1st-year student in the Oligophrenopedagogy program,

Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology,

Qo‘qon State University

OLIGOPHRENIC CHILDREN: FEATURES OF PSYCHIC DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEMS IN EDUCATION

Abstract: This article analyzes the concept of oligophrenic children, their features of mental development, and the problems they face in the educational process from a scientific perspective. The study examines cognitive activity, thinking, memory, attention, and speech delays in oligophrenic children, as well as the special pedagogical methods applied to their teaching and upbringing. Methodologically, the article is based on theoretical analysis, observation, and comparison methods. The results indicate that early identification of oligophrenic children, the use of individualized programs, and special approaches effectively ensure their development and social adaptation.

Keywords: oligophrenic children, special pedagogy, psychology, oligophrenopedagogy, mental development, corrective exercises, pedagogical methods.

Introduction: In today’s society, the socio-economic development imposes new and responsible tasks on the education system. In particular, identifying children with intellectual disabilities and effectively organizing their educational process remains a pressing issue. Inadequate consideration of the psychic and individual characteristics of oligophrenic children during teaching leads to reduced educational effectiveness and prevents children from fully realizing their potential.

Practical experiences show that, in many cases, oligophrenic children are obliged to study in general education institutions, which creates additional difficulties in their cognitive activity. Insufficient application of special pedagogical approaches and the lack of individualized educational programs exacerbate this problem. As a result, these children lose interest in learning, and their social adaptation process slows down.

Proper involvement of oligophrenic children in the educational process has not only pedagogical but also social importance. Scientific, systematic, and goal-oriented approaches are required to adapt them to society and prepare them for independent life. Therefore, it is essential to deeply study the features of mental development in oligophrenic children, identify the problems encountered in education, and develop ways to address them.

This article scientifically analyzes the concept of oligophrenic children, their levels of mental development, psychic characteristics, and the problems they face in the education process.

Methodology: In preparing this article, both theoretical and practical research methods were used to study the problems related to oligophrenic children. The methodological basis of the research relied on the scientific perspectives of special pedagogy, psychology, and oligophrenopedagogy. The study applied the method of analyzing scientific-pedagogical literature, which allowed a deep examination of the concept of oligophrenia, its causes, levels of mental development, and the psychic characteristics of oligophrenic children. Comparison and generalization of existing scientific sources were used to draw key conclusions on the topic.

Practically, the observation method was applied, which was crucial in identifying the cognitive activity, speech, behavior, and educational difficulties of oligophrenic children. The obtained data were processed using analysis and synthesis methods to ensure scientific validity. In addition, methods for evaluating pedagogical approaches and their effectiveness were used, allowing assessment of the importance of special techniques applied in teaching and upbringing oligophrenic children.

This methodology contributed to achieving the research objectives, scientifically substantiating the topic, and deriving practical conclusions.

Discussion and Results: The theoretical analysis and pedagogical observations showed that the specific features of mental development in oligophrenic children require a special approach in the educational process.

The study results indicate that cognitive processes in oligophrenic children—thinking, memory, attention, and speech—develop slowly, creating difficulties in mastering educational material. Therefore, traditional teaching methods alone are insufficient and may lead to additional stress and frustration.

It was found that methods based on visual aids, repetition, and practice-oriented activities are highly effective when working with oligophrenic children. Using visual materials, games, practical exercises, and real-life situations enhances children’s interest and ensures stable learning outcomes. Individualized lessons increase engagement, strengthen self-confidence, and positively influence social adaptation.

The study also shows that early identification of oligophrenic children and their placement in special educational institutions significantly improves learning outcomes. Special methods, including individualized programs, corrective exercises, and tasks aimed at developing labor and daily life skills, play a crucial role in fostering independent functioning. Furthermore, the teacher’s knowledge, experience, specialized training, and empathetic approach directly affect the social and psychological development of the children.

Observations also highlight the importance of social support from families and society. Family and pedagogical assistance together positively influence personal development, facilitate adaptation to society, and enhance self-awareness. Therefore, applying a systematic, scientifically based, and individualized pedagogical approach in teaching and upbringing is essential to achieving positive outcomes.

Overall, the analysis shows that scientifically based pedagogical approaches, individual programs, and special methods in working with oligophrenic children support cognitive development, prepare them for independent life, and successfully facilitate social adaptation. The teacher’s professional competence and family support play a critical role in this process.

Conclusion: Research and theoretical analysis indicate that scientifically based, systematic, and individualized approaches are the most crucial factors in working with oligophrenic children. The findings confirm that cognitive delays in thinking, memory, attention, and speech create educational challenges, and traditional teaching methods alone are insufficient.

Special pedagogical methods, including visual aids, practical exercises, repetition, individualized approaches, and labor-oriented tasks, are highly effective in working with oligophrenic children. These methods increase interest in learning, develop independent functioning, and enhance social adaptation. The teacher’s professional preparation, family support, and societal conditions directly influence child development. Early identification, guidance to special institutions, individualized programs, and systematic approaches in education maximize the development potential of oligophrenic children.

In general, applying scientifically based, individualized pedagogical methods not only improves educational effectiveness but also ensures social adaptation and preparation for independent life. Thus, further research, development of new effective methods, and practical implementation in the field of special pedagogy are urgent scientific and social tasks.

References:

V.S. Rakhmonova. Basics of Defectology and Logopedics. Tashkent, 1991

S.Sh. Aytmetova. Oligophrenopedagogy. Tashkent, 1996

C.Sh. Aytmetova. Features of the Mental Development of Students in Auxiliary Schools. Tashkent, “O‘qituvchi”, 1984

Sh. B. Akhmedov. Methods of Educating and Teaching Oligophrenic Children. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2018

T. M. Boboev. Special Pedagogy and Corrective Education. Tashkent: Fan, 2020

A. R. Karimov. Oligophrenia and Mental Development Disorders. Tashkent: Ilm, 2019

Bradbury Among Us: Why a Great Science Fiction Writer Understood Our Future Better Than We Do

Tradition and Algorithms

Recently, while watching my robot vacuum cleaner, I found myself thinking about our mahallas, where residents rise early in the morning and sweep their courtyards and streets with a broom. Here, cleanliness is not merely the absence of dust — it is a sign of respect for neighbors and a readiness to open one’s gates to a guest at any moment.

At home, meanwhile, my robot vacuum was stubbornly trying to “negotiate” with a chair leg. In that moment, I caught myself thinking that I had read about something like this before.

I took an old volume of Ray Bradbury from the shelf and was struck: he had looked straight into our present world — with all its gadgets and, more importantly, with our loneliness among them.

Smart Homes and Empty Rooms

In his famous short story There Will Come Soft Rains, Bradbury described a house that prepares breakfast, cleans up, and reminds its owners of their daily tasks. In the 1950s, this seemed like pure fantasy. Today, we refer to it as a “smart home” and control it from our smartphones.

But Bradbury looked deeper. Technology may be flawless, yet it remains only a set of microchips. Surrounded by sensors and voice assistants, we often forget that comfort is created not by automatic curtains but by the people who live behind them.

In Uzbekistan, a home has always been a place where the guest, not the interior, stands at the center. Bradbury’s “smart house” is functional, but it lacks baraka — the blessing that comes from living conversation over a cup of tea.

Artificial Intelligence: A Friend or an Imitation?

Bradbury often wrote about robots replacing loved ones. Today, we discuss chatbots capable of holding conversations as well as an old friend. It seems convenient.

Yet the writer warned us: by replacing living communication with a perfect algorithm, we risk forgetting how to understand real, “imperfect” people. His stories remind us that no program can replace the warmth of human sincerity.

Teahouse Versus Algorithm

In Fahrenheit 451, a mechanical hound hunts those who think differently. It is unsettlingly similar to modern social media algorithms that decide what we see and what we do not, creating an invisible digital cage.

Bradbury feared the isolation of people in their “seashells” — their headphones. He foresaw a world in which people would be locked inside digital cocoons.

In Uzbekistan, the tradition of the teahouse is still alive — a place where news is learned not from an algorithmic feed but from living conversation. Watching elders and young people spend hours in unhurried discussion over hot tea, one realizes that this is the antidote to the mechanical hound Bradbury imagined. Here, the algorithm is powerless before a sincere “Assalomu alaykum.”

AI Art and Traditional Craft

A neural network can generate a portrait in seconds, yet it lacks the soul that a master from Rishtan puts into every ornament on a ceramic plate.

Bradbury taught us to value imperfection, because within it — like in hand-embroidered suzani — lies the uniqueness of human destiny.

A machine can imitate style.
But it cannot live a life.

The Human Being as the Main Instrument

Ray Bradbury did not seek to frighten us. He urged us not to lose our heads in excitement over new technologies. His books are not merely science fiction; they are, in a sense, a manual for living in the future.

He teaches us the essential lesson: in a world of endless code and perfect machines, we must remain human — vulnerable, mistaken, alive.

Robots, artificial intelligence, and digital systems are all creations of human hands. Therefore, it is up to us to guide technology and to build a real world of lived experience.

For us in Uzbekistan, Bradbury’s challenge sounds especially urgent: how to build IT parks and implement artificial intelligence without losing the warmth of neighborly support and the value of a large family. We must make technology a tool for strengthening our bonds — not a wall dividing us.

References

1. Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Books, 1953.

2. Bradbury, Ray. “There Will Come Soft Rains.” In The Martian Chronicles. New York: Doubleday, 1950.

Professional Biography:
Azimov Mirsaid is a dedicated programmer with a strong passion for robotics and intelligent systems. He enjoys building efficient, practical solutions that connect software with real-world applications. His work is driven by analytical thinking, creativity, and a constant desire to improve.

He is particularly interested in projects that combine hardware and software — from embedded systems to interactive technologies. He enjoys exploring how logic, automation, and design can work together to create meaningful and innovative solutions.

He approaches challenges with focus, discipline, and a strategic mindset. Continuous learning is important to him, and he is always working toward becoming a stronger developer and a future robotics engineer.

ONE MORNING

One morning, quite suddenly

Someone will announce to me

that the water carried away my crib

winds swept away my park

The rain washed away my tracks

One morning, somebody would tell me

that my memories are covered with white

Someone will tell me

Someone third in me

that I lost myself

one morning

It will ask what happened to the boys

And why not their rate on Starry sky

And where is the sky

This will be a great morning if I wake up

Circulatory System

Rajapova Muqaddas Umidbek qizi
Samarkand State Medical University
Faculty of Pediatrics, Group 112
Nurzodbekova Yasmina Nurzodbekovna
Samarkand State Medical University
Faculty of Pediatrics, Group 114
Rahimova Madina Mannonovna
Samarkand State Medical University
Department of Physiology, Trainee Assistant
madinarakhimova79@gmail.com

Abstract:
This article discusses one of the most important systems in the human body — the circulatory system. It is well known that this system affects all other systems, meaning that when the circulatory system is impaired, cells do not receive sufficient nutrients, and organ functions weaken.

Keywords: Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, carbon dioxide, automatism, rib, clinical, atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysm, phlebothrombosis, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis.

Introduction:
The main function of the circulatory system in the human body is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products. This process is carried out through the coordinated functioning of the heart and blood vessels. The heart acts as a central pumping organ, while blood vessels distribute blood throughout the body and return it to the heart. This complex system remains in constant motion and functions steadily throughout
life.

Anatomical Structure of the Heart
The heart is a four-chambered, muscular, cone-shaped organ located in the central part of the chest cavity between the right and left lungs. It consists of the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
Epicardium – the outer layer of the heart, covered by the pericardium.
Myocardium – the main and thickest layer of the heart wall, responsible for contraction.
Endocardium – a thin layer lining the inner surface of the heart chambers.
The heart has four chambers: right and left atria, and right and left ventricles.
Between the chambers are valves: mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves.
Cardiac automatism is the ability of specialized cardiac cells to independently generate bioelectrical impulses that stimulate heart contractions.

Main Part
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, slightly shifted to the left. Two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the midline, and one-third to the right. Laterally and partially anteriorly, the heart is adjacent to the lungs, while its front part touches the sternum and rib cartilages.
Relative to the body’s midline, the heart is asymmetrically positioned: about two-thirds on the left and one-third on the right. Depending on the projection of the vertical axis, the heart may have transverse, oblique, or vertical positions.

A vertical position is more common in people with narrow and long chests, while a transverse position is more common in those with wide and short chests. In newborns, the heart is more vertical, rounded in shape, and located higher because the atria are larger and the ventricles are less developed. As a person approaches adulthood, the heart assumes its typical position.

The heart consists of four separate chambers:
Left atrium (atrium sinistrum)
Right atrium (atrium dextrum)
Left ventricle (ventriculus sinister)
Right ventricle (ventriculus dexter)
Diseases of the Circulatory System

Diseases of the vascular system are widespread and are associated with structural and functional disorders of blood vessels.
Arterial Diseases
Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of cholesterol plaques in vessel walls, narrowing blood flow. It is a major cause of heart attacks and strokes.
Arterial hypertension: Chronic elevation of blood pressure.
Aneurysm: Weakening and ballooning of the arterial wall, with a high risk of rupture.
Obliterating endarteritis: Inflammation and narrowing of leg arteries, often found in smokers.
Venous Diseases
Varicose veins: Dilation of veins due to valve dysfunction and blood stagnation.
Thrombophlebitis: Inflammation of vein walls with clot formation.
Phlebothrombosis (Deep vein thrombosis): Formation of clots in deep veins, which may cause pulmonary embolism.

Microcirculation and Other Disorders
Vasculitis: Inflammation of vessel walls due to immune reactions.
Raynaud’s syndrome: Sudden constriction of small blood vessels in fingers due to cold or stress.
Lymphedema: Impaired lymph drainage leading to swelling.

Main Causes of Cardiovascular Diseases
Physical inactivity (hypodynamia)
Unhealthy diet (fatty and salty foods)
Harmful habits (smoking and alcohol)
Genetic predisposition
Obesity and diabetes

Environmental Factors and Cardiovascular Health
The cardiovascular system is highly sensitive to environmental factors. Research shows that air pollution, sudden temperature changes, noise, stress, and harmful habits are major contributors to heart disease.

Fine particles such as PM2.5 and PM10 can cause narrowing of blood vessels and heart rhythm disorders. Cold weather increases blood pressure, while excessive heat disrupts fluid balance and increases the risk of thrombosis. Noise and stress raise cortisol levels, leading to cardiac strain and heart failure.

The socio-economic consequences of cardiovascular diseases affect patients, families, healthcare systems, and overall quality of life. About 60% of cardiovascular complications are associated with major risk factors such as smoking, alcohol abuse, insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, and sedentary lifestyles. These factors contribute to obesity, hypertension, high blood sugar, and
high cholesterol levels. Studies conducted in Uzbekistan show that the prevalence of risk factors for non- communicable diseases is steadily increasing.

References

1.Jabborovich M. J. “Heart and Circulatory System: Structure, Mechanism, and
Physiological Importance.” Scientific Focus, 2025.
2.Turayevna E. S., Rashidkhan A. B. “Cardiovascular System: Heart Structure and Control.” Best Intellectual Research, 2025.
3.Abdullayev S. “Anatomical and Physiological Features of the Heart.” American Journal of Education and Learning, 2025.
4.Karimov J., Qodirova D. “Pathologies of the Vascular System.” Education News, 2026.
5.Valiyeva F., Tursunaliyeva H. “Care and Monitoring of Cardiovascular Patients.” Scientific Focus, 2026.
6.Ergasheva M. “Impact of Environmental Factors

DRAMATIC COLLISION IN SHUKRULLO’S “BURIED WITHOUT A SHROUD”                                                                                             

Iroda Ibragimova 

Jizzakh State Pedagogical University

Faculty of Philology, 1st-year student

​E-mail:  irodaibragimova896@gmail.com

This article examines the devastating impact of the totalitarian regime on human personality and destiny through the example of Shukrullo’s work “Buried Without a Shroud”. The main issue of the work is interpreted from a literary and psychological perspective, focusing on the spiritual resilience of the lyrical protagonist (the author himself) and his struggle to preserve inner freedom amid the horrors of the 1937 repression period. The conducted research proves that the work is not merely a historical document, but a true tragedy demonstrating that personal courage and universal human values are capable of surviving even under totalitarianism.

Keywords:

Buried Without a Shroud, Repression Period, Autobiographical Prose, Victims of Stalinism, Totalitarianism, Forced Labor Camp System, Psychological Analysis, Personal Tragedy.

INTRODUCTION

In the history of Uzbek literature, Shukrullo’s work “Buried Without a Shroud” is recognized as one of the most significant and courageous examples of prose from the independence period. This work is a literary and historical document that reflects the cruel reality of the political repressions that affected the intellectuals of Uzbekistan during the 1930s–1950s, conveyed through personal experiences. The autobiographical nature of the work and the author’s depiction of the severe trials within the system of forced labor camps further intensify its emotional impact on the reader.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the pressure of the totalitarian regime on the individual as portrayed in “Buried Without a Shroud”, as well as the protagonist’s inner spiritual struggle against this oppression and the motives behind his moral choices. The work also depicts how many innocent Uzbek young men were falsely accused, brutally executed, and thrown into the soil without shrouds. The main thesis of the article is that Shukrullo presents the forced labor settlements not merely as physical prisons, but as a system aimed at destroying the human spirit; however, through the lyrical protagonist’s inner monologues and moral resistance, the narrative demonstrates a spiritual victory over the regime.

MAIN PART

1. The Psychology of the Repression Period and Inner Loneliness

The psychological state of the protagonist becomes an object of analysis from the very beginning of the work. The scenes of interrogation and arrest reveal the complete helplessness of the individual in the face of totalitarianism. By depicting the protagonist’s extremely delicate inner experiences, the author demonstrates that spiritual suffering is deeper and more devastating than physical torture.

The protagonist’s first experiences in prison are particularly significant for psychological analysis. He describes himself as “a soul crying between invisible walls” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 32]. This image signifies the individual’s isolation from society and confinement within a spiritual cage. A direct example reflecting the protagonist’s sense of loneliness and despair is expressed in the following lines: “It was not an iron cage that surrounded me, but walls of facelessness and conscience-lessness. I felt completely cut off from the world” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 45].

2. The Struggle for Human Dignity in the Life of Totalitarian Labor Camps

The central part of the work — the detailed depiction of life in repression camps — is presented as a field of moral choices. Despite hunger, cold, and constant threats in the лагер conditions, the author shows through his protagonist that supreme human values such as compassion, friendship, and conscience can still be preserved. This struggle forms the core idea of the work. The cruelty inflicted upon prisoners and the harsh treatment they endured are clearly portrayed.

Scenes depicting the author’s spiritual closeness with other prisoners strengthen the motif of preserving inner freedom. He writes: “To share a piece of bread, to look at one another in silence — this had become the highest expression of human life” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 115]. Their monologues about “seeking light within the darkness” demonstrate spiritual resilience and unbreakable will [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 128].

3. “Buried Without a Shroud” – Interpretation of Its Symbolic Meaning

The title of the work — “Buried Without a Shroud” — carries a powerful symbolic meaning that reveals the inhuman essence of the totalitarian regime. A shroud is not only a material object, but also a spiritual ritual and a sign of respect. To be buried without a shroud signifies not only physical death, but also the erasure of a person from social memory and the loss of human dignity.

The term is used by the author to represent the spiritual death of repression victims and the attempt to erase their names from history. In the work, the forced labor settlements themselves are depicted as vast graves: “Here they do not shroud us; they simply kill our memory and bury it” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 210]. One of the most powerful expressions of the author’s lyrical voice appears in the following line: “It was not the road to death itself, but the loss of dignity that was the most terrible tragedy” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 230].

4. The Literary Value of Memory and Resistance

The value of this work also lies in the fact that it was created years after the tragic events it describes. It is not merely a journalistic account, but a spiritual victory of memory over tragedy. The author’s later reflections further enhance the literary significance of the work.

As an example of autobiographical prose, its scientific and historical value is strengthened, presenting it as an important source for preserving historical memory for future generations. Memory itself becomes a weapon of resistance, as the author writes: “I was compelled to write this work so that the horror of those past days might continue to flow in the blood of the next generation” [Shukrullo, 2015, p. 255].

CONCLUSION

Through “Buried Without a Shroud,” Shukrullo introduced a new dimension to the tradition of psychological realism in Uzbek literature within the context of the repression period. The findings of this study confirm that despite the overwhelming pressure of the totalitarian regime on the individual, the lyrical protagonist preserves his inner moral independence and spiritual freedom.

This article strengthens the theoretical approach to “Buried Without a Shroud” and presents it as a valuable source for studying the prose of forced labor camps in post-Soviet literature.

                         List of References

1. Shukrullo. Kafansiz koʻmilganlar (Qayta nashr). Toshkent: Yangi asr avlodi. 2015.
2. Joʻrayev M. Jadid adabiyotining psixologik qatlamlari. Toshkent: Akademnashr. 2023
3. Normatov U. Adabiyot moʻjizasi: Tanlangan maqolalar. Toshkent: Sharq. 2018

She Said She Could

She said she could

feel

everyone’s

pain

all types of pain

ever since

she was

a small child

behind the bars

of her crib

alone in her room

especially when

they walked by

thinking she was

asleep

but she was awake

with her eyes

closed

sensing emotions

of every type

and degree

hot or cold

whispering

or silent

she was

there

within

them

moments magnified

breath to breath

heartbeat to heartbeat

she couldn’t

die

to all the slow dying

so she

kept them from dying.

The Wait

I’m approaching

my peak

feeling

it

every second

I think

and feel

tip and tease

heading straight

into years

down that path

street turning

into corners

I’ll make the max

of what I’ve got

so wait until

you’re ready

to understand

the years of fate

are

great!

To Be or Not to Be

I don’t want

to be

crazy

but sometimes

I am

enjoying it

so much

I’m not sure

if I should

stop

or just pop

open

to everything!

THE CLOCK 

On the wall of heaven hangs a clock, 

invisible, silent, without hands, 

and yet — it is everywhere. 

It does not measure minutes, 

but the tremors of the soul. 

Its mechanism is moved by truth, 

and its hands stop 

when a man lies. 

It knows the difference between 

words and feelings, 

it hears the silence of the heart 

when it trembles under the weight of guilt. 

It is no ordinary clock — 

it is God’s measure of goodness,

 a secret guardian of sincerity. 

Every thought, every intention,

every shadow in one’s gaze 

leaves a trace upon its glass. 

When you love purely, it shines, 

when you envy, a gear breaks within it. 

It does not tick “tick-tock,” 

but whispers: 

“were you truthful,” 

“have you touched souls,” 

“were you truly you.” 

Its time does not pass, 

it judges. 

And while the world turns in false seconds, 

that clock — unseen, eternal — 

quietly measures souls, 

not days.

Maja Milojković was born in Zaječar and divides her life between Serbia and Denmark. In Serbia, she serves as the deputy editor-in-chief at the publishing house Sfairos in Belgrade. She is also the founder and vice president of the Rtanj and Mesečev Poets’ Circle, which counts 800 members, and the editor-in-chief of the international e-magazine Area Felix, a bilingual Serbian-English publication. She writes literary reviews, and as a poet, she is represented in numerous domestic and international literary magazines, anthologies, and electronic media. Some of her poems are also available on the YouTube platform. Maja Milojković has won many international awards. She is an active member of various associations and organizations advocating for peace in the world, animal protection, and the fight against racism. She is the author of two books: Mesečev krug (Moon Circle) and Drveće Želje (Trees of Desire). She is one of the founders of the first mixed-gender club Area Felix from Zaječar, Serbia, and is currently a member of the same club. She is a member of the literary club Zlatno Pero from Knjaževac, and the association of writers and artists Gorski Vidici from Podgorica, Montenegro.