41 He turns Forty-one In Sri Lanka And sees harmony Amidst the chaos, He sees things Make sense In a way that They never Have before.
Taylor Dibbert is a writer, journalist, and poet in Washington, DC. “Invictus,” his debut poetry collection, is due out in January 2024.
HOLES Black holes, More holes arise Your face reversed, a tripwire Universal effigy, blanket sky of fear Black holes, blackened tears In corridors of sunken mirrors Black holes, More holes arise Your face reversed, a tripwire As you sink into yourself, The harrowing altar near its tinned denial Bleeds forth, a faint gospel groaning, Feebly sowing its half-dripping gourds of Dead banquets, questing for loans, Boiled and fractally conjoined, icicles of Ancient guards, umbilical froth Bursts placards of tired, lost suns Whipped clean of their ancient morgues: The bottomed firmaments in the day’s Sickly half-glow Ripened holes of black, Denied castellated frequencies, Unredeemed attics of multiverses seep Disloyal broth, Animated fugues within horns of rotted Plaster Wreath the bones of Gangrenous gossamer, As unripe Crowns Are led down the ladders of gelid stone They are entombed within spinning gyratory eyes, To see no further light, As the black holes eclipse Themselves Fully tied And to your face reversed, a tripwire More holes arise Black holes Black holes arise Born in Lubbock, Texas in 1984, AG Davis is a sound poet, author, performance artist and composer who resides in Jacksonville, Florida. Davis began his career as a Division I football recruit, having attended West Point for a brief period of time. After dropping out, he earned his degree in English Literature at the University of Florida (2006). He has written four books of highly experimental poetry, his most recent being published in 2023 through mOnocle-Lash Anti-Press. His work often delves into the darker side of the human psyche, exploring the multifaceted realms of psychosis.
Vague It's morning Sitting alone in my room Looking around the outer Nothing clear through the glass All seem to be vague in my eyes In the nature's lap I pay heed to any sound Only the birds chirping I can hear To recollect the past I find all obscure In this cold foggy morning The sun has not yet risen All seem to be hazy I passed the days So many days from my life gone by Like the broken glass The world appears to be blurred In this foggy morning The more I keep on for brightness The more it darkens the world Trembling in cold here in this lonely space I hear the sound of birds only What are they calling? Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh, 13 January, 2024. Md. Mahbubul Alam is from Bangladesh. His writer name is Mahbub John in Bangladesh. He is a Senior Teacher (English) of Harimohan Government High School, Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh. Chapainawabganj is a district town of Bangladesh. He is an MA in English Literature from Rajshahi College under National University. He has published three books of poems in Bangla. He writes mainly poems but other branches of literature such as prose, article, essay etc. also have been published in national and local newspapers, magazines, little magazines. He has achieved three times Best Teacher Certificate and Crest in National Education Week in the District Wise Competition in Chapainawabganj District. He has gained many literary awards from home and abroad. His English writings have been being published in an International Online Magazine - Synchronized Chaos from America for seven years.
Welcome, readers, to a new year! This time, Synchronized Chaos Magazine focuses on time’s passing, whether that represents new growth and fresh possibilities or the sobering reality of grief and loss.
Regular contributor Channie Greenberg has a new book out, Subrogation, which includes many of the images she’s published with us.
Otkir Mulikboyev celebrates the New Year with festivity and hope and celebrates a new morning with energy and passion.
Adhamova Laylo Akmaljon urges people, as much as possible, to maintain a positive attitude while Dilfuza Salomova encourages people to take action on their hopes and dreams. Shahnoza Ochildiyeva reflects on her 2023 accomplishments and comes into 2024 with excitement and hope. Elmaya Jabbarova beckons readers to step forward, away from lingering griefs, into the new loves awaiting in the new year.
Ike Boat broadcasts the news of a spectacular dance show and concert in Ghana.
John Edward Culp illustrates people who connect with childlike innocence, finding and then losing and finding each other again. John Mellender shows heartbreak transmogrifying into inspired creative writing and the beauty of platonic friendship between people of different genders.
Duane Vorhees evokes natural beauty and romantic, sensual, and spiritual love in his poetry and Aminova O’g’iloy celebrates the lush floral beauty of a Central Asian spring. Graciela Noemi Villaverde highlights the singular moment of capturing a rainbow at the dawn of the New Year. Sterling Warner arranges symphonic bouquets around themes: waterfalls and rapids, a woman’s silk clothing, astronomy and cosmology.
Munnavar Boltayeva encourages compassion and unity among the world’s people while Maid Corbic details his personal quest for a world of freedom and mercy. Kristy Raines declares her holiday and New Year and perennial wishes for a world of kindness and tolerance. Jerry Langdon crafts a ballad asking Santa to bring him peace and hope as an adult, while in another piece paying tribute to personal heroes.
Diyora Kholmatjonova finds and claims her identity and self-esteem in a world where people can abandon and forget each other, as Jamshidbek Abdujabborov expresses her human insecurities and hopes for the future.
Michael Joseph comments on the journey through life, as our paths narrow and focus as we age and feel the impact of our choices and circumstances.
Noah Berlatsky reflects on how life goes off in its own directions regardless of our plans, while Devin Rogan probes the stories we tell ourselves and each other about our origins and existence. Bill Tope reminds us that physical and emotional attraction will take its own course, regardless of our plans and thoughts.
Christopher Bernard describes ways to subsume our small human consciousnesses into the larger, ever present Cosmos.
Maja Milojkovic writes of her desire to stop time and preserve a moment with her lover.
Ian Copestick suggests that not everyone needs to reminisce about their pasts and some should happily move forward into the future.
Peter Cherches’ vignettes add some whimsy back to our existence and Jim Meirose crafts a fanciful deck of cards with surreal conversations and images.
Isabel Gomes de Diego comments on the passage of time with photos of small children in front of the skeletons of extinct prehistoric animals. Daniel De Culla renders the trip to the Museum of Human Evolution (Burgos, Spain) into poetry.
Daniel De Culla illustrates love and nature in ways that are at once exotic and commonplace, and also remarks on death through a skeleton’s fanciful trip to the dentist. Robert Fleming “reports” on weather conditions in the Rocky Mountains through a set of photographs that bring up thoughts of climate change, chemistry, nature, culture, and humor.
Mark Young creates synthetic “geographies” of fictional lands that carry their own forms of symmetry and intricacy. Stephen Bett creates new metapoetry by riffing off of existing metafiction and postmodern novels. J.T. Whitehead probes and questions our senses of certainty with his poetry, destabilizing our perspectives and opinions, yet returning us to a sense of awe and wonder at the universe, symbolized by a majestic flock of birds.
Mitchel Montagna‘s poems lament the inevitable losses of our world and our lives, while Mukhlisa Safarova laments love’s losses to betrayal and death in lyric poetry. J.J. Campbell captures the chilly monotony of winter suburban loneliness while Sherova Orzigul laments cruelty and social isolation that can begin in childhood, and Zofia Mosur’s poetic speaker hides herself away in grief, taking solace from the moon.
Gabriel Flores Benard writes of life’s impermanence and our overwhelming universe through the metaphor of stellar death.
Henry Bladon probes our own minds’ shiftiness and confusion, sifting through the surreal landscape many find in our interior. John Grey probes the different layers of our existence, the assorted things, people, and experiences who together shape our identities. J.D. Nelson conveys scenes from everyday life and develops a narrative around a person’s developing bond with nature in the form of an old crow.
Faleeha Hassan’s speaker expresses how she is only a normal woman, not as reminiscent of the scriptural figure of Maryam as the people around her seem to hope and believe.
Adolatxon Shermuhammedova looks forward to the time after death when she believes she will be forever free from sin and temptation.
Brian Barbeito’s poetry expresses how “the world is too much with us” and lets us escape into nature, as Skye Preston recollects a visit to their aunt’s home and colorful garden and Gulsevar Khojamova compares the beauty of her country to the colors of the rainbow. Mahbub Alam writes with grace of his tender love for and intimate knowledge of both the winter and spring seasons in his country.
Meanwhile, Azemina Krehic crafts evocative language on how human bodies and minds adjust to darkness.
Blue Chynoweth illustrates the difficulties of being feminine and vulnerable and dealing with society’s insults to the female body and mind.
Mesfakus Salahin grapples with the question of how to be a good man when visiting sex workers where there is clearly an economic and power imbalance.
Z.I. Mahmud explores the role and social position of women in Victorian times through an analysis of novels by Charles Dickens and Charlotte Bronte.
Mykyta Ryzhykh’s pieces highlight the absurdity of wars, especially those waged by the powerful for abstract reasons, as Aituvova Khurshida outlines the need for and ways to purge Uzbekistan’s government of corruption and Akhmadjanova Muslimakhon urges Uzbek leaders to make rooting out bribery a priority on moral, cultural, and pragmatic grounds.
Odina Xonazarova outlines Uzbekistan’s friendly cultural relations with other countries in the region and the importance of embassies and diplomacy.
Manzar Alam renders his hopes for a more peaceful, socially just, and ethically managed nation through the very personal metaphor of a tiny baby. He wants a better future for the small child, whom he sees as uncorrupted.
Ahmad Al-Khatat reflects on the nurturance and comfort people find in each other in a healthy relationship. Stephen Jarrell Williams illuminates the beauty of a romance between people who find unity despite their differences.
Baratov Quvonchbek translates a poem by Rumi that reminds us that true love requires caring action. Annie Johnson crafts multi-layered morning and evening moments of perfect stillness and communion between people in long-term love and with nature.
Wazed Abdullah sends up a simple, heartfelt tribute to his friends, and the importance of friendship.
As a teacher, Sitora Mamatqosimova relates an experience of encouraging and befriending a shy student, while Madina Abdullayeva reminds us of the preciousness of children and encourages compassion for orphans.
Surayyo Xolmurodova describes the mixture of care and guiding discipline she received from her father and Zuhra Ruzmetova reflects on her mother’s constant care and nurturance. Munisa Narzulloyeva finds joy and comfort in the love of her family.
Eva Petropoulou Lianou pays tribute to the mothers of Gaza who are going on with parenting in difficult wartime conditions, in a piece translated into Swahili by Charles Lipanda Mahigwe, a refugee from Congo resettled into Malawi and part of the African Youth Artistic Poetry organization.
Lilian Dipasupil Kunimasa gently encourages people to retain hope, especially at the turn of the year, because one’s circumstances can always change and there is still beauty in the world.
Nasiba Kamalova explores what a person needs to feel happy and suggests that joy comes through contributing to one’s society and achieving one’s goals, rather than just through wealth or comfort.
Behruz Toshtemirov urges Uzbek youth to live up to their ancestors’ ideals, while Lobarxon Bazarbayeva outlines the history and architecture of the Grandfather Sultan Uwais Pilgrimage Complex.
Farrukh Amirov envisions his future literary career reading his own poetry to enthused audiences amidst the world’s despair. Jullayeva Sitora laments the inadequacy of her craft to inscribe the merits of her home country while Shahzoda Imomova reflects on her passion for poetry, developed at a very young age.
Abdunazarova Khushroy celebrates the poetic beauty of the Uzbek language while Lobar sings the praises of Uzbekistan’s centuries of literary heritage and Nigunabonu Amirova highlights the state of the literary, publishing, and journalistic scene in Uzbekistan.
Yahya Azeroglu pays tribute to the departed Bangladeshi literary writer Abubakar Siddique in a poetic essay.
Chexrona Pulatova extols the personal and professional benefits of learning a foreign language, particularly English as a second language. Sarvinoz Mamadaliyeva describes the intellectual growth she experienced through learning another language.
Qurbonova Shakhriyo describes the growing respect and societal support for and professionalization of teaching in Uzbekistan.
Aziza Amonova encourages educational leaders to incorporate and facilitate creativity in the curriculum alongside practical skills, as Shloka Shankar harnesses song lyrics from now and yesteryear to comment on the creative process.
Iroda Bahronova encourages Uzbek children and youth to make their country proud by excelling in academics and sports, while Farkhodova Nodira takes pride in her country’s athletic prowess and urges young people to take up sports and exercise.
Rosiyeva Gulbahor outlines new directions in Uzbek vocational programs while Maftuna Torayeva probes possible new directions for Uzbekistan’s primary school system.
Saidabonu Abdumakilova explores the possibility for human and machine translators to work together.
Abdurahmonova Lazokat discusses better methods for agricultural fruit drying.
Kadyrova Arofat Abdukarimovna explores the prospects for geothermal energy’s use in central Asia and encourages the development of renewable power. Muslima Najmiddinova points to the possibilities of privatizing oil and gas firms within Uzbekistan’s developing economy. Mashhura Ikromova looks at energy use in heating and cooling buildings and suggests what we have to gain through improved efficiency.
Hilola Hojimamatova explores how to define values in mathematics, and Akmalova Nargiza outlines the mathematical properties of square and triangular numbers.
Omondi Orony’s protagonist describes the complicated relationship he has with his brilliant father, whom he comes to respect over time as he grows.
Maftuna Yusupboyeva reminds us that we can’t expect to be wildly successful every minute of our lives and to achieve things in a moral way even if that takes longer.
This perspective may temper some of our ambitions, but it reflects wisdom and patience that comes through life experience.
We hope you will benefit from the thoughtfulness and insights within this issue.
IT WORRIES ME
Humanity is created in such a way that it is natural that the surrounding world, society, and various situations in it are directed towards the good side for someone and the bad side for someone else. At the same time, people cannot always have a positive approach to reality, they cannot always face their surroundings in a happy state. On the way of life, you will be hit by various shocks, bumpy roads, sometimes even stones under your feet.
We call various problems the greatest danger, from our own personal situations to relationships about the good and bad days of others, but the problem that bothers me is the most disgusting qualities in people around us: greed, envy, arrogance, etc.
The reason I think like this is that in the world I live in, thank God, there are no external threats, but the situations that I feel worried about are various injustices and lack of justice. Humans are the cause of this. As I mentioned, it is the fact that the worst vices of a person are openly scattered around him. The reasons for this are weddings, differences in luxuries, careerists who put their loved ones in difficult situations by striving for a position, envious people who do all kinds of evil without seeing someone’s personal development. Traitors of the religion and the nation, who went so far as to sell their own religion.
If in my world those same people are passing on their secrets to each other, I have nothing more to worry about.
Just as good and bad days happen to people equally, luck and bad luck days equally. We don’t always eat cream, sometimes we have to bite into hard bread. However, it is the wisest choice to try to reach a bright destination through honest risk-taking and a pure heart, without looking at other people’s happiness and wealth, hoping that I will get luck and happiness sooner.
After all, there are two worlds of joy for people who leave a good mark under a good name.
Republic of Karakalpakstan
Maftuna Yusupboyeva
Abstract
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20 and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation.
Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyzes available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems.
Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end-uses should be considered in the breakdown?
Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analyzed in deeper detail.
Keywords
Building energy use, HVAC consumption, Air conditioning consumption.
1. World energy use
The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc). The International Energy Agency has gathered frightening data on energy consumption trends. During the last two decades (1984-2004) primary energy has grown by 49% and CO2 emissions by 43%, with an average annual increase of 2% and 1.8% respectively (Figure 1).
Current predictions show that this growing trend will continue. Energy use by nations with emerging economies (Southeast Asia, Middle East, South America and Africa) will grow at an average annual rate of 3.2% and will exceed by 2020 that for the developed countries (North America, Western Europe, Japan, Australia and New Zealand) at an average growing rate of 1.1% (Figure 2). The case of China is striking, taking only 20 years to double its energy consumption at an average growing rate of 3.7%.
Interesting consequences can be obtained from the analysis of the trend of main world energy indicators [1] between 1973 and 2004 (Table 1): (1) the rate of population growth is well below the GDP, resulting in a considerable rise of per capita personal income and global wealth, (2) primary energy consumption is growing at a higher rate than population, leading to the increase of its per capita value on 15.7% over the last 30 years,
(3) CO2 emissions have grown at a lower rate than energy consumption showing a 5% increase during this period, (4) electrical energy consumption has drastically risen (over two and a half times) leading to a percentage increase in final energy consumption (18% in 2004),
(5) efficiency in exploiting energy resources, shown as the relation between final and primary energy, has declined by 7 percentage points, especially due to soaring electrical consumption, and (6) final and primary energy intensities have dropped because of the higher rate of growth of the GDP over the energy consumption increasing ratio, resulting in an overall improvement of the global energy efficiency.
These figures confirm the relationship linking energy consumption with economic development and population growth, and question global policy attempts to invert this trend by increasing energy efficiency (including renewable and green technologies).
Globalization, improvement of living conditions in emerging regions and the development of communication networks, promote developed nations’ life style and raise energy needs to consumption patterns that, without doubt, will exhaust fossil fuels and will produce a serious environmental impact. In this sense, current energy and socio-economic systems are definitively unsustainable.
2. Energy consumption in buildings
Final energy consumption is usually shown split into three main sectors: industry, transport and ‘other’, including in the last-named, agriculture, service sector and residential. This makes it considerably difficult to gather information about building energy consumption. For example, energy consumption in buildings other than dwellings constitutes a fraction of the services shared within the ‘other’ key sector.
Considering its overall significance in developed countries (buildings account for a 20 to 40% of the total final energy consumption), we believe it should be accounted for independently and become the third main sector, broken down, at least, for domestic and non-domestic buildings.
Growth in population, enhancement of building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, have raised building energy consumption to the levels of transport and industry (Table 2). Especially significant is the reduction of the ratio of industry (9 points) and the expansion of ‘other’ (6 points) due to buildings.
The term “other sectors” is ambiguous and produces great confusion. Many international, national and regional sources, include different end uses within this concept, which makes any sort of comparison difficult. Looking to the evolution (Figure 3) and importance (Table 3) of building energy consumption, we conclude:
(1) In the UK building energy consumption has increased at a rate of 0.5% per annum, which is slightly below the European figure of 1.5%. In contrast building energy consumption in Spain is increasing at a rate of 4.2% per annum, well above both the European and the North American (1.9%) rate. Reasons can be found in the economic growth, expansion of the building sector and the spread of building services, especially Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems.
(2) In 2004, building consumption in the EU was 37% of final energy, bigger than industry (28%) and transport (32%). In the UK, the proportion of energy use in building (39%) is slightly above the European figure. This is in part due to the shift away from heavy industry towards service sector activities. In contrast the figure for Spanish buildings is only 23%, 14 points below Europe, and expected to rise strongly as economic growth lead to convergence with the European average.
The service sector, which covers all commercial and public buildings, includes many types of buildings (schools, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, museums…) with a wide variety of uses and energy services (HVAC, domestic hot water (DHW), lighting, refrigeration, food preparation, etc.). Growth both economical and in population, increases the demand of services (health, education, culture, leisure, etc) and the energy consumption. In USA, energy consumption in the service sector has expanded from 11 to 18% from the 1950s. In the UK, service energy use in 2004 accounted for around 12% of all final energy use, similar to the EU average (11%).
By contrast the Spanish figure was only 8% but it is reporting massive increases and has been multiplied by 2.5 between 1980 and 2000.
In the residential sector, size and location are key factors for energy consumption. Small flats need less energy as there is less conditioned and transfer area, and also less occupation. The amount and type of energy used in dwellings are mainly related to weather, architectural design, energy systems and economic level of the occupants. By and large, dwellings in developed countries use more energy than those in emerging economies and it is expected to continue growing due to the installation of new appliances (air conditioners, computers, etc). In USA, dwellings consume 22% of the total final energy use, compared with 26% in the EU. The UK figure is 29%, well above the Spanish 15% mainly due to a more severe climate and building type (predominance of independent houses over blocks).
The EIA, in its International Energy Outlook [2], analyses and forecasts future trends in building energy consumption (Figure 4). Energy use in the built environment will grow by 34% in the next 20 years, at an average rate of 1.5%. In 2030, consumption attributed to dwellings and the non-domestic sectors will be 67% and 33% respectively (approximately). Spread in Southeast Asian, and therefore, the growth of construction will boost energy demand on the residential sector. Forecasts predict that both developed and non-developed economies will be balanced in the use of energy in dwellings by 2010. Economic, trading and population growth in emerging economies will intensify needs for education, health and other services, together with the consequential energy consumption. It is expected that energy consumption in the service sector in non-developed countries will be doubled in the next 25 years, with an annual average growth rate of 2.8%.
3. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC)
The proliferation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the built environment has made energy efficiency and savings strategies a priority objective for energy policies in most countries. A clear example is the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) [3]. Especially important has been the intensification of energy consumption in HVAC systems, which has now become almost essential in parallel to the spread in the demand for thermal comfort, considered a luxury not long ago. It is the largest energy end use both in the residential and non-residential sector, comprising heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Its predominance is obvious when it is compared with other end uses. For dwellings (Table 4) it represents about half the energy consumption more than doubling that for DHW. For non domestic buildings, IDAE [4] estimates HVAC energy consumption to be around 48%, still lower than the 57% in the USA, and similar to figures from other sources [5]. At the European level, the weight of HVAC is unknown; however, many sources show a significant increase in the use of air conditioning, especially in Southern countries (Spain and Italy accounts for more than 50% of the European market), creating serious supply difficulties during peak load periods.
In Europe, data produced by the administration at national, regional or local levels is insufficient to efficiently plan future energy policies for buildings and to coordinate measures to address each of the end uses. Analysis by sectors, as those produced by the EIA for residential [6] and commercial buildings [7] should be funded by governments, so that a comprehensive database of the building stock (type, area, location, age…) and energy parameters (consumption, expenditures, fuels, end uses…) can be the basis for future planning.
By and large, HVAC consumption in developed countries accounts for half the energy use in buildings and one fifth of the total national energy use. Moreover, predictions indicate a massive growth in energy consumption and conditioned area in the EU [9] during the next 15 years, increasing approximately in 50%.
4. Non-domestic buildings
In non-domestic buildings, the type of use and activities make a huge impact on the quality and quantity of energy services needed. However, few sources offer data by typology and there is not consensus on a universal classification, which makes the analysis extremely difficult. After revising several sources, some general conclusions may be reached:
(1) In the UK energy consumption in this sector has stabilised somewhat in recent years, with increases in floor area and increased servicing levels being offset by increases in efficiency. Across the rest of Europe energy consumption in the commercial sector grows at a higher rate than other sectors due predominantly to the expansion of HVAC systems in new buildings [10]. In the UK new build rates in the service sector are typically around 2%, whilst in Spain the average annual rate of growth from 2000 is 6.1%, and forecasts show that this will continue increasing. In 2003, this sector was accounting for 12% of the total energy consumption compared to USA (18%) and equal to EU (11%). Energy policies have focused on the residential and industrial sectors and have tended to overlook the service sector, despite its highest growing rate.
(2) Office and retail are the most energy intensive typologies typically accounting for over 50% of the total energy consumption for non-domestic buildings. Hotels and restaurants, hospitals and schools follow. (Table 5)
(3) HVAC is the main end use with a weight close to 50%, lighting follows with 15% and appliances with 10%. Building type is critical in how energy end uses are distributed (Figure 5) and in their energy intensity (Table 6). This makes it essential to develop independent studies by building types.
5. Office Buildings
Within the commercial sector, office buildings are, together with retail, those with the biggest consumption and CO2 emissions. In USA offices account for 17% of total non domestic area and about 18% of the energy use, equivalent to a 3.2% of the total consumption. In Spain, they account for a third of the commercial sector energy consumption and almost 2.7% of total energy consumed and in the UK for 17% of energy consumption and 2% of total energy use. Therefore, it is advisable to start the commercial analysis with office buildings. Other reasons, supporting energy surveys for this typology are:
(1) The substantial increase of total built area of office buildings due to the economical prosperity with many new business developments in mayor city outskirts [11]. During 1990-2000, 9.3 Mm² were built in Spain, with no reliable information on the total built area. In USA, per capita area is about 4 m², well above the European figure of 2 m²/per.
In the UK the total floor area of offices has increased by around 4% between 2000 and 2005.
(2) The amount of artificial lighting required, IT equipment use and air conditioned area have steadily increased. In Spain, more than 90% of companies use IT equipment and virtually all new offices are conditioned. Even in mild weather as in the UK more than half of new offices are conditioned.
(3) It is a typology quite uniform across the building stock, both in envelope and building services, with three key energy end uses, HVAC, lighting and appliances, adding up together to about 85% of the total.
6. Conclusions
Energy consumption of buildings in developed countries comprises 20 to 40% of total energy use and is above industry and transport figures in EU and USA. However, available information is clearly insufficient and not proportional to its importance. It is not considered as an independent sector and there is a lack of consistent data which makes it difficult to understand the underlying changes that affect energy consumption in this sector. It is essential to make available comprehensive building energy information to allow suitable analysis and efficiently plan energy policies for the future.
In that respect, studies developed by the EIA on the energy consumption of residential and commercial buildings in the USA are a valuable reference.
Proliferation of energy consumption and CO2 emissions on the built environment have made energy efficiency strategies a priority for energy policies developing new building regulations and certification schemes which now include minimum requirements. With the consolidation of the demand for thermal comfort, HVAC systems (and its associated energy consumption) have become an unavoidable asset, accounting for almost half the energy consumed in buildings, and around 10 to 20% of total energy consumption in developed countries.
The growing trend in building energy consumption will continue during the coming years due to the expansion of built area and associated energy needs, as long as resource and environmental exhaustion or economic recession allows it. Private initiative together with government intervention through the promotion of energy efficiency, new technologies for energy production, limiting energy consumption and raising social awareness on the rational use of energy will be essential to make possible a sustainable energy future.
References
[1] International Energy Agency. Key World Energy Statistics, 2006.
[2] Energy Information Administration. International Energy Outlook 2006. U.S.
Department of Energy, June 2006.
[3] Directive 2002/91/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16
December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings, 2002.
[4] Ministerio de Economía. Estrategia de ahorro y eficiencia energética en
España 2004-2012. Noviembre 2003.
[5] Pérez-Lombard, L., Adnot, J., Ortiz, J. A. and Rivière, P. HVAC systems
energy comparisons for an office building. Proceedings of Climamed. Lisbon,
2004.
[6] Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy Consumption Survey
(RECS). U.S. Department of Energy, 2001.
[7] Energy Information Administration. Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS). U.S. Department of Energy, 2003.
[8] Instituto para la diversificación y Ahorro de la energía (IDAE). Eficiencia
Energética y Energías Renovables (Nº 8). Madrid, octubre de 2006.
[9] EECCAC (Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners)
project for the Directorate General Transportation-Energy of the Commission
of the European Union. Final report. April 2003.
[10] Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio. La Energía en España 2005.
Madrid 2006.
Poems *** no one except the ground knows how tired trams say goodbye to each other *** a hungry belly gives birth to a rifle *** The sky is moving The ant's gaze falls into the suggestion of life Failure of life after adulthood Older children are moving into the abyss The abyss from which it all began The iron tooth of a smile haunts the blind The ash sketch of a heart beats like a real one Who fell into whose life at that moment when a billion natural coincidences came together? Gender, age, physical (etc...) contingencies of thought over the abyss of existence Examination of immediacy, a patch of eyes, a rush of touch And overhead the sky is in continuous motion Reprint by WordCity Literary Journal *** Handsome boy playing games Here will be a checkpoint of childhood Here will be parting with illusions There will be grass of hearts There will be a teddy bear like das tod Women's hands do not bake bread for him A lover or mistress will not make him happy A boy is playing a game of war in a game of disappearance Reprint by WordCity Literary Journal *** Restoration of the sand from which we molded the largest palace The last moment before parting Bergmanian is leaning against the blue sky Peonies of views became a dream of tired palms And above the heads of the trees appears the trunk of antiquity Thus begins the wild sunset of the little hearty sun Reprint by WordCity Literary Journal *** grapes ripen pupils (eyes) learn to recall the past Reprint by Ranger magazine *** Аgony АgonyАgony АgonyАgonyАgony АgonyАgonyАgonyАgony АgonyАgonyАgonyАgonyАgony АgonyАgonyАgonyАgonyАgonyAgony Аnd then the skin turns to dust like jesus never existed Reprint by Ranger magazine *** eating pudding is the same as what one can do іn an unknown war .?!+=[]<<€£¥$₽*% (but it's free) *** Green multi-meaning people The last viola adjacent to the heart of the air coffin Someone was knocking on the door of every house that night Everyone was knocking on the door of some house that night In order to light a candle of hope in the window Forever Reprint by Slant *** Everyone likes you so much that it feels like you're dying Wild dog masks instead of faces and their own bones are gnawed for dinner Dog masks of tenderness insomnia of honor How often are wars called just? How often do we fight for our own love? Reprint by Slant *** Smile to the hidden camera The gas chambers are the tuning forks of death The art of escaping in time The art of being invisible Inexorable time: instead of a walk in the parks, I end up on a photo session of police surveillance cameras Reprint by Slant *** Constitution of meaning The existence of life for the sake of the existence of the grave Beyond the grave — Nothing from which Everything began Reprint by Slant *** Dancing in the silence The silence of the movements Is inevitable A shovel digs out the plague Reprint by Slant *** Red triangles pop up in front of my eyes A bird graveyard grows under the bed What message is carefully carried like a twig in the beak of a bird? How many cemeteries would it take to justify all the wars in the world? *** The sea is like grief We are all rowers We are all drowners Water counts its quantity We are all counted We are all (united?) units We floated up from the bottom to start drowning *** The tree plays with its branches The tree plays with other people's children The tree becomes a home for the birds Can a person become a home for someone? *** A dog walks in the woods just to be a dog Grass asking ass about shit And glass of silence is woven into the conversation Nobody picks up after a dog that doesn't have an owner Grass doesn't care The grass can take anything The dog wants to die Вut won't *** 1 I leave the black room and see the night There are no butterflies visible outside or inside the stomach Only black figures surround everything around The cold dissolves after turning on the heater [That's what I call the sun now] I haven't seen the sun for a long time And my grandmother will never see anything again 2 I have a few hours left before the apartment doors are locked. Outside. 3 Nobody will come Nobody's coming back Nobody will rise again There's not enough air for anyone No one has enough love 4 The glass against which the bird is pressed is silent I conduct the notes of silence The grass warmed by silence grows Music turns into vapor 5 Oak trees say nothing at night However, just like during the day My hands are overgrown with leaves I'm full of humility Reprint by Ice floe press Dead daughter What would I say to my daughter when war broke out? Perhaps people are animals, but with the difference that people kill even when they are not hungry. Why kill a man if you can't eat his meat? Perhaps I would have told my daughter that she is an adult and must form her own attitude toward what is going on. Perhaps I could tell the world history of wars, if history were not a whore. Perhaps I would have tried to explain scientifically what was going on. Perhaps I would have said that over the course of thousands of years the human brain has degenerated and shrunk in size faster than it had previously grown in size for hundreds of thousands of years. Perhaps I would be silent. Perhaps I would have taken a piece of paper and drawn a human being in the shape of a bird. Surely, I would have drawn a cage for the bird. Perhaps I would have bought a dummy gun at the market and pointed it at my own daughter to explain what is exploding outside the window. Perhaps I would run away from home so I wouldn't have to look for my daughter to explain the inexplicable. Perhaps I would have said: "It's okay, nothing's going on." Perhaps I would be silent again. Or screamed. Or cried. Perhaps I would have scraped a crushed ant off my shoe and shown it to my daughter. Maybe I would apologize to all the children of the world for being a fucked-up adult. Perhaps I would have torn all the toy soldiers' limbs off for clarity and honesty. Perhaps I would have died. Perhaps I would have told my daughter that there is nothing after death. Perhaps I would have drank myself to death. Perhaps I would have shown my daughter all the war movies of the world so that she would take a stand on her own. Perhaps I would have written my daughter an e-mail explaining what was going on. Perhaps I would have torn apart all the children's toys so that my daughter would finally understand what war is all about. I didn't say anything to my daughter when the war started. Because I don't and never did have a daughter: I only have the war outside my window. Reprint by The Wise Owl