic “Aesthetic education of students of higher education institutions on the basis of artistic values of Uzbekistan” was published in the scientific journal “ EUROPEAN SCIENCE” on April №1(63) ISSN 2410-2865, MOSCOW.

The article on the topic “Methods of developing interest among students of higher educational institutions in the artistic culture of Uzbekistan” was published in the scientific journal “ WEB OF SCIENTIST: INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH JOURNAL” on JAN,2022 ISSN:2776, VOLUME 3, of in Republic of INDONESIA. the Republic of Indonesia

Additionally, she is learning new languages: Korean, Turkish, Russian. 

Liza is 9 years old. She lives in a big house. She has an enormous room. She has too many toys and she has a lot of friends But Liza is not happy. She has a secret. She does not want to tell anyone about her secret. She feels embarrassed. The problem is that if nobody knows about it, there is no one that can help her.

Liza doesn’t write her homework. When there is an exam-she gets sick .She doesn’t tell anyone, but the truth is she can’t read and write. Liza doesn’t recollect the letters of the alphabet.

One day Liza’s teacher finds out she sees that Liza can’t write on the board.

She calls her after class and asks her to tell the truth. Liza says, It is true. I don’t know how to read and write. The teacher listens to her. She wants to assist Liza. She tells her “That’s OK. You can read and write if we practise and try together”.

So Liza and her teacher meet every day after class. They rehearse together. Liza works hard. Now she knows how to read and write.

Time is running out, cherish the seconds… Time is something that cannot be returned, it is such a priceless blessing that every second of our life is a seal of our happy days, our happy life, our hard days, our unlucky years and our sad moments. In fact, we do not appreciate the time, we spend it on unnecessary things, useless games, most of our people cannot imagine their life without the Internet. Have you ever thought? How did people live in the past, they didn’t have a phone or the internet, they were happy, they used their time effectively, scientists and great people came out in our past They were writing about time, now it’s about the phone, the Internet, but the thing that is killing us is the phone. The saddest thing is that this time will not return. Even the world’s riches and most precious things cannot bring him back. No human has been able to turn back time. You know what ? Time is more expensive than money. For example, marketing is a developing field, and famous

THE BASIC RULES OF DIPLOMATIC ETIQUETTE
                                                                                                 Teacher, Andijan State Institute of Foreign Language 
Biloldin Mahmudov
Student, Andijan State Institute of Foreign Language 

Abstract: Diplomacy is the art of conducting communication and negotiations between nations or groups of individuals with different interests, cultural backgrounds, and objectives. Diplomatic etiquette refers to the established norms of behavior and protocol that govern the interactions between diplomats and officials from different countries. The rules of diplomatic etiquette help to prevent misunderstandings and foster goodwill among nations. In this article, we shall discuss basic rules of diplomatic etiquette which are essential to follow.

Key words: Diplomat, Protocol, Language and cultural sensitivity, Confidentiality and discretion, Respect for diplomatic immunity

1. Respect for the host country: Diplomats should always show respect for the host country's laws, customs, and traditions, and should never engage in behavior that could be construed as disrespectful. They should also be mindful of their personal appearance, dress appropriately, and adopt a courteous and respectful demeanor when interacting with local officials and citizens.

2. Protocol for official visits: When a diplomat visits another country, they should follow proper protocol with regards to their formal attire, the order of their arrival and departure, and their seating arrangement at official events. They should also adhere to the established protocol when addressing hosts and guests, and observe any cultural or religious protocols that apply in the host country.

3. Language and cultural sensitivity: Diplomats should demonstrate language and cultural sensitivity when communicating with officials and citizens of the host country. They should learn the language and customs of the host country to the extent possible, and make an effort to communicate in the local language when appropriate. They should also avoid any comments or actions that could be considered insensitive or offensive.

4. Confidentiality and discretion: Diplomats should maintain strict confidentiality and discretion about any sensitive information that they acquire in the course of their duties. They should also avoid any public display of their personal opinions or political affiliations that could be perceived as an endorsement by their home country.

5. Respect for diplomatic immunity: Diplomats enjoy diplomatic immunity, which grants them exemption from the laws of the host country. They should, however, conduct themselves impeccably in the host country and never abuse their immunity status. They should also respect the laws and regulations of the host country and avoid engaging in any illegal activities, as this could compromise their diplomatic status.

   The training of diplomats and the use of diplomatic language and protocol are specialist, but vital skills. Why? Because diplomats are representatives of their countries around the world and are the keys to successful negotiation of agreements and defusing political tensions at the highest levels. As Rosalie Rivett, author, teacher and Chief Executive of the Women in Diplomacy organization in London says, Protocol is the etiquette of diplomacy. It does so by following certain rules of behaviour. Protocol indicates an acceptable standard in diplomatic discourse, dialogue and negotiation.’

          Language and the way it is used in diplomatic documents is an essential part of protocol. As Rivett explains in the introduction, diplomacy is ‘a highly nuanced role played out in language – the diplomatic lexicon – which is carefully chosen and in a manner which enhances the standing of their countries among host nations’. Language, therefore, is crucial to diplomatic success and the word protocol itself is derived from ancient Greek protokollon meaning ‘first glue’. Diplomatic Protocol is a manual aimed at young diplomats in training and in simple language explains how protocol works. The 13 chapters, each with abullet point summary of key points at the end, examine the roles of diplomats in overseas missions. A considerable advantage of the book is that it contains many examples, some even as recent as 2017. For students of diplomatic language and culture the key chapters are those on Modern Diplomacy, Internet Diplomacy and Media Communications, and Crisis Management.   

The author makes the key point that the information age and the use of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) have increasingly robbed diplomats of a key asset in communicating information, that of time. Rivett explains: The world has become so small, thanks to instant communications and even faster forms of travel, that an event on one side of the world can spark an immediate reaction on the other, and all of it instantly recorded and shared online. There is no longer time to pause and ponder while a letter or telegram wends its way from an embassy to the home nation. 

Reaction has to be almost instantaneous, appropriate and at the very least designed not to exacerbate what might be an already volatile situation. It has to be diplomatic and governed by established protocol – the rules of diplomatic exchange and last but not least, it has to be media friendly.’ As Michael Cole, PR advisor and former BBC Royal Correspondent notes in the book, how a diplomat reacts to a crisis is key to how it will be reported and as a result how the diplomat, the mission and the country he/she represents will be perceived.

       The important thing is to take control of the crisis, talk to the relevant people, be available for interviews and answering questions, keeping it simple (avoid jargon), listen, apologise if you get things wrong (everyone makes mistakes), if you can’t answer, explain why (legal constraints, family, etc.) and above all, advises Cole, never say ‘No comment’. In an interesting and rather amusing illustration of how media can influence diplomatic etiquette, Rivett describes how the body language of the diplomatic handshake for the TV cameras can itself be a power play: ‘You may notice some people jockeying for position prior to a photograph being taken of them shaking hands; this is because they know that the person whose hand is closer to the camera and thus more visible will be perceived as dominant over the one whose hand is concealed. 

Rivett points out that diplomatic language is a formal and specific use of language. It is not the same as polite business language. Even in our modern world the very language of diplomacy is more formalised than general conversation or written exchanges. Even in protests or criticism of another state’s attitudes or actions, she explains that however harsh or critical the message, ‘it is traditionally understood that the ambassador is merely conveying the wishes, comments, even criticisms of his/her home state ... whatever language or tone is used, the aim is always to keep the channels of communication open.’

This is why it is important to maintain the protocol of third person singular or plural in Notes or Notes Verbales, as they are called in the UN, and use standard phrases, such as ‘has the honour to’, ‘avails himself/herself of the opportunity to’ and ‘expresses concern regarding’. 

Letters between Heads of State may be more personal, using ‘I’ and ‘we’, but will still be more formal in general style. The increasingly informal style of business correspondence is not the trend in diplomatic correspondence. ‘Dear Ambassador Smith or Dear Bill are not acceptable as diplomatic greetings, although you can get away with the equivalents in business correspondence where formality in some environments may be seen as a disadvantage.’

     There is greater convergence between business and diplomacy in the area of recognising and adapting to cultural sensitivities. In November 2010, British Prime Minister, David Cameron, turned up for an official visit to China wearing a red poppy to commemorate Remembrance Day which honours military personnel who died in World Wars I and II. The Chinese objected. For them the red poppy was a reminder of the opium wars of the late 19th century. The Chinese asked David Cameron to remove the poppy. Cameron’s advisers refused. Note to protocol officer, ‘Don’t send senior British politicians to China during Remembrance Week’.

On a visit to the G20 meeting in Hanzhou in China in 2016, President Obama had no red carpet laid out for him when he arrived whereas all other Heads of State did. Was this a snub by the Chinese or simply due to the fact that President Obama descended the steps of the presidential plane directly and didn’t wait for the red carpeted steps provided by the Chinese authorities? 

Rivett notes that etiquette sets the tone for all linguistic and cultural negotiations. What is said and done and what is unsaid are equally important, and the use of constructive ambiguity is an important linguistic and cultural skill in diplomatic communication. English, Rivett believes, is full of ambiguity, an average of six synonyms for every word. In Arabic, family terms are very important. English has only one word for ‘cousin’, but Arabic has eight words to denote first cousins and sixteen for second cousins, distinguishing who is being referred to and the degree of kinship.

      The last 20 years have seen major changes in how we communicate through the emergence of the Internet and social media. Does this mean that language and cultural protocol in the Diplomatic Service and international organisations like the UN are out of date? Part of the diplomat’s job, says Rivett, is to ‘evaluate and interpret information and advise the home nation on what is important and what is mere rumour and speculation’. The Internet and social media have dramatically increased the amount of information to be processed. In addition, cyberpolitik and cyber warfare has added a new dimension to political and diplomatic security and mediapolitik is the new reality.

In conclusion, diplomatic etiquette is an essential aspect of diplomatic conduct that helps to facilitate communication and cooperation between nations. Diplomats should be mindful of the established rules of etiquette and conduct themselves in a manner that respects the host country's culture, customs, and laws. By following the rules of diplomatic etiquette, diplomats can foster goodwill among nations and build tr ust and cooperation in the international community.

                                              
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The sun of my heart

As always, the sun nuzzled, dawned. In the morning, nature becomes more beautiful. My mood along with nature. When I look at the sun every morning, I remember an event in my childhood.
       I don't remember how young I was. I was around 10 years old. It was night. We went to bed. I, my sister, my brother and my mother. My sister has fallen asleep, and my twin can't sleep when he says little yes yet. He asked my mother a question. My relative is very slippery. Sometimes keeps asking me something from my mother. Sometimes I get angry and shout. My mother is not forgotten. He calmly answers my brother's questions one by one. Again he begins asking questions They think I'm asleep, but I close my eyes and listen and lie down. my brother asked:

-Mom...... Mm, 
-yes my son.
-Oh, why is the sun one? Why does he stand in heaven
-Who told you that the sun is one? There is a lot of sun. The sun is in every house. My brother looked at my mother in surprise. Honestly, I was also surprised by my mother's answer. My mother understood and explained it:
-The sun is in the hearts of every good person. The sun in their hearts encourages goodness.
-Oh it`s also in your heart. I know that, However do I have the sun in my heart too.

-Of course my little prince.
-oh? does the sun fit into my heart?
-Everything worships you in this broad heart.
My brother didn't understand this so well. But I had a very good understanding.
Every good man has the sun in his heart. Alternately all mothers. I realized that day, every house has a bright sun, and the sun in the sky is actually in our house. And my sun is my mother. The sun in heaven does not illuminate the earth at night. But my mother always shines brightly even at night. It should be said that the rays of the sun in the sky will fade one day, but my mother's rays will never fade.

   Bahromova Ifora

My name is Bahramova Ifora Sunnatillayevna. I was born on August 2, 2008 in Kuyi Chirchik district of Tashkent region. Currently, I am a 9th-grade student of school 29, Kuyi Chirchik district, Tashkent region. I am also a member of the “Parvoz” literary circle organized by Nargiza Asadova, a member of the Writers’ Union under the Lower Chirchik Hokimation. My poems and stories have been published several times in district newspapers and magazine “Gulkhan”. I am the winner of the Republican stage of the “Story of the Year” competition and several other competitions.

He was brought to the hospital in a serious condition. His internal organs were also ruptured from the strong blows. The doctors could not find out who did this until the police officers arrived. The mother, who was crying on top of the child, was punching her chest, but it was clear from her eyes that she was hiding something. The child was connected to an artificial respiration machine and was on the verge of dying. Only then did the woman begin to tell the truth.

- When they came to drink, I was in the kitchen, Akmaljon was playing in the corridor. As a young child, he asked for money for ice cream, not knowing what condition his father was in.

Unfortunately, his condition worsened. The doctors provided all the help they could, but the injuries were so severe that the doctors were helpless. They brought the mother in to say goodbye to her child. Pib slowly opened his eyes after hearing the sound of his crying mother. He removed the artificial respiration device from his mouth and began to speak.

"Dude, I didn't ask for ice cream, I asked for money for medicine. You said you had a heart attack. So...
He began to breathe heavily. But he stopped the hurrying doctors and explained with a sign that he wanted to tell them what he had to say.

- Don't cry, my father doesn't drink anymore.
- Well, let him die without drinking, instead of putting you in this situation, wouldn't it be possible to break his legs?

- Don't curse him, he won't be able to walk if his legs are broken.
The boy stared hopefully at the door. If his father came in now, he was ready to throw himself on his lap and hug him tightly. Not the cursed one, whose eyes were filled with blood and brutally beaten two hours ago, but he once carried him on his shoulders and He finally wanted to see his lover, who led him to the store and bought him cars. His father is not there, he did not come. After losing hope, he called the detective who was standing on the corner.

- Uncle, please don't arrest my father, he is a very good person. You will see that he will be a good father again as before. Because I will become an angel and always pray for him.
The experienced officer, who had seen various crimes, could not stop himself. The boy's life was cut off before he promised the boy with tears in his eyes...

However, the law takes precedence over any promises. Taking into account the fact that he has a family and other children, a lighter punishment was given. The father could not bear this sin and committed suicide several times in prison. they did not punish him for it.

I turned to the mother who told me this story with tears in her eyes:
- Your husband got out of prison, has he stopped drinking?
He sighed deeply, showing a smiling photo of his sweet 6-year-old son in his hand, his voice trembled and answered...

- Yes, he gave justice, but in order for adults to understand, is it necessary to multiply such angels? My child entered his father's dreams many times...