“What is the difference between literature and other sciences?”
Republic of Uzbekistan
Surkhandarya region
in Jarkurgan district
of secondary school No. 2
native language and literature teacher
Muhabbat Mahmudova Pardayevna
Literature is related to all fields. Literature is closely related to the fields of spirituality, sophistication, art, and history. Spirituality (Arabic for “moral state” is the image of the nation. It directs a person to perfection and purifies his soul. Our first president I.A. Karimov “Literature is anthropology and poets and writers are described as engineers of the human soul, it is not for nothing that it is not difficult to understand that literature is one of the tools that elevates spirituality. literature will live forever. Because it reflects a high spirituality. For example, the epic “Alpomish” embodies the high spirituality of the Uzbek nation. When we read it, courage, honesty, and kindness are the most important, and the feeling of love for the motherland grows in our blood. beats more violently.
The relationship between literature and art is that through its only tool, the word, it evokes a world of impressions and pleasure in the reader. Look at the two verses of A. Navoi;
You made us a victim by decorating your face with flowers,
He touched your face and made us victims.
through similes and beautiful lies, the creator has turned these stanzas into art. As an artist can create a work of art, a poet has created a work of art that is no less enjoyable.
literature goes hand in hand with history. History tells what happened, literature describes how it was.
Imagery is an important tool in literature, as in all works of art. Imagery (Russian “common image”) is the reflection of the reality of existence in creative artistic thinking. For example; A flower is a plant that brightens the eyes, but in the eyes of a poet, it turns into a beautiful flower.
The artist enjoys and is influenced by life while creating his work. The more the work is based on the logic of life, the more readers it will have. Literature takes all its materials from life; It expresses reality in an artistic way. That is, it is the opposite (perception) of literature, but exactly not himself. Because life is not based on literature, literature is based on life. A work inspired by imagination and high emotions is also built on a vital, logical basis. Because life and emotions themselves are vital concepts. The perception of reality in a person’s mind is an understood, meaningful perception.
Life is not simply reflected in literature. The reflection of life in literature is a known, understood, meaningful reflection the artist observes life and comes to general conclusions and reflects these conclusions in his work – judges reality…
“This article was written on October 3, 2023 at 16:30″…
(Dedicated to Ferghana Valley, the pearl of Central Asia)
In Ferghana, there is Chimyanyi,
In Namangan – Mashrabing,
In Andijan – You have a grandmother.
My Mother Valley.
You look like – to my mother,
Praise you to the world.
Is it possible without praise?
My Mother Valley
You are a long history
You are a country of scholars and scholars.
My inheritance from my ancestors,
I’m old-fashioned
You are my blooming valley.
May your way shine,
Toleyi hur is my place.
Good luck to the shining world,
Always stay healthy and safe!
Fergana Valley is known to many as a region rich in beautiful and unique nature, peaceful corners, diverse fauna and flora. At the same time, this place is the holy ground where the ashes of dear saints and ancestors lie, a corner where different nations and peoples gather around one table, a place where the world recognizes the hard work of the Tanti people and bows before them.
In fact, the Fergana Valley or the Fergana Valley is a valley located between the mountains in Central Asia and one of the large intermountain valleys (valleys) of Central Asia. The valley is located mainly in the territory of Uzbekistan, partly in the territory of the Republics of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is surrounded by Tien-Shan mountain ranges from the north and Hisar-Olai mountain ranges from the south. A large part of it is in the form of a triangle extending to the northern slopes of the Turkestan and Olai ridges, and is surrounded by the Kurama ridge and the Chatkal ridge from the northwest, and the Fergana ridge from the northeast. In the west (8-10 km wide) it is connected with the Tashkent – Mirzachol bog through the “Khojand Gate”.
The general structure of the Fergana Valley is elliptical (almond-shaped) and widens from west to east.
The climate is continental, the average annual temperature decreases from west to east. There are many running waters in the area. Norin, Karadaryo, Sokh, Isfara, Shohimardonsoy, Akbura, Govasoy, Chodaksoy are rivers and streams that flow from the mountains and are fed by snow and rainwater. Along with rivers, there are more than 100 lakes, the largest of which are Sarichelak, Kurbankol, Karasuvkol and others. Also, these lands are distinguished by the fact that they are very rich in underground water. That is probably why the Fergana Valley is known to everyone for its healing springs such as Shorsuv, Jalalabad, Avval. In addition, Shahimardon, Vodil, Nanay, Chortoq, Chimyon, Chodak are beautiful and peaceful settlements, which are famous not only in the republic, but also among the countries of Central Asia.
The valley is one of the regions that can be proud of its history. Archeological research has proven that the first remains of mankind in the country belong to the early Paleolithic period, and that mankind has been living in these lands since that time. The cities of Ferghana, such as Khojand, Ko’kan, Margilon, Osh, Andijan and Namangan, have long been the largest population centers, centers of science and culture, trade and crafts, as well as scholars, poets and writers. It is also well known as the Motherland of Scholars. In addition, there are more than 300 historical and archaeological monuments in the country, many of which are protected by UNESCO. It is no secret that the region has been attracting tourists.
Due to its location in a favorable geographical area, the region has all the conditions for the development of economy and agriculture. Therefore, large-scale cotton growing, silk growing, and viticulture are developed industries in the Fergana Valley. The main type of crop is cotton, and in some places rice is grown. The area also has gardens, vineyards, and farms. In this, large reservoirs such as Big Fergana, Southern Fergana, Big Andijan canals, Qairokgum, Karkidon, Andijan, which are powerful hydrotechnical facilities, play an incomparable role.
The deserts in the center of the valley are currently being developed. The desert areas serve as pastures throughout the year, and the hills in the spring months.
There is another area in the Fergana Valley, which is one of the largest areas with a 1,500-year history. This is the silk industry, which has a great reputation in the valley republic. Marg’ilan shari is world-famous as a center of silk, satin and adras. Therefore, various festivals and celebrations are organized in the city.
Economically, several large factories, enterprises and factories were built in the valley area from the beginning of the last century. The cities of Kokan, Andijan, Kirguli, Namangan, Kuvasoy, and Pop are distinguished by their slow economic growth. It has been developing and flourishing in recent years. Due to the attraction of foreign investments, the number of large joint ventures is increasing. As a result, the pictures of the development of all areas are increasing, and the living conditions are improving.
The Fergana Valley is considered one of the most densely populated areas in Central Asia, and the cities of Khojand, Kokan, Fergana, Andijan, Namangan, Osh, and Jalalabad are located in this area. The level of urbanization is also high. At the same time, the ethnic composition of the valley population is diverse. In terms of numbers: Uzbeks, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Russians, Uighurs, and Kashgars make up the majority. They have been living in this area since time immemorial and live a peaceful, prosperous and friendly life with the local population.
First of all, this is a result of fair equality and fair policy conducted in our country. Therefore, our elders always say, “Thank you for the peace and prosperity of our country and the leader who is at the head of these things!” God bless you!” – they open their hands to pray. The Fergana Valley is such an ancient and modern place that is developing in every way, blessed by God.
Makhamadov Abduhoshim is a student of Bukhara State Pedagogical Institute.
The moments that I was walking on the dusty street, my livers that I have away. My heart is pure, innocent, there are no sorrows, My beautiful face, my beautiful flowers-tulip, Where have you been, my childhood ! My playful days are closed, I miss This moment but . Enough of my bad moments, goodbye.
My beautiful flowers-tulip, Where have you gone, my childhood! We grew up, the value of those moments was known, I gave my tunes, every line, Today a different perfume spread, My beautiful face, my beautiful flower – tulip, Where did you go, my childhood!..
Mahzuna Habibova was born in Jondor district of Bukhara region.Currently, he is a 3nd-year student at the Faculty of Pedagogical Psychology of Gulistan State University. His poetry collection ” Longing Line” has been published.
When a person comes into the world, he will face a lot of love during her life. But there is a love in her heart that is eternal! This is love for the Motherland! For everyone, the place where they were born such as their home, their district, their country – everything is their Motherland!
We always compare the motherland to mothers and call it Motherland! I also consider it my duty and pride to tell the story of my hometown, to introduce it to the world! I am a girl from Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan has 12 regions located in different regions and connected to each other. I was born and grew up in Denov district of Surkhandarya region, which is located in the south of Uzbekistan. I can proudly say that Denov is one of the most famous and developed districts of Surkhandarya region!
Denov district has a very old and unique history. It was called Dehinav in ancient times. But in 1958 it was officially founded as Denov district. The population of Denov consists of representatives of various nationalities. You can meet Uzbeks, Tajiks, Turkmens, Russians and even Arabics in my city. The most gratifying thing is that these people always live there together as a family. I love these people of my city. Because among them I never feel alone. Even every street, every house and family feels like mine.
The climate and nature of my city is unique. It is a tropical region that is located between Surkhandarya and Sangardak rivers. There are fields and hills, apple, pomegranate, cherry, apricot orchards and vineyards, cotton and wheat fields. People who want to see the most beautiful example of my hometown’s nature can visit the Sangardak waterfall located between Denov and Saraasia districts. Because this waterfall captivates any person with its purity, enthusiasm and beauty. Especially in the summer months, the number of visitors increases. That is why many people think of Sangardak firstly when they talk about Denov city.
It is necessary to mention the achievements in the field of education in my town. Because there are currently more than 100 general secondary schools and specialized schools are operating . The magnificent university in the center of our city provides great comfort for youth. Also, sports school and music and art schools are always lovely for talented youth and children.
I would not be mistaken if I say that my district is currently in the period of rapid development. Because renewal, development and creativity in all regions of my district! I hope that in the next 5-10 years, Denov will become one of the most famous and most developed places not only in the Surkhandarya region, but also in the whole of Uzbekistan! Maybe one day when you visit Denov, you might say “Denov is unique Denov”!
Ochildiyeva Shahnoza Abdivohid qizi was born on July 17, 2006 in the republik of Uzbekistan, Surkhandarya region , Denov district. Presently, she studies at school number 49 in 11th grade. She is a member of international organizations such as “Asih sasami Indonesiya Global Writers”,”Juntos por las letras”,”Iqra” and so on and a head captain of Youth Union Organization!
Her poems have been published in several international newspapers and magazines. Apart from, her books which called “Yurakdagi orzularim”, “She’riyat o’ziga ayladi asir” were published. Her new book which is “Happiness” is selling in 26 countries of the world.
Uzbekistan is one of the oldest countries in world history and a country rich in many historical places and historical events. Uzbekistan consists of 12 regions and one autonomous republic and is currently one of the developing countries in every field. Now I want to tell about the most ancient and well-known places in Uzbekistan.
My hometown is Surkhandarya region where is located in southern part of the country. According to some facts, my hometown has a long-life history which is located next to Amudarya and is the southernmost part of our country. Our nation is strong, brave and courageous, and also still the same. Even there are many stories and fairy tales about it. For example, there are our historical heroes Barchinoy and Alpomish, these people are symbols of bravery, loyalty and love. In addition, there are many historical places in my motherland, for example, 2000-year-old buildings and their remains are still available.
The most important thing to say about our people is that they are very hardworking, open-minded, kind and simple-minded people compared to other regions of Uzbekistan. Our family consist of eight people, they are my grandparents, parents, three sisters and me. Elders in our country are wise, knowledgeable and experienced people. That is why, youngsters always respect and help them also ask some some advice for difficulties in their life. Every Muslim people in the world are aware of religious people in Central Asia, one of the most person Al-Hakim at-Termiziy lived in our country and his tomb is located in my hometown.
When it comes to my education. I am a third course student in higher education where located in Samarkand. I think more people around the world know about this city, because here is most famous, historical and touristic location. Thousands of tourists visit this city in a year from verity parts of the world. Especially, Samarkand is well-known for its historical places, mosques, and madrasahs such as Registon Square, Bibikhonim mosque, Guri Amir, Shkokhi Zinda and so on. Like all of this places are related to Middle Ages when Amir Temur and his generations lived. By the way, this city is a country where was the capital of Amir Temur’s country.
If I tell about higher education our country that it consists of four year for bachelor degree but for Master’s degree students study for two year. I study at Samarkand state institute of foreign languages, the faculty of English philology and translation studies. In the future I will be teacher and translator, because my major is to be translator or interpreter but my dad really wants me to be a teacher in higher education. So that I will be both of them. In our institute there are more international teachers who are from USA, UK, Japan, Korea, Chine Turkey and so on. Therefore, our local teachers also have the same knowledge and practice. For example, all of teacher in our institute teach students with efficient methods and through modern high- digital technologies.
Different holidays, competitions, conferences, camps and other meetings are held every month. After graduating this institute I am going to study for Master’s degree abroad may be in the USA, UK or Turkey. I want to tell you about my parents, they are very kind, sincere, open-hearted, easy-going and my closest people in my life. I thank them for all the love they have shown and the opportunities they have created. In our country, it is very important to respect and honor parents. Because they grow you up by giving their everything.
My dad and mum are the best people in the world. I clearly remember, I was in the 6th grade at secondary school, my father had to come from abroad, and I asked them to bring me a computer. I didn’t believe that he would bring it, but unexpectedly he gave me a new laptop of the latest model. I was very happy at that time. Because I was the only student in the class who had a personal computer. Also, they always emphasize that we should study and be good professionals. My sisters and I are always trying to make my parents’ dreams come true. I am very proud to be a child of such parents.
The son of Mulikboyev O’tkir Kochkor was born on August 11, 1990.
Currently, he is a student of the “Primary Education” department of Tashkent ISFT Institute Teacher of “Primary Education” at School 75, Koshrabot District, Samarkand Region.
His creative works are “Bakht khunirogi” Tashkent, “Buta 5” Azerbaijan, “Turan writers” Turkey, “Anthology of Kazakh and Uzbek artists” Uzbekistan, “Uzbek writers anthology” Canada, “Young Pencilers 2″ ” Published in Moldovan, republican and international collections.
His poems were translated into Turkish, Azerbaijani, English, Russian and published in more than ten countries. Hundreds of poems have appeared in the press. Awarded with the “Initiative Reformer” badge of the international level.
ORIGIN OF THE QAQAN DYNASTY
Abstract: This article provides information on the importance of historical sources and the essence of the works of Kagan historiography in covering the history of the Kagan Khanate. The opinions of various authors of the source studies of the Kagan khanate on the factual information presented in the work are presented.
Key words: Kagan khanate, source, Fargona valley, "Muntakhab al-Tawarikh", "History of Shahruhi", "Tarihi Jadidayi Tashkent", "Tarihi Fargona", A. Fedchenko, V. Khanikov.
After the independence of Uzbekistan, the study of the history of the Uzbek statehood, the study of the history of the states that existed in our country from ancient times and the Middle Ages gained important scientific and political importance. It is one of the main tasks of all historians. As for the Khanate period, the history of the Khanate period is an important period in the history of Uzbek statehood.
Kagan Khanate, as a developed region in the 18th-19th centuries, has always attracted the attention of scientists. In general, many tourists entered Fargona Valley and recorded the available information about this area in their few works.
The history of the Fargona valley of the XVIII-XIX centuries is the legacy of many researchers. Depending on the time they lived and created, the sources can be conditionally divided into several periods: 1. Works of palace historians; 2. The works of local authors that reflect the history of the khanate; 3. travelogues and memories of Russian and European tourists, soldiers, ambassadors and merchants who visited the khanate during the XVIII-XIX centuries; 4. Archive documents.
The first "Qoqon scholars" are local historians who wrote works on the history and culture of Qoqon. These works are also considered important written sources because they were created using different sources, using the language of events and participants.
The history of the Kagan Khanate is organized primarily on the basis of primary sources, that is, historical works created in ancient times. Among such sources, the first work on the history of the Khanate of Qakhan is the work "Muntakhab al-Tawarikh" written by Khoja Muhammad Hakim Khan Tora Khaqandi. The author is a descendant of Makhdumi Azam, one of the representatives of the major sects in Central Asia. Hakim Khan Tora's father, Masum Khan Tora, was one of the most respected figures in the khanate, like his grandfathers. He married the daughter of Khan of Qakan Norbotabi and from this marriage Hakim Khan Tora was born (1221 Hijri). Masum Khan held the post of Shaykhulislam during the reign of Tora Olim Khan and Umar Khan, and was considered an advisor to the Khan in the palace.
One of the characteristic features of Muntakhab al-Tawarikh is that it contains original information not only about the Kagan Khanate, but also about the situation of Russia, Turkey, Iran and Iraq in the first half of the 19th century. such as cities, their inhabitants, trade relations in this city and the participation of Central Asian merchants in it. Tora sometimes does not give an objective assessment of Muhammad Alikhan's personality. According to SH. Vahidov, Hakimkhan Tora was one of the initiators of Amir Nasrullah's march to Kagan in 1842.
After the establishment of the Khanate, one of the valuable sources for us is "Tarikh Jadidai Tashkandi", written by Muhammad Salih Tashkandi. Muhammad Salih wrote "Tarikh Jadidai Tashkand" for 25 years. He wrote some parts in 1305 AH (1887-1888 AD). The author's manuscript of Muhammad Salih's work is a rare copy
The manuscript is stored in the treasury of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Raikhan Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under the number 7791. The copy copied from the manuscript of the same author in 1936 by the secretary Nabirohoja ibn Said Khoja in two covers (NN 11072, 11073) and copied by the hand of the researcher of this institute Abdulla Nasirov. copies (iiv.I 5732) also exist.
In addition to the lithographic copy of the work "Ibratul-khavoqin", which became famous in science under the name "History of Shahrukhi" or "Tarihi Shahrukhiya", one of the major historical sources, there are 12 copies. The description of these copies was not mentioned by T.K. Besembiev in a few research works and scientific research works and in his book.
The work "History of Fargona" is also one of the important sources in the study of the history of the Khanate of Kagan. The work was published in 1916 by the historian scholar Ishaq Khan Junaidullo ogli Ibrat. The work describes a great period from the rise of thousands to the conquest of the Khanate by the Russian Empire. Information about the military campaigns of each Khan of Qagan, socio-political situation, Qazgolans, the Russian invasion, its consequences and the largest cities of the Khanate is given. "History of Fargona" is a historical work of great importance for us. The work was published in Tashkent in 1991 in the "Heritage" series.
In the study of the history of the Khanate, historical documents, in other words, the works of Russian tourists, ambassadors and historians, play a key role. Most of such documents are now kept in state archives.
Most of the documents related to the history of the Khanate are from Turkestan and Russian scientists G. Potanin, D.N. Romansky, V. Khanikov, L.F. Kostenko, A. Maksheev, V. Belyaminov-Zernov, V.V. Grigorev, A.P. Khoroshkhin, N. Pantusov, A. Nurekin, N.O. Petrovsky, It is possible to mention the works of M.A. Terentev, A.F. Mindendorf, A. Fedchenko, A. Kun, V.V. Nalivkin. S.S. Soodanbekov, Yu.Lunyov, N.Terletsky, Scott S, Levay and other scientists whose works have been published abroad, Russian researchers D.V. Vasilev, V.V. Korneev, A.I. Dubinina from the scientists of near and far foreign countries have written about the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of the khanate in their works. who covered his life, his colonial period.
In conclusion, it can be said that there are many problems in the issues of Qakan source studies. In order to study and edit them, it is necessary to know the Persian-Tajik language well, to be aware of the science of using manuscripts. In addition, it is appropriate to use foundation documents, documents and information stored in the archives of Uzbekistan, Russia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan in the deep and comprehensive study of the history and cultural life of the Kagan Khanate, ethno-cultural processes in it. Otherwise, new works and studies will continue to emerge based on the information provided by previous authors. In addition, the history of the Khanate of Kagan was widely covered in the works of various genres written in Eastern Turkestan in the beginning of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as in the historiography of Bukhara and Khiva. It is necessary to study the history of the khanate in a holistic and comprehensive manner, involving these data in the research.
LITERATURE AND SOURCES USED:
R.Kh. Akbarov. "History of the Khanate of Kagan" Instructional manual. Fargona, 2015.
Shodmon Vahidov. "History writing in the Kagan Khanate". Tashkent Academy, 2010.
3. Ikramjon Kuzikulov "History of the Khanate of Kagan". Namangan publication, 2014.
4. Mirzo Olim Makhdum Khoji. History of Turkestan" Tashkent "New Century Generation" 2009.
5. Vahidov Shodmon Husenovich"" Development of historiography in the Kagan Khanate at the beginning of XIX-XX centuries"""""Tashkent-1998.
6. Niyaz Muhammad Khaqandi "Ibratul Khavaqin" Tashkent"""Turan zamin zia" 2014
7. Fargona State University. Kokan source studies and historiography. Fargona -2010.
