THE IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Annotation:This article explores the concept of artificial intelligence (AI), its role in society, its significance in education and the economy, and future prospects. It analyzes the application of AI in everyday life, its impact on work efficiency, and its contribution to the development of modern technologies.

Introduction

Today, in an era of rapidly developing information technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) holds a significant position. AI refers to computer systems’ ability to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as thinking, learning, analyzing, and decision-making. Currently, AI has permeated almost all areas of our
lives.

1. Concept and Development of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is a technology that enables computers and
software to perform tasks similar to human intelligence. Initially
developed through scientific experiments, AI today achieves high
results using machine learning and neural networks. AI systems can
quickly and accurately analyze large amounts of data.

2. The Importance of Artificial Intelligence in Everyday Life

AI is widely used in daily life. For example, voice assistants on
mobile phones, translation applications, facial recognition systems, and recommendation platforms all operate based on AI. These technologies ease human labor, save time, and provide convenience.

3. Artificial Intelligence in Education and the Economy

In education, AI serves to individualize the learning process.
AI-based platforms analyze students’ knowledge levels and provide
materials tailored to their needs. In the economy, AI automates
production processes, increases efficiency, reduces costs, and helps
make more precise business decisions.

4. Future Prospects of Artificial Intelligence

In the future, AI is expected to develop further and play a crucial
role in healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and many other
sectors. AI acts as a tool to enhance human potential and contribute
to societal development. At the same time, it is essential to use it
responsibly and wisely.

Conclusion

In conclusion, artificial intelligence is becoming an integral part of
modern society. It simplifies human activities, increases efficiency,
and creates new opportunities. Proper utilization of AI can contribute
to sustainable societal development.

References

1. Russell, S., & Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach. Pearson Education.
2. Official sources of the Republic of Uzbekistan on digital technologies.
3. Scientific articles and online resources related to artificial intelligence.

Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in the world. It plays a key role in our daily life and helps us understand how things work. Math is not only about numbers and formulas. It is also about logic, problem-solving, and clear thinking.

From a young age, people use math in simple ways. We count money, tell time, and measure distance. When we go shopping, math helps us calculate prices and discounts. When we cook, we use math to measure ingredients. These small examples show that math is always around us.

Math is also very important in education and science. Subjects like physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics are based on mathematics. Without math, modern technology would not exist. Computers, smartphones, the internet, and artificial intelligence all depend on mathematical principles. Math helps scientists make discoveries and engineers build safe structures.

Another important role of math is developing the human mind. It teaches us how to think logically and make correct decisions. Math trains patience and accuracy. When students solve math problems, they learn how to analyze situations and find solutions. These skills are useful not only in school but also in real life.

Many people think math is difficult or boring. However, math becomes interesting when it is understood properly. With practice and good teaching, anyone can improve their math skills. Math is a universal language that connects people from different cultures and countries.

In conclusion, mathematics is an essential part of human life. It supports daily activities, education, science, and technology. Learning math helps people become smarter, more confident, and better prepared for the future.

My name is Sharifov Sirojiddin Shavkatovich, a passionate and ambitious teacher born on July 16 1989, in Shakhrisabz district, Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan.

I have been working as a math teacher for ages and l can say that l already could help over 1000 students enter their dream university.

With a deep interest in leadership, public speaking, and writing, I continue to work hard toward achieving academic excellence and inspiring others in my community.

The Importance of Bank Loans and Investment Activities in the Development of Regional Economies

Chöliyev Nurbek Rözimbek o‘g‘li

Karshi State Technical University

1st-year student, Faculty of Economics        

Annotation: The article highlights the role of bank lending and investment activities in the development of regional economies. It analyzes the support of small and medium-sized businesses through bank loans, as well as the provision of housing and social needs for the population via mortgage and consumer loans. Furthermore, the significance of investment activities in modernizing regional infrastructure, creating new production capacities, attracting foreign investments, and generating new jobs is revealed. As practical examples, projects implemented by commercial banks of Uzbekistan, including “Mikrokreditbank,” “Agrobank,” “Ipoteka Bank,” and other financial institutions, are presented. In conclusion, findings and practical recommendations for improving credit and investment policies are provided.      

Keywords: Regional economy, commercial banks, credit policy, microcredits, mortgage, investment activity, infrastructure, small business, foreign investments, economic stability.      

Introduction       

Today, the role of the banking system is invaluable in modernizing the economy and ensuring sustainable development. In particular, bank loans provided by commercial banks and ongoing investment activities play a crucial role in the process of regional economic development. In the Republic of Uzbekistan, the comprehensive development of regions, improvement of living standards, and support for small businesses and private entrepreneurship are among the priority areas of state policy. In this context, the activities of banks, which serve as the main source of financial resources, occupy a special place.       

In regional development, bank lending serves as a key instrument for financing small and medium-sized enterprises and for expanding the agricultural, manufacturing, and service sectors. At the same time, investment activities facilitate the implementation of infrastructure projects, the creation of new production capacities, and the realization of innovative ideas.The relevance of this topic lies in the necessity of ensuring the stable functioning of the banking system in order to accelerate economic growth and reduce disparities between regions. By improving credit policy and further enhancing the investment climate, new jobs can be created in the regions, household incomes can increase, and poverty levels can be reduced.

Therefore, this article analyzes the role of bank loans and investment activities in the development of regional economies, as well as examines existing challenges and possible ways to address them.       

The Role of Bank Loans in Regional Economic Development        

Bank loans are considered one of the main financial sources in the development of regional economies. Loans provided through banks play an important role in expanding production, establishing new enterprises, modernizing existing capacities, and developing the service sector. In recent years, large-scale reforms have been implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan to liberalize credit policy and create favorable conditions for business entities.       

In particular, in accordance with presidential decrees, the provision of preferential loans by commercial banks has been introduced, yielding significant results in supporting small businesses and entrepreneurship in the regions. According to statistical data from the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the total volume of loans allocated to the economy by commercial banks in 2023 exceeded 480 trillion Uzbek soums, which is nearly 20 percent higher compared to the previous year. A substantial portion of these loans was directed toward financing small business entities and regional development projects.For example, loans provided by Mikrokreditbank and Agrobank for the development of agriculture and family entrepreneurship have contributed to the creation of thousands of new jobs. In addition, mortgage loans issued by Ipoteka Bank aimed at improving housing conditions have also played a significant role in raising living standards in the regions.

Taking Fergana region as an example, in 2023 commercial banks allocated loans totaling nearly 14 trillion Uzbek soums, of which 60 percent were directed to small businesses and private entrepreneurship entities. This indicator clearly demonstrates the crucial importance of bank lending in regional economic development. Thus, bank loans contribute to regional economic development by:supporting small and medium-sized enterprises;creating new jobs; increasing household incomes;strengthening the industrial potential of regions;modernizing infrastructure.

The Impact of Investment Activities on Regional Development

Another important factor in regional economic development is investment activity. Investments serve not only as a source for expanding production, but also for introducing new technologies, developing modern infrastructure, and establishing the production of competitive goods. In recent years, the investment policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan has undergone significant reforms. Favorable conditions have been created for foreign investors, free economic zones have been established, and numerous investment projects have been financed through domestic banks.

According to statistical data, the total volume of investments attracted to the economy of Uzbekistan in 2023 exceeded 350 trillion Uzbek soums, of which nearly 30 percent were financed through bank loans. In particular, Asaka Bank actively participated in financing large investment projects in the automotive, chemical, and metallurgical industries; National Bank of Uzbekistan supported projects in the energy, tourism, and infrastructure sectors; and Qishloq Qurilish Bank implemented numerous investment programs in the housing and construction sector.Significant results have also been observed at the regional level.

For example, in Fergana region, investment projects totaling more than 2 trillion Uzbek soums were financed through banks in 2023. As a result, new manufacturing enterprises were launched, and more than 7,000 new jobs were created in the region.Investment activity influences regional development in the following ways:modernizing infrastructure (roads, electricity supply, water networks);increasing industrial capacity and creating new production facilities;expanding employment opportunities and increasing household incomes;enhancing the investment attractiveness of regions and attracting new foreign investments.Thus, cooperation between investment activity and the banking system plays a decisive role in ensuring regional economic stability.

Conclusion and Recommendations

The analyses presented above demonstrate that bank lending and investment activities play a decisive role in regional economic development. Loans provided by commercial banks contribute to the growth of small businesses and private entrepreneurship, increase agricultural efficiency, improve housing provision for the population, create new production capacities, and expand the service sector.Investment activity, in turn, serves as a key factor in establishing modern infrastructure in regions, introducing advanced technologies into production, creating new jobs, and enhancing the overall economic potential of regions.

Cooperation between banks and international financial institutions strengthens the inflow of foreign investments and facilitates the integration of regions into the global economy.

Based on these findings, the following conclusions and recommendations can be proposed:

1. Diversification of bank lending is necessary. Increasing the volume of financing for various sectors, including tourism, services, and innovative projects, will enhance the effectiveness of credit policy in the regions.

2. Expansion of microfinance services is required. In particular, increasing microloans to support family entrepreneurship, women’s businesses, and youth entrepreneurship will have a positive impact on regional economic development.

3. Further improvement of the investment climate is essential. Creating favorable conditions for attracting domestic and foreign investments through banks, along with strengthening tax incentives and guarantee mechanisms, is highly advisable.

4. Strengthening the financing of regional infrastructure projects. Expanding bank lending and investment programs for transport, energy, housing, and social infrastructure development will ensure regional economic stability.

5. Acceleration of the digitalization of the banking system. Simplifying lending processes and monitoring investment projects through digital technologies will improve the efficiency of financial services in the regions.In conclusion, the importance of bank lending and investment activities in regional economic development cannot be overstated. Credit policies and investment projects implemented by banks are creating new economic opportunities in the regions, improving living standards, and contributing to the overall economic stability of the country.    

References

1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. “The New Uzbekistan Development Strategy for 2022–2026.” Collection of Legislative Acts of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2022.2. Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan. “Statistical Data on the Banking and Financial Sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan (End of 2023).” Official website: www.cbu.uz3. Karimov, A. Banking and Financial Markets. Tashkent: Economics Publishing House, 2021.4. Abdurahmonov, Q. Theory and Practice of Investments. Tashkent: Science and Technology Publishing House, 2020.5. Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Collection of Regional Development Indicators, 2023. Tashkent.6. Mikrokreditbank Official Website. “Microfinance Practices and Projects.”

www.mikrokreditbank.uz

THE PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM

Eshmurodova Sevinch Bahrom qizi

Qarshi State Technical University

2nd-year student, Banking Department

+998994190825

eshmurodovasevinch266@gmail.com

Abstract: The article discusses the use of artificial intelligence technologies in the banking sector. The focus is on simplifying customer service processes, reducing credit risks, detecting fraud, and strengthening cybersecurity.      

Keywords: artificial intelligence, bank, digital services, security, lending.      

Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются вопросы использования технологий искусственного интеллекта в банковской системе. Основное внимание уделено упрощению обслуживания клиентов, снижению кредитных рисков, выявлению мошенничества и повышению уровня кибербезопасности.      Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, банк, цифровые услуги, безопасность, кредитование.      

Introduction:

Today, major changes are occurring in the global financial market. Banks are no longer limited to simple transactions, accepting deposits, or issuing loans. Their main objective has increasingly become providing customers with convenient, fast, and secure services. One of the most significant technologies supporting this transformation is artificial intelligence (AI).Initially, artificial intelligence seemed like something found only in science-fiction movies. However, in today’s real world, AI technologies are actively involved in services ranging from bank cards to online applications. Therefore, discussing the future prospects of this technology is highly important.

Main Part:

One of the first and simplest applications of artificial intelligence in banks is chatbots. Today, most banks have their own mobile applications, and when a customer asks a question through the app, the initial response is given by an automated system. Although this seems simple, it plays a crucial role. While a human operator needs time to answer and queues may occur, artificial intelligence can serve thousands of customers simultaneously.The second direction is risk assessment. Previously, bank employees examined customer documents, requested employment references, and often required guarantors.

Today, AI systems can analyze a customer’s financial behavior, spending patterns, and even mobile payment history to calculate the probability of loan repayment. This process is convenient for both the bank and the customer.Another important aspect is fraud detection. Thousands of transactions are carried out every day, and it is impossible to manually inspect all of them.

Artificial intelligence can detect unusual or suspicious activity among transactions. For example, if a customer usually uses their card only in Tashkent but suddenly attempts to withdraw a large amount of money abroad, the system stops the transaction automatically. This helps protect the customer’s funds.

Of course, these technologies also have challenges. First, developing and implementing such systems requires significant financial investment. Second, banking data is highly confidential, making its protection extremely important. Third, the shortage of qualified specialists is also a major issue.

Despite these challenges, the advantages of artificial intelligence outweigh its drawbacks. Competition in the banking sector is increasing every day. Customers now pay attention not only to interest rates but also to service speed, convenience, and security. Banks that use AI technologies can enhance their reputation and attract more customers.

AI also opens new opportunities for banks in Uzbekistan. For instance, using artificial intelligence in loan portfolio management reduces risks. Financial inclusion — expanding access to banking services for the general population — can also be improved through AI. Additionally, AI can play an important role in future green financing projects.

One of the most critical issues is cybersecurity. As financial crimes around the world are increasing, AI systems help not only detect fraud but also protect large volumes of data. Therefore, banks in Uzbekistan must strengthen their efforts in this area.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, artificial intelligence is becoming an essential part of the future banking system. It simplifies customer service, reduces risks, detects fraud, and most importantly, increases the efficiency of banking operations. In the context of Uzbekistan, the gradual introduction of AI technologies, training qualified specialists, strengthening cybersecurity, and improving financial literacy are of great importance. If consistent work is carried out in these directions, banks in Uzbekistan can become competitive not only in the region but also in the global financial market.

REFERENCES

1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy banki. Raqamli moliya hisobotlari, 2024.

2. World Bank. AI in Financial Services. Washington, 2023.3. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. Machine, Platform, Crowd. Norton, 2017.4. Harvard Business Review. Artificial Intelligence for the Real World. 2018.

I am Eshmurodova Sevinch Bahrom qizi, born in 2006 in the Kamashidistrict of the Kashkadarya region. Between 2022 and 2024, I studiedat the Academic Lyceum of Karshi State University in the “exactsciences” department and successfully graduated. In 2024, I wasadmitted to Karshi State Technical University and am currently a2th-year student at the Faculty of Economics and Management, BankingDepartment. In my free time, I play sports. I am a 3-time champion ofUzbekistan. I have also taken the honorable 1st place in Tashkentseveral times. In addition, I have won the Rector’s Cup several times.Currently, I am running an online business at home. I make tiaras forgirls. I take an online course in Turkish. My goal is to open atraining center in the area where I live, in agreement with thegovernor.  I would like to pay special attention to Turkish, Russian,mathematics, and robotics at the center.

The Promise

Inspired by Wallace Stevens

The unholy frenzy of a three-week shopping spree

In single-minded pursuit of the consummate offering.

Some treasure that captivates my love, if only briefly,

Evoking blithe memories of Christmas past,

When Lionel trains, roller skates, and shiny Schwinn bicycles

Promised unadulterated pleasure.

But in this age of uncertainty and scrutiny,

The perfect gift feels like a seasonal illusion,

A practiced sleight of handThrough which we mime,

Hallmark-style,

The otherwise unspoken stirrings of the heart.

Undaunted, I set out in search of holiday treasure.

If such gifts exist at all, will they captivate again?

Clogged thoroughfares.

Rented Santas, rumpled and feigning cheer.

Perry Como jingles.

Nerves frayed by the discordant rhythms of the mall.

And my own insatiable Yuletide longings,

Coveting glittering bounty fit only for a king.

Seeking solace, solitary on Christmas night,

I retreat outdoors and lift my eyes to the heavens,

A shimmering veil of tears posing ancient questions:

Is it the star in the East that stirs my soul?

What did the traveling Wise Men divine in such stars?

I am reminded of a birth in Bethlehem, long ago,

A squalling mortal child, uniting God and Man,

Offering a glimmer of understanding.

Some Being, however intangible, delivered to us an idea,

An infinitude of love.

A mystery wholly reasoned through an infant form,

And through Him, a promise of divinity.

These are the gifts of the Wise Men:

Bequests of understanding, compassion, and grace,

Left for pagan pilgrims

In this most unholy season.

A spirit that returns each Yuletide,

Quietly, joyously.

As the miracle we call Christmas.

www.diannangel.com

The Magical Camomile

In a place where the sun rose beautifully, a little camomile flower lived. But this camomile was not ordinary. It was magical. If someone made a wish with a true and kind heart, the camomile could make it come true.

Very few people knew this secret.One day, a little girl came near the camomile. She wanted to pick it and place it in her hair, but something made her stop. She felt the flower might be sad if she did that. So she sat down beside it, gently touched its soft petals, and said, It would be wonderful if there were some food right now.

Suddenly, food appeared in front of her. At first, she looked around, thinking someone was watching her, but there was no one. She smiled and began to eat. Then she said, Would you like to taste some? The camomile replied, No, I dont need any. I will be happy if you are happy.The girl understood she had found real magic.

From that day on, the camomile stayed with her and helped her whenever she made a heartfelt wish.

Story by Asmonur Rajabboyeva

English Translation by Shuxratova Nilufar

Shuxratova Nilufar Azizbek qizi was born on March 31, 2013, in Uchqo‘rg‘on district of Namangan region. She received her primary education at Secondary School No. 31 in her district. Currently, she continues her studies at the Is’hoqxon Ibrat Creative School in To‘raqo‘rg‘on district.Despite her young age, Nilufar has achieved a number of accomplishments before the age of 12. As a young translator, she has been translating many short stories from Uzbek into English. Through each new translation, she not only improves her language skills but also develops her creative thinking and literary abilities.

One of Nilufar’s greatest dreams is to become a student of Harvard University, one of the world’s most prestigious higher education institutions. From an early age, she has been strengthening her love for knowledge, language learning, reading, and creativity, moving steadily and determinedly toward her goal.Her teachers and relatives describe her as an intelligent, hardworking, inquisitive, and highly responsible girl. Each achievement Nilufar attains is a strong step toward her future great successes.

General Medicine, Group 114 B. 

Scientific Supervisor: Akmal Oxunjonovich Daminov

Mutations and Their Effects on the Organism

This article provides a scientific analysis of the biological nature of mutations, their effects on organisms, and their types. Mutations are considered permanent changes in genetic material and play an important role in shaping the phenotypic characteristics of organisms. The article discusses in detail the natural and artificial forms of mutations, their positive and negative consequences, as well as their effects on human and animal organisms.

Keywords: mutation, gene, genotype, phenotype, organism, genetic diversification, environmental factors.

Introduction

Mutations are changes in the structure of DNA or chromosomes that play a central role in biological evolution and in the emergence of various genetic diseases. Mutations shape the phenotypic characteristics of organisms and influence their ability to adapt to the environment.

In modern genetics, the study of mutations is of great importance for human health, breeding processes, and ecological research. Mutations occur as a result of many factors, including radiation, chemical substances, viruses, and natural mutational processes. Their outcomes may be noticeable at the phenotypic level, which can alter the organism’s vital activity in either positive or negative ways.

Main Part

Gene mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of a specific gene in DNA. Such changes play an important role in the transmission of genetic information and affect many biological processes. Gene mutations can occur in the following forms:

• Substitution – one nucleotide is replaced by another, which may change the encoded amino acid.
• Deletion – the loss of one or more nucleotides from the genetic sequence, resulting in disruption of the genetic code.
• Insertion – the addition of extra nucleotides into the gene, which may disturb the coding process.

These types of mutations directly affect protein synthesis. When the structure and function of a protein change, noticeable changes occur in the organism’s phenotype. These changes may range from simple physiological differences to complex genetic diseases.

Chromosomal mutations are changes in the structure of chromosomes that affect the location and quantity of genetic material. Such mutations include:

• Duplication – repetition of a chromosome segment, resulting in an increase in genetic material.
• Inversion – reversal of a chromosome segment, which may affect gene expression.
• Translocation – movement of genes from one chromosome to another, disrupting genetic balance.
• Deletion – loss of a chromosome segment, which may result in the loss of essential genes.

Chromosomal mutations usually have greater phenotypic effects than gene mutations. They may cause developmental defects, hereditary diseases, and various syndromes.

Effects of Mutations on the Organism

Some mutations provide organisms with adaptability and improved survival. For example, in the process of natural selection, certain mutations add beneficial traits to a population, lead to the emergence of new phenotypes, and play a role in evolution.

However, mutations are not always beneficial. Based on personal observations and studies, many mutations can significantly harm an organism’s vital functions. They may lead to developmental defects, hereditary diseases, infertility, and weakened immune systems. For instance, some gene mutations cause oncological diseases by disrupting normal cell structure and function. Therefore, it is important to remember that mutations may also have negative consequences. In some cases, they may not be noticeable during an individual’s lifetime but can pose a risk to future generations when inherited.

Neutral mutations are changes in genetic material that do not cause noticeable changes in an organism’s phenotype, that is, its external appearance. In other words, such mutations do not disrupt the organism’s vital activity. Therefore, they are called neutral, as they are neither beneficial nor harmful in the short term. Nevertheless, neutral mutations are scientifically important because they increase genetic diversity during evolution and contribute to the formation of beneficial traits through natural selection in the future.

Neutral mutations increase genetic diversification in populations and create new evolutionary opportunities. For example, a neutral change in a gene may remain unnoticed in a population for a long time, but when environmental conditions change, it may become beneficial. From this perspective, neutral mutations are an important scientific tool for predicting evolution and understanding the future of populations.

At the molecular level, neutral mutations are also significant. They help maintain DNA stability and ensure the continuous transmission of genetic information from generation to generation. At the same time, they contribute to the emergence of new alleles and gene combinations, allowing populations to maintain adaptability and expand biological diversity under natural conditions. However, neutral mutations may become beneficial or harmful in the future. For instance, when environmental conditions change резко, a previously neutral allele may provide a new advantage to the population. Therefore, monitoring and studying neutral mutations is essential, as it allows a deeper understanding of evolutionary processes.

Prevention and Control of Mutations

Preventing and controlling mutations is very important from the perspective of biological safety and population health. The first measures involve controlling radiation and chemical substances, as high doses of radiation or toxic compounds can damage DNA and increase mutation risk. Therefore, safety measures in industrial, laboratory, and medical fields are crucial.

A healthy lifestyle also plays an important role in reducing mutation risk. Proper nutrition, vitamins, and antioxidants help maintain genetic material stability. Regular physical activity, stress reduction, and avoiding harmful habits strengthen genetic health and reduce the risk of hereditary diseases.

Genetic counseling is an effective tool in mutation control. By assessing the risk of hereditary diseases during family planning, the negative effects of harmful mutations in future generations can be reduced. In this way, the health of individuals and their descendants can be protected. Genetic counseling is important not only for families but also for the healthy development of society as a whole.

Modern medicine also uses DNA testing and gene therapy methods. Through molecular diagnostics, individuals can learn about their genetic risks and take necessary measures. As a result, mutations can be kept under control and their negative consequences more easily prevented.

Ultimately, by preventing and controlling mutations, we can preserve genetic resources and biological diversity, ensuring stable and effective evolutionary processes. Therefore, biologists, geneticists, and medical professionals pay special attention to studying, controlling, and preventing mutations.

The article draws on Kimura’s (1983) theory, which explains that neutral mutations may have no noticeable effect on phenotype but play an important role in population evolution. According to Kimura, many mutations do not affect the external appearance of humans or other organisms, yet they create a foundation for genetic diversification and future evolutionary processes. From this perspective, neutral mutations are scientifically valuable.

Lynch (2010) provides a detailed analysis of different types of mutations and their effects on biological systems, particularly emphasizing the role of healthy lifestyle, nutrition, and antioxidants in maintaining genetic stability. Thus, the recommendations presented in the article are scientifically grounded.

Hartl and Clark (2007) analyze the spread of mutations in populations, their role under natural selection, and mechanisms for reducing the risk of hereditary diseases. Their approach aligns with the article’s recommendations on genetic counseling and family planning. Overall, the article integrates the scientific findings of Kimura, Lynch, and Hartl & Clark to highlight the importance of neutral mutations, genetic diversification, and evolution, while also offering scientifically based strategies for preventing and controlling harmful mutations.

Conclusion

Mutations are permanent changes in an organism’s genetic material and play an important role in biological evolution, adaptation, and the formation of phenotypic traits. Mutations can have positive, negative, or neutral effects and may pose risks to human health and the ecological environment. Therefore, studying mutations and controlling their consequences occupies a central place in biology and genetics.

References

1. Alimov, R. (2018). Fundamentals of Genetics and Mutations. Tashkent: Fan va texnologiya Publishing House.
2. Karimov, S. (2020). Mutations and Human Health. Tashkent: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan Publishing House.
3. Jo‘rayev, D. (2017). Chromosomal Mutations and Their Effects on Phenotype. Tashkent: Higher and Secondary Specialized Education Publishing House.
4. Mahmudov, N. (2015). The Unity of Language and Thought. Tashkent: Fan Publishing House.
5. Rasulov, T. (2019). Genetic Diversification and Selection. Tashkent: Biology Publishing House.
6. G‘ulomov, A. (2016). Mutational Processes and Environmental Factors. Tashkent: Ilm-fan Publishing House.
7. To‘xtaboev, E. (2018). Neutral Mutations and Evolution. Tashkent: National University of Uzbekistan Publishing House.
9. Nu’monova Shohsanam Bahodirjon qizi was born on December 23, 2007, in the city of Tashkent. She graduated from Secondary General Education School No. 26 located in Uzbekistan District of Fergana Region. Currently, she is a first-year student of the Faculty of General Medicine (Department No. 2) at Tashkent State Medical University. From an early age, Shohsanam has shown a strong interest in medicine and is currently pursuing her dream with determination. Her goal is to become a highly qualified specialist in her profession and to positively impact the lives of many patients.