This thesis discusses the embryonic development, morphological structure, and main functional significance of the placenta. The placenta is an important temporary organ that performs metabolic exchange, hormonal regulation, and protective functions between the mother and the fetus.
The placenta is a temporary organ formed during pregnancy that ensures the physiological connection between the mother and the fetus. Its proper development plays a crucial role in the normal growth and development of the fetus.
Main part
Development of the placenta
The placenta is formed as a result of implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine mucosa after fertilization. Trophoblast cells differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast layers. Through these layers, metabolic exchange between the mother and the fetus is established.
Morphological structure
The placenta has a disc-like shape and consists of two main parts:
Maternal part — decidua basalis
Fetal part — chorion frondosum
The placenta contains numerous villi (chorionic villi), which are richly supplied with blood vessels. Through these structures, exchange occurs without direct mixing of maternal and fetal blood.
Functions
The placenta performs the following main functions:
Transport function – delivers oxygen, glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients to the fetus
Excretory function – removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Endocrine function – produces hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Protective function – acts as an immunological barrier against certain harmful agents
Clinical significance
The location and functional state of the placenta directly affect the course of pregnancy. Conditions such as placenta previa and placental insufficiency can lead to serious complications in fetal development.
Conclusion
The placenta is an essential temporary organ that ensures fetal viability. Any disturbances in its structure or function can negatively affect pregnancy. Therefore, studying the development and function of the placenta is of great importance in medicine.
in response to a monster jam video prompt on YouTube by Poetry Pea Podcast:
dust storm
the butterfly landing of
a flying raptor
2)
in response to a video prompt on YouTube by Poetry Pea Podcast:
dusk haze
a shatter of crows
wound the night
3)
in response to a 3 word challenge posted on YouTube by Poetry Pea Podcast:
crisp spring light
a snowflake’s shadow
stitched to the breeze
4)
solstice mirth
a swell of seashells
docking ashore
5)
elk tree
a cranium of gold
dusky branches
6)
shrine lamps
san’aa crescents alcove
white dawn
san’aa is an Arabic word for hymn/praise.
7)
rain ruffles
reclined river
—lush lilies
8)
star-storm haze
pilgrim clouds flock
to Fujisan
9)
square waves
beneath her posture
seismic inhale
10)
dainty moon
aural feet of light
teasing rivers
11)
moon drowns
in Arabian Sea
white albatross
Sheikha A. is a Pushcart and Rhysling nominee from Pakistan and United Arab Emirates. Her poetry appears in a variety of literary venues and has been translated into 10 languages so far. More about her can be found at sheikha82.wordpress.com
This article highlights the incomparable role of books in the life of society, their importance in educating the younger generation, and the issues of developing a reading culture. It substantiates the necessity of effectively organizing literature lessons in the education system and forming reading skills in students. It also discusses the reforms being implemented in our country to improve the system of publishing and distributing book products, develop library activities, and expand book trade. The article emphasizes that bringing books closer to the population and turning them into an integral part of daily life is an important task. As a conclusion, the idea is put forward that a book is the main factor of a person’s spiritual development and that society cannot progress without books.
The homeland – our motherland – possesses its own great and unique book. This book is the history, spirituality, aspirations, and future of our people. Reading it, understanding it, and preserving it is the sacred duty of each of us. Indeed, a book is the greatest blessing that leads a person to perfection, guiding them out of the darkness of ignorance into the light of enlightenment.
Today, it is necessary to pay special attention to literature classes in our schools and colleges. It is important to instill a love for books in the younger generation from an early age and to develop in them skills of independent thinking, free expression, and creative approach. During lessons, it is necessary not only to make students read the text, but also to create opportunities for them to understand, analyze, and debate it. This broadens their thinking and teaches them to look at life consciously.
At the same time, it is important to recommend that students read more fiction, to encourage and support them. A child who reads books grows up not only knowledgeable, but also spiritually mature, patriotic, and well-rounded. Therefore, the development of reading culture should be one of the priority directions of the education system.
Unfortunately, it is also observed that in our lives the place of books is sometimes being replaced by other things. While large shopping centers, markets, and various service outlets are increasing, there are not enough bookstores. Even in large airports, railway stations, or crowded public places, book sales are not properly organized. As a result, people are often forced to waste their time during travel instead of reading newspapers or books.
However, in developed countries, the system of book trade and libraries is well established. It is possible to find books near every station and every торговая точка. This plays a significant role in increasing the reading culture of the population. We also need to bring books closer to people and turn them into an integral part of our daily life.
For this purpose, important reforms are being implemented in our country. In particular, special decrees and resolutions have been adopted to develop the system of publishing and distributing book products and to increase reading culture. Based on these documents, measures are being taken to expand book trade, improve library activities, and provide the population with high-quality and affordable books.
However, these efforts should not be supported only by the state, but by the entire society. Promoting reading in neighborhoods, educational institutions, organizations, and enterprises, organizing book fairs, and holding reading competitions among young people are of great importance.
If we look at the history of our ancestors, we can see that they placed books and knowledge above everything. Our great scholars, commanders, and thinkers understood the world through books and achieved great heights through knowledge. The rich spiritual heritage they left behind is an invaluable treasure for today’s generation.
Tursunaliyeva Zilolaxon, a first-year student at the Faculty of Primary Education of Kokand State University, living in Uchko‘prik district of Fergana region.
Digitizing Laboratory Education: The Synergy of 3D Modeling and Artificial Intelligence
Introduction
In the modern educational landscape, updating the teaching methodology is no longer just about providing hardware; it is about the complete digital transformation of the learning experience. Traditional laboratory settings often face significant hurdles, including a shortage of advanced equipment, high maintenance costs, and safety constraints that prevent complex experimentation. These limitations frequently hinder students from gaining the necessary practical depth in their fields.
The Power of 3D Modeling: Creating Digital Twins
The integration of 3D modeling offers a transformative solution by creating “Digital Twins” of physical laboratory environments. Unlike static diagrams, 3D simulations allow students to interact with machinery and chemical processes in a risk-free, virtual space. This is particularly vital for engineering and science students, as it enables them to perform high-risk experiments—such as high-voltage electrical testing or volatile chemical reactions—without the danger of physical harm or equipment damage. The ability to repeat these simulations infinitely ensures that the student masters the procedure before ever stepping into a physical lab.
AI Integration: Personalized Learning Trajectories
Artificial Intelligence (AI) acts as the “brain” of these digital laboratories. By incorporating AI algorithms, the virtual environment can monitor a student’s progress in real-time. It analyzes the logic behind their actions, the errors they commit, and the time spent on specific tasks.
Adaptive Feedback: If a student struggles with a particular step, the AI provides contextual hints or suggests supplementary theoretical material.
Customization: The system can adjust the difficulty level of the experiments based on the learner’s individual performance, making education truly personalized.
Challenges and Future Outlook
Despite the obvious advantages, the transition to fully digital labs is not without obstacles. Developing high-fidelity 3D environments requires significant computational power and advanced programming expertise (utilizing tools like Python, Unity, or Unreal Engine). Furthermore, digital simulations cannot yet fully replicate the tactile sensory experience of a physical laboratory. Therefore, a hybrid model—combining virtual preparation with physical execution—currently stands as the most effective pedagogical approach.
Conclusion
3D modeling and AI are not just tools; they are the architects of a new era in laboratory education. These technologies offer a scalable, safe, and cost-effective way to enhance the quality of higher education. To fully realize this potential, universities must invest in both technical infrastructure and the digital literacy of their faculty. The future of engineering education lies in this seamless blend of the virtual and the physical worlds.
Shahnoza Amanboyeva is a dedicated first-year Computer Engineering student at Urgench State University. She is passionate about the intersection of technology and education, specifically focusing on virtual simulations and AI-driven learning systems.
This article examines the impact of regular physical activity on students’ stress levels and academic performance. The importance of physical recreation as a means of preventing emotional burnout during examination periods is substantiated. An analysis of self-control methods and their role in maintaining the body’s homeostasis under intensive mental нагрузки is also presented.
The relevance of this topic is обусловлена a sharp decrease in the level of physical activity among modern youth in the context of the digitalization of the educational process. Students spend more than 8–10 hours a day using computers and smartphones, which leads to the development of “muscle starvation” (hypodynamia). This not only weakens the muscular system but also negatively affects the cognitive functions of the brain.
The aim of this work is to study the mechanisms of the influence of physical exercises on the nervous system and to develop recommendations for optimizing work and rest schedules. The research objectives include analyzing the phases of fatigue and identifying the most effective forms of recreation.
MAIN PART
1. Physiological Mechanisms of Stress Reduction
Physical activity activates the endocrine system. During moderate aerobic exercise, cortisol (the stress hormone) production decreases, while the synthesis of endorphins and dopamine increases. This creates a “biological release” effect necessary after prolonged static tension.
2. Prevention of Hypodynamia at University
To maintain performance, it is necessary to introduce micro-breaks (physical exercise minutes) every 90 minutes of mental work. The author identifies three levels of adaptation of the organism to physical нагрузкам:
Immediate adaptation: changes in heart rate (HR) and deeper breathing during exercise.
Long-term adaptation: structural changes in the cardiovascular system and an increase in lung vital capacity.
3. Methods of Objective Self-Control
In order for physical activity to be beneficial, students must possess self-diagnosis skills. The most important indicators include the Quetelet index (BMI) and the Stange test (breath-holding on inhalation), which helps assess the condition of the respiratory system.
It is recommended to keep a “Self-Control Diary”, where the following are recorded:
Pulse rate at rest and after exercise
Subjective well-being (sleep, appetite, willingness to train)
Dynamics of anthropometric indicators
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, physical culture can be considered the only natural antagonist to nervous overstrain. Regular exercise (at least 150 minutes per week) not only strengthens health but also improves working memory capacity and concentration. The formation of a movement culture is not an optional task but a foundation for the successful professional activity of a future specialist.
REFERENCES
Lubysheva L. I. Sociology of Physical Culture and Sport: Textbook for University Students. — Moscow: Akademiya, 2021. — 272 p.
Matveev L. P. Theory and Methodology of Physical Culture. — Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport, 2019. — 544 p.
Kholodov Zh. K., Kuznetsov V. S. Theory and Methodology of Physical Education and Sport. — Moscow: Publishing Center “Akademiya”, 2022. — 480 p.
Vilensky M. Ya. Physical Culture and Healthy Lifestyle of a Student: Study Guide. — Moscow: KnoRus, 2020. — 240 p.
The Role and Impact of Loanwords in Modern Korean Speech: A Socio-Linguistic Analysis
Tashkent State University of Oriental Studies
Faculty of Philology and Language Teaching (Korean Language)
1st-year student: Mansurova Charos
Abstract: This study examines the integration of loanwords (oerye-eo) into the modern Korean lexicon and their functional role in contemporary communication. Through a quantitative analysis of 500 media texts and social media samples, the research explores how foreign linguistic elements, particularly “Konglish,” adapt to Korean phonetic and morphological structures. The findings indicate that loanwords constitute over 30% of modern terminology in key sectors, reflecting broader trends of globalization and cultural shift within South Korean society.
Keywords: Korean linguistics, Loanwords, Konglish, Sociolinguistics, Language Globalization, Oerye-eo.
Introduction
Language is a dynamic organism that constantly evolves through cross-cultural interaction. In the 21st century, the acceleration of globalization has intensified linguistic exchange, with the Korean language serving as a prominent example of rapid lexical transformation. While historically influenced by Sino-Korean characters (Hanja), contemporary Korean is experiencing a significant influx of Western terminology.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the prevalence of loanwords in South Korean daily discourse, media and technology. This study argues that these elements have transitioned from mere technical necessities to essential components of modern stylistic expression and social identity.
Literature review
The study of loanwords in the Korean language has been a focal point for many linguists over the past few decades.
Traditional Perspectives: Early researchers like Sohn (1999) categorized Korean vocabulary into three distinct layers: native Korean words, Sino-Korean words and loanwords (oerye-eo). Historically, Hanja occupied the prestigious position that English occupies today.
The “Konglish” Phenomenon: Kent (1999) and Lawrence (1912) explored the concept of “Konglish”-words derived from English but adapted with unique Korean meanings or structures (e.g., handphone for mobile phone). They argue that Konglish is not a “broken” language but a creative adaptation.
Sociolinguistic Impact: Park (2009) emphasizes in South Korea is closely linked to status symbols, where Western terms often convey modernity and global connectivity.
Research methodology
To determine the role of loanwords in modern Korean discourse, a multi-methodological approach was employed:
1. Descriptive Analysis: Theoretical literature and lexicographic sources were examined to establish the conceptual framework.
2. Quantitative Method: A corpus of 500 text samples was collected from prominent South Korean media media portals ( Naver News, Daum) and social media platforms ( Instagram, You tube).
3. Comparative Analysis: Traditional Sino-Korean borrowings were compared with modern Western influences regarding their frequency of use.
Research results
The following data represents the empirical findings from the corpus analysis:
Distribution of Loanwords across Sectors
Sector
Loanword Proportion (%)
Primary Source Language
Information Technology
72%
English
Fashion and Beauty
65%
English, French
Youth Slang & SocialMedia
50%
English
General News & Media
30%
English,Japanese
1. Source Distribution: A significant majority (85%) of these borrowings originate from English, while 15% are derived from Japanese, German, and French.
2. Morphological Integration: Data shows that 90% of English-derived verbs integrate via the Korean auxiliary verb –hada ( e.g., 드라이브하다 – drive-hada). 95% of nouns are transliterated directly into Hangul without phonetic reduction.
Discussion
The results confirm that the Korean language is undergoing an intensive process of “Anglicization”. The fact that loanwords exceed 30% in general media suggests they are no longer merely auxiliary tools.
The high concentration in IT (72%) is attributed to the lack of traditional equivalents for rapidly evolving global technologies. Furthermore, the 50% usage in youth slang confirms Park’s (2009) theory of status symbols; younger generations perceive “Konglish” as a marker of being globally connected. Unlike Sohn (1999), who observed a lower percentage of loanwords, our findings suggest that the pace of lexical borrowing has doubled in the last 25 years due to digital acceleration.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study demonstrates that loanwords (oerye-eo) have evolved from auxiliary technical terms into essential components of modern Korean identity and stylistic expression. The quantitative analysis confirms that foreign-derived vocabulary now constitutes over 30% of contemporary media discourse, with a dominant 85% originating from English. These findings answer the primary research question by highlighting that “Konglish” acts as a marker of modernity and global connectivity, particularly among the younger generation. Practically, this linguistic shift necessitates a revision of current educational materials to reflect the reality of active Korean speech.Future research should focus on the sociolinguistic gap between generations caused by this rapid lexical transformation.
References
1. Kent, D. B. (1999). Speaking in Tongues: The Role of English in South Korean Society. Korea Journal, 39(4), 187-209.
2. Lawrence, C. B. (2012). The Korean-English Linguistic Landscape. World Englishes, 31(1), 70-92.
3. National Institute of Korean Language. (2022). Report on the Use of Foreign Loanwords in Mass Media. Seoul, South Korea.
4. Park, J. S. (2009). The Local Construction of a Global Language: Ideologies of English in South Korea. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
5. Sohn, H. M. (1999). The Korean Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6. Kiaer, J. (2018). The Routledge Course in Korean Translation. London: Routledge. (Chapter 4: Loanwords in Korean: Their History and Development).
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WORD STRUCTURE DIFFERENCES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Azimova Nilufar Egamberdiyevna- BA student of English First Faculty UzSWLU
Scientific advisor: Doctor of sience (DSc.), associated professor D.M.Yuldasheva, UzSWLU
Annotation. The present thesis analyzes the structural differences of word formation in English and Uzbek within the framework of comparative linguistics. The research examines the morphological composition of words, including roots, affixes, and compound structures, and identifies similarities and divergences between the two languages. The study highlights analytical features in English and agglutinative properties in Uzbek, demonstrating how these characteristics influence word structure, productivity, and the formation of new lexical units.
Keywords: word structure, comparative linguistics, morphology, affixation, compounding, English, Uzbek.
Annotatsiya.Ushbu tezis ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida so‘z tarkibi va so‘z yasalishining qiyosiy jihatlarini tahlil qiladi. Tadqiqot so‘zning morfologik tuzilishi — asos, affikslar va qo‘shma so‘zlar orqali tuzilishini o‘rganadi hamda ikki til o‘rtasidagi o‘xshashlik va farqlarni aniqlaydi. Ingliz tilining analitik xususiyatlari va o‘zbek tilining agglutinativ tabiati so‘z tarkibining shakllanishi va yangi leksik birliklar hosil bo‘lishiga qanday ta’sir ko‘rsatishi yoritiladi.
Kalit so‘zlar: so‘z tarkibi, qiyosiy tilshunoslik, morfologiya, affiksatsiya, qo‘shma so‘z, ingliz tili, o‘zbek tili.
Аннотация. Данная тезисная работа посвящена сравнительному анализу структуры слова в английском и узбекском языках. Исследование рассматривает морфологическое строение слова — корень, аффиксы и составные образования, — а также выявляет сходства и различия между двумя языками. Подчеркиваются аналитические особенности английского языка и агглютинативная природа узбекского языка, влияющие на формирование, продуктивность и создание новых лексических единиц.
Ключевые слова: структура слова, сопоставительное языкознание, морфология, аффиксация, сложные слова, английский язык, узбекский язык.
Comparative linguistics plays an essential role in identifying structural and functional similarities and differences between languages. One of the key areas of comparative study is the analysis of word structure, which reflects deeper morphological and typological principles. This thesis focuses on the comparative analysis of word structure differences in English and Uzbek, two languages that belong to different typological groups.
English is an analytic language with limited inflectional morphology. Word structure in English primarily relies on root morphemes, derivational affixes, and compound formation. Derivational affixation, such as the use of -ness, -tion, -able, and un-, re-, dis-, plays a central role in creating new lexical items. Inflectional morphology is minimal: English nouns typically have plural markers (-s), while verbs take limited forms (-ed, -ing, -s). This shows that English tends to express grammatical meaning through word order and auxiliary verbs rather than morphological changes.
In contrast, Uzbek is an agglutinative language characterized by rich affixation. Word structure is highly productive due to transparent, sequential additions of suffixes that indicate grammatical categories such as tense, case, possession, plurality, and derivation. For example, the Uzbek word kitoblarimizdan (“from our books”) consists of multiple stacked morphemes: kitob + lar + imiz + dan. Each affix carries one clear grammatical meaning, which makes Uzbek morphology highly systematic and predictable.
The comparison shows that English word formation relies more heavily on compounding (blackboard, smartphone, worldwide) and derivation, while Uzbek prefers suffixation as its main method of forming both grammatical and lexical units. Another notable difference is that Uzbek rarely uses prefixes, whereas English makes active use of both prefixes and suffixes.
Despite these differences, both languages share common processes such as compounding, borrowing, and semantic shift. However, the frequency, productivity, and structural patterns of these processes differ significantly.
Overall, the comparative analysis demonstrates that the typological differences between English and Uzbek directly influence their word structure. Understanding these contrasts contributes to more effective language teaching, translation studies, and further linguistic research.
The study reveals that English, as an analytic language, uses limited morphological tools, relying on derivation and compounding, while Uzbek, an agglutinative language, employs extensive suffixation and clear morpheme sequencing. These differences show how typological features shape word structure and lexical productivity in both languages. The findings are useful for comparative linguistics, translation, and teaching methodology.
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Korkmaz, S. (2018). Comparative analysis of agglutinative and analytic language structures. International Journal of Linguistics, 10(4), 44–57.
