O‘roqova Nargiza was born on March 26, 2001, in Ishtixon district of Samarkand region. She is currently a first-year grant student at Tashkent State Medical University.

Her work experience includes teaching Biology at Secondary School No. 33 in Ishtixon district of Samarkand region during the 2024/2025 academic year.

She graduated from the Faculty of Biology at Jizzakh State Pedagogical University in the 2020/2024 academic years.

She is fluent in English, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish.

CAUSES AND ANALYSIS OF THE INCREASE IN ALLERGIC DISEASES IN CHILDREN

O‘roqova Nargiza Sherali qizi

First-year student, Group 102-A, Faculty of General Medicine

Tashkent State Medical University

Abstract

Allergy is considered one of the most common health problems among children. Allergies arise due to various factors and are largely associated with parental supervision. This article discusses the causes of allergies, as well as measures for their prevention and treatment.

Keywords

Allergy, dust, children, health, genetic predisposition, environment, medicine, parents, medications.

Introduction

In recent years, allergic diseases among children have become increasingly common, including allergic rhinitis (nasal allergy), bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis (skin allergy), and food allergies. The prevalence of these conditions has been steadily increasing over the years. This trend is evident not only in medical statistics but also in everyday life.

Main Part

Allergy is a condition characterized by the body’s hypersensitivity to certain environmental factors and is manifested by the production of antibodies in response to antigens. These antigens bind to antibodies and cause abnormal reactions in the body.

Causes of Allergies

Food Allergies

Food allergies are among the most common types of allergies in children. The most frequent allergenic foods include milk, nuts, eggs, fish, melon, wheat, mung beans, and soy. Symptoms may include skin rash, itching, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in rare cases, anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction resulting from increased sensitivity to antigens entering the body).

Respiratory Allergies

These occur due to the inhalation of allergens such as house dust, animal fur, and mold spores. The main symptoms include runny nose, coughing, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes.

Drug Allergies

Some children may develop allergic reactions to antibiotics, antipyretic drugs, or vaccines. Symptoms may include skin rash, swelling, and redness.

Contact Allergies

Skin allergies occur upon contact with allergens such as chemicals and metals. They are characterized by redness, rash, and itching of the skin.

Insect Bites

Reactions caused by bee, wasp, or mosquito stings can range from mild redness to severe swelling and anaphylactic shock.

In addition, allergies may be caused by hereditary factors, diseases of internal organs (such as the stomach, liver, and kidneys), frequent infectious diseases, and intestinal parasites.

Diagnostics

To select appropriate treatment for allergies, it is necessary to identify the allergen through diagnostic methods. In many cases, eliminating contact with the triggering factor is sufficient to relieve symptoms.

Diagnostic Methods for Allergies

Skin tests: Allergens are introduced through scratches or injections. Reactions such as redness and swelling may appear within half an hour. Delayed-type reactions may also occur.

Blood tests: Used to determine IgE levels for diagnosing type I allergies.

IgE testing: Based on blood serum analysis and commonly used for detecting food allergies in children.

Blood tests are considered more accurate and safer. Specialized allergy centers successfully conduct such diagnostic studies.

Prevention

Prevention of allergies involves avoiding contact with allergens and eliminating products that trigger allergic reactions. Regular wet cleaning of the home, as well as removing carpets and textile items, is important. Strengthening and hardening the body is also recommended.

Conclusion

Allergies in children are serious but manageable conditions. Understanding the types of allergies, as well as methods of prevention and treatment, helps parents provide a safe and comfortable life for their children. Most importantly, timely consultation with specialists and adherence to their recommendations are essential.

References

Nishonboyev K.N., Hamidov J.H. Medical Biology and Genetics. Tashkent, 2005.

Mavlonov O., Tilavov T., Aminov B. Biology. Tashkent, 2019.

Med24.uz — Allergy: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.

Doriclub.uz — Types of allergies in children: prevention and treatment.

INTEGRATING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING BIOLOGY WITH OTHER SUBJECTS

Kokand State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Economics

Teacher: Isabayeva Mashhuraxon Muxiddinovna

Third-year Biology student: Turgʻunova Oʻgʻiloy Ravshanbek qizi

ANNOTATION: This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of integrating the methodology of teaching biology with other subjects. It highlights the role of an interdisciplinary approach in improving educational effectiveness and developing students’ systematic thinking. The possibilities of organically connecting biology with chemistry, native language, geography, computer science, and mathematics are considered through examples. Methods of organizing integrated lessons and the advantages of pedagogical technologies are discussed. Furthermore, this approach is justified as a means of shaping students’ scientific worldview and developing practical skills. The article also provides recommendations for implementing interdisciplinary integration in modern education.

KEYWORDS: integration, method, interdisciplinary integration, teaching methodology, scientific thinking, pedagogical effectiveness, synchronous, asynchronous, practical skills, critical thinking

The methodology of teaching biology is a branch of science related to the processes, principles, and laws underlying the biology educational process. Proper organization of learning processes and understanding these principles allow teachers to structure and manage educational activities in accordance with modern education systems.

The goal of the methodology of teaching biology is to organize the content, teaching forms, methods, and tools of biology lessons in a coherent and effective way. Its main task is to provide students with deep knowledge of biology, develop their overall growth and improvement, and create teaching content, tools, forms, and methods that support this development. The teacher’s personality plays a crucial role because the more passion, knowledge, skills, and experience a future educator has for their subject, the more they can stimulate students’ interest in it. A teacher effectively imparts profound knowledge and practical skills, helps students understand the essence of the subject, and consequently fosters respect and engagement in students during lessons.

The connection of biology teaching methodology with other subjects serves as an important pedagogical tool. In this context, students’ knowledge and skills acquired in other subjects are linked to biology—a process called integration (from Latin integratio—“to combine,” “to complete,” “to unify”), which involves connecting separate parts, elements, or subjects into a single system. In practice, this means linking biology with chemistry, geography, native language, and mathematics, and applying this integrated knowledge during lessons to provide students with effective and systematic learning experiences. This pedagogical method enhances the teacher’s professional qualities and deepens their mastery of subject knowledge.

For example, a young teacher may encounter some difficulties in the learning process, such as organizing lessons effectively and systematically according to State Educational Standards. In this case, students’ prior knowledge and skills from other subjects can be integrated into biology lessons. Initially, the teacher should:

Study the students to understand their interests and preferred subjects. Knowing students’ knowledge and skills in other subjects is crucial for effectively engaging them in biology lessons.

For instance, in an 8th-grade biology lesson:

Topic: Digestive System

The teacher can explain the topic using students’ knowledge of their native language to ensure proper understanding.

This approach not only strengthens interdisciplinary connections but also develops students’ comprehensive understanding, critical thinking, and ability to apply knowledge across different domains.

Turgʻunova Oʻgʻiloy Ravshanbek qizi was born on September 26, 2004, in Rapqon village, Beshariq district, Fergana region.

She is currently a third-year student majoring in Biology at Kokand State University (enrolled in 2023).

PHILOSOPHY OF VALUES (AXIOLOGY), THEIR ROLE IN SOCIAL LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT

Navoi State University

Faculty of Natural Sciences and 

Medicine First-Year Student

Rahmatullayeva Elmira

Rahimjon qizi

Research Supervisor:     

 Ashurov Shodmon Sharofovich 

ABSTRACT:

This article analyzes the philosophy of values — axiology — its subject matter, stages of formation, main categories, and its significance in human life. The social, spiritual, moral, and aesthetic manifestations of values, their role in the development of society, and the transformation of value systems in the context of modern globalization are scientifically examined. Furthermore, the philosophical essence of the harmony between national and universal values is revealed.

Keywords: value, axiology, spirituality, morality, aesthetic values, national values, universal values, evaluation, value system, concept of heritage. It occupies an important place in human life. It is one of the main branch of philosophy that studies moral, aesthetic, and social criteria. Throughout the development of humanity, values have been an integral part of social life. Every era lives based on its own spiritual and cultural values. Values are considered an important factor that determines a person’s worldview and behavior, and they have been formed during the development of society and transmitted from generation to generation. During each stage of social development, a specific system of values is formed, and social relations emerge on this basis.

MAIN PART

In all philosophical teachings of the past, special attention was paid to the essence of values and their role in society, emphasizing their importance in spiritual development. The active relationship of human beings to objective reality, as well as the development of the material and spiritual environment, leads to the formation of new values based on continuity or renewal. As a result, opportunities for social, spiritual, and political development expand.

Any phenomenon that occurs in the process of social development rises to the level of a value not only because it had positive significance in the past, but also because it creates new opportunities for the future.

Values are considered an important factor in understanding and transforming the world. The essence of each value is determined by its ability to help comprehend society and the human spiritual world, as well as its influence on spiritual development. The diversity and enrichment of values reflect the expansion of human cognitive abilities.

When evaluating values, it is important to take into account the historical conditions in which they emerged. Each value is a product of its time, and in assessing it, the social, political, and cultural opportunities of that period should be considered.

In general, values are material and spiritual assets that are formed and developed in the course of historical progress and exert a positive influence on social life. They become embedded in people’s consciousness and acquire social significance.

Values have both objective and subjective aspects. Objective values are formed on the basis of the material living standards and opportunities of society, while their subjective aspect is determined by people’s attitudes and evaluations of them. In the process of adhering to and evaluating values, both personal and universal interests play an important role.

Types of Values

According to their essence, values are divided into material and spiritual values.

Material values include architectural monuments created by humans, works of art, and the beauties of nature.

Spiritual values include concepts such as morality, etiquette, knowledge, science, faith, skills, and belief. These two types are closely interconnected and complement one another.

1. Values Related to the Material Environment

These include the beauty of nature, nature reserves, and the necessary conditions for human life.

2. Values Manifested in Traditions, Customs, and Rituals

These values are reflected in a person’s behavior, morality, and etiquette. Various customs and rituals find expression in everyday life.

3. Values Related to Knowledge and Practical Activity

Human skills, abilities, experience, and talent are also considered values. For example, the creation of a great artwork by an artist depends on their experience and capability.

4. Values Related to Age, Profession, and Gender

At different stages of human life, values also change. For instance, national clothing or profession-specific traditions express certain social values.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the philosophy of values occupies an important place in human and social life. Values shape human spirituality and elevate a person’s attitude toward the surrounding environment. Through values, mutual respect, justice, and solidarity are established in society.

Therefore, preserving values, instilling them in the consciousness of the younger generation, and applying them in practical life are important tasks. Indeed, the formation of values plays a fundamental role in human development.

References

1 Aksiologiya (Qadriyatlar falsafasi) asoslari. (2016). Fan va texnologiya. (50–65-betlar).

2 Aristotel. (2016). Nikomax etikasi. G‘afur G‘ulom nomidagi nashriyot.

3 Falsafa qomusiy lug‘ati. (2004). Sharq.

4 Forobiy, A. N. (2016). Fozil odamlar shahri. Yangi asr avlodi.

5 Karimov, I. A. (2008). Yuksak ma’naviyat – yengilmas kuch. Ma’naviyat.

6 Qodirov, A. (Ed.). (2018). Falsafa: Oliy o‘quv yurtlari uchun darslik (1-bob: Aksiologiya predmeti). O‘zbekiston.

7 To‘rayev, B., & Haydarov, B. (2020). Falsafa fanidan ma’ruzalar matni. Toshkent.

GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER: THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND SCREENING

Yunusova Sarvigul Siroj qizi

2nd year student at Bukhara Medical Institute

Annotation Gastrointestinal cancers are one of the urgent problems in modern medicine, and their detection at late stages is the cause of high mortality rates. This article extensively covers the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and the importance of early diagnosis and screening programs for gastrointestinal cancers. It also analyzes the possibilities of modern screening methods – endoscopic examinations, laboratory and molecular diagnostics. Based on the article, it is possible to significantly increase the survival rate of patients through early detection of the disease.

Keywords: stomach cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, screening, early diagnosis, endoscopy, biopsy, oncology, risk factors, prevention.

Introduction

Gastrointestinal cancers include tumors of the stomach, colon and rectum, esophagus, small intestine and other digestive organs. Among them, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer are especially common oncological diseases worldwide. According to World Health Organization data, colorectal cancer occupies one of the leading positions in terms of morbidity and mortality.

The main problem of gastrointestinal cancers is that the disease is often asymptomatic or has vague symptoms in the early stages. As a result, patients seek medical attention at a late stage. Therefore, early diagnosis and screening programs are of great importance in preventing the disease and reducing mortality.

Main part

1. Etiology and risk factors of gastrointestinal cancers

The following factors play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal cancers:

•  Unhealthy diet (salted, smoked products, low-fiber foods)
•  Chronic inflammatory diseases
•  Hereditary predisposition
•  Smoking and alcohol consumption
•  Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
•  Chronic infections (e.g. Helicobacter pylori)
•  In particular, Helicobacter pylori infection can cause a long-term inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa, leading to dysplasia and subsequent malignant transformation.

2. Clinical signs and problems

In the early stages, patients experience the following common symptoms:

• Loss of appetite
• Weight loss
•  Abdominal pain
•  Bleeding (occult or overt)
•  Anemia

However, these symptoms are often confused with simple gastritis or colitis. As a result, an accurate diagnosis is delayed.

3. Early diagnostic methods

Early diagnosis is a set of measures aimed at detecting the disease before the clinical symptoms become obvious.

Main diagnostic methods:

Endoscopy (FGDS, colonoscopy) – allows for visual detection of tumors and biopsy.

Biopsy and histological examination – the “gold standard” for making an accurate diagnosis.

Immunochemical tests – detect occult blood.

CT and MRI – determine the extent of tumor spread.

Molecular genetic tests – are important for determining the risk group.

Regular screening examinations are recommended for people over 50 years of age for colorectal cancer. In developed countries, screening programs have increased the rate of early detection of the disease.

4. The importance of screening programs

Screening is a screening system aimed at detecting the disease in a population without clinical symptoms.

Advantages of screening:

Detection of cancer at stages 0–I

Reduction in mortality

Increasing the effectiveness of treatment

Economic efficiency

For example, early detection and removal of colon polyps can prevent the development of cancer in the future. Therefore, screening is not only diagnostic but also has a preventive value.

Conclusion

Gastrointestinal cancers are a global health problem, and their late detection is the cause of high mortality. The widespread implementation of early diagnosis and screening programs allows for early detection of the disease, effective treatment, and increased survival rates. Promoting a healthy lifestyle among the population, reducing risk factors, and undergoing regular medical examinations are important areas of cancer prevention.

Used literature

1. Bray F., Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Siegel R.L., Torre L.A., Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries // CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. – 2020.

2. Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L., Laversanne M., Soerjomataram I., Jemal A., Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: Worldwide burden of cancer // CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. – 2021.

3. World Health Organization (WHO). Cancer fact sheets: Colorectal and gastric cancer. – Geneva: WHO Press, 2023.

4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). World Cancer Report: Cancer Research for Cancer Prevention. – Lyon: IARC Publications, 2020.

5. DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA. Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology. – 11th ed. – Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.

6. Jameson J.L., Fauci A.S., Casper D.L., Hauser S.L., Longo D.L., Loscalzo J. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. – 21st ed. – New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2022.

7. Feldman M., Friedman L.S., Brandt L.J. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. – 11th ed. – Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2020.

8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Colon Cancer and Gastric Cancer. – Version 2023. – Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA.

9. Rustamov Sh.A. Fundamentals of Oncology. – Tashkent: Abu Ali ibn Sino Medical Publishing House, 2020.

10. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Clinical protocols for stomach and colon cancer. – Tashkent, 2022.

NIGHT OF THE CURACH

I want to live

Where the sea is the end of the world

And the curach sways 

Sweet as the nightingale

In the melody of the galan 

To her sweet high-pitched thorn

I surrender

To the curach’s guttural waves and chatter

Bleeding ink across the bay

Through the eyes of Inishturk

Cast your nets

To the Trinity’s lone hand

That waits

In the driftwood

In the smoke on the hills, moves a hush

Till evening comes in

In its enormity

Let the end of the world

Wash over me

In your golden lugent hair

Sweet Niamh

Where the black curach sways as

Sweet as the nightingale

In the stillness of 

A dodecahedron

Isn’t that how the world 

Took your mind

In Reading Gaol

In the night of the curach

I am perched upon 

Such worlds

“Kamilah the Miracle Filly,” by Angela Alioto, wins the Courage for Freedom Film Award

San Francisco. The “Courage for Freedom Film Award” has been awarded to Angela Alioto’s film “Kamilah the Miracle Filly” narrated excellently by Joe Mantegna, winner of a Tony Award, multiple Emmy nominations, and honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. 

The coveted award was presented to Angela Alioto last week by Count Federico di Wardal.

The citation is: “for creating a work of high cinematic value based on saving a life through courage and faith, with unparalleled determination “

Angela Alioto, politician, president of the Knights of St. Francis, and one of the most esteemed lawyers in the United States, has taken actions considered of historic importance for human and civil rights and for peace, upholding the creed of St. Francis of Assisi of universal love, which is the goal of SF founded by the Franciscan missions.

Alioto gave also a strong contribution to San Francisco concerning cinema.

The SF Film Commission is attributed specifically to her legislative initiative as its creator.

But let’s get back to the film “Kamilah, the Miracle Filly”. 

It is the true story of the filly Kamilah that doctors had decided to put down, refusing to operate on her legs. 

The story captivated California, spread throughout the USA, landing in Europe, where Angela Alioto is known too, and in the rest of the world, via social media. 

Through UC Davis, Alioto operated on Kamilah, saving her life, during months of tribulation. 

At that point she committed to making the film “Kamilah the miracle filly” selected in 2025 at the LA Tribune IFF, chaired by Moe Rock and Emily Letran and winner at the SF New Concept IFF chaired by Joanna Zhang and at the Vesuvius FF, in Pompeii (Italy) chaired by Giovanna D’Amodio. 

Alioto, as well as the Count Federico Wardal, was friend of the film legend Federico Fellini and she always was involving in an international film entourage. 

At the same time, Francesco Garibaldi Hibbert, a descendant of the hero of two worlds Giuseppe Garibaldi, and his friend Count Federico di Wardal met in LA last summer and decided to found the “Courage for Freedom Film Award” and “Courage for Freedom” and to create the film “Anita,” with music by Andrea Ceccomori, centered on a touching poem of the highest artistic value by the hero Garibaldi on the agony and death of his young Brazilian wife Anita. 

For this, an unusual aspect emerges for a hero: being also a poet and poetry is close to the border with cinema. 

Here’s what the coveted award is: The “Courage for Freedom Film Award” is issued by the “National Giuseppe Garibaldi Association” to honor excellence in films that exalt the universal values ​​that inspired the revolutionary Hero of Two Worlds, Giuseppe Garibaldi, in his quest for freedom, equality, and justice for oppressed peoples.

The award immediately became one of the most coveted internationally, supported by institutions for peace, the protection of human rights, the environment, and film festivals with these missions. 

Congratulations again to Angela Alioto and a call to everyone to cultivate a profound awareness of inner peace.

Mini Essay on The Book of Love and Mourning (prose poems and photographs)

87 pages print 

105 pages electronic 

colour photography 

independent 

publication, (February 2026)

-Brian Barbeito

The book is out and a copy arrived. I think it’s well done in content (the writings and photos) and the physical book looks and feels nice. A large softcover work, perfect to go on coffee tables or carry around, not dissimilar to the first two collections, Still Some Crazy Summer Wind Coming Through, and When I Hear the Night. The covers and the yellow of this one are cheerful and upbeat, positive. 

Plus, it’s different, interesting, and unique. Inside and the actual book as I said. When I think of it; who needs another book that looks like all other books? There are millions that look so regular. Something different has been done! For instance, there are not nearly as many ‘prose’ poets as there are regular poets in the poetry worlds. Secondly, the poet is the photographer and it’s his work (my work), on the covers and throughout. 

Everything about it is original. 

If Tara hadn’t put this volume together, though I had written and photographed and compiled the manuscript, I don’t know if I could have. It takes patience and some technical skill and learning. Also, there is a picture of Bear and one of Paws (next to Raquel’s artwork, a painting of dogs on the wall beside Paw’s cat tree in the picture). So, Bear, nearer the start of his life, represents new beginnings, and Paws closer to the end of his life, the last chapter if one will, is seen dignified and independent and is remembered, honoured, immortalized through this photograph. Love and mourning. We love them of course when they are with us, and we mourn their loss. 

The book works on several levels. Poetry book. Photography book. Travel companion. Coffee table work. Conversation piece. Honoring the past. Acknowledging the present. And looking to the future…

-Brian Barbeito 

February 2026.