First, a few announcements.
Sandra Tabac invites poetry and art submissions for an international Hands of Love anthology.

Also, The Arab Poets Forum has recently published the book “Alphabet of Pain… Letters Bleeding Meaning”, a remarkable poetic encyclopedia featuring 212 poets from around the world, presented in two volumes spanning 800 pages.

The cover artwork is created by Iraqi visual artist Nada Askar, and the cover design is by Lebanese artist Layla Beiz Al-Mashghariya. Several Synchronized Chaos contributors, including Taghrid Bou Merhi, Mirta Ramirez, Eva Petropoulou Lianou, Dildora Xojyozova, Binod Dawadi, and Kujtim R Hajdari, are published in this collection.

Now, for this month’s first issue, Where Memory Meets Tomorrow.

This issue is beautiful, rich, and international. There’s a strong throughline of memory, devotion, identity, and renewal running across continents and genres.

For this month’s first issue, we are proud to present a collection of voices that span styles and topics, each offering a meditation on what it means to live, remember, and hope.

Vo Thi Nhu Mai opens with a heartfelt tribute to her mother, honoring the quiet love and lifelong dedication of a teacher. From Uzbekistan, Orzigul Ibragimova calls her people forward with intelligence and determination, while Namozova Sarvinoz Erkin qizi explores the nation’s ongoing transformation toward an eco-friendly, energy-efficient future. Sevara Abduxalilova reflects on the legacy of Mirzo Ul’ugbek, the great Central Asian astronomer whose vision still resonates across time, as Botirova Gulsevar Muzaffar qizi honors political leader and poet Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, known for promoting education and national development. Munisa Islomjonova celebrates her native Uzbekistan through verse.

The power of words themselves comes into focus in Harinder Cheema’s celebration of poets as messengers of peace and inspiration, echoed by Soumen Roy’s prayer to poetry as a source of healing and transcendence. Jamoliddinova Dilnozaxon Mirhojiddinovna discusses how countries and social groups form communication and speech traditions. Olimova Shahina Botirjon qizi discusses strengths and weaknesses of different methods for teaching foreign languages. Hamdamova Sevara Saidmurodovna outlines modern philological theory about the power of language beyond literal meaning. Türkan Ergör sharpens her focus to highlight the pain of a world without trust and truth. Rev. Dr. Jitender Singh speaks to human unity across race, color, nationality, or creed. Manik Chakraborty and Mesfakus Salahin and Mahbub Alam each issue urgent calls for peace, reminding us of our shared humanity in a fractured world. Graciela Noemi Villaverde depicts the pain of words felt but never sent. Christina Margeti speaks to war and childhood, what humanity destroys and what we strive to protect. Faleeha Hassan reviews Saudi directors Meshal Al-Jaser and stars Adwaa Badr and Yazeed Al-Majioul’s film “Naga” (Purity) which, through the tragedy of a betrayed and rebellious young woman, shows the weight of a society imploding upon itself as it punishes the existence of femininity. Asadullo Habibullayev brings violence down to a smaller scale, reminding us that how we treat each other at the interpersonal level matters. At the same time, poet Nilavronill decries how poets have failed to stop the world’s violence with their words.

Themes of love and devotion weave throughout the issue. Sandro Piedracita reflects on the distinction between selfless love and possessiveness, while Eva Petropoulou Lianou honors the tender, enduring bond between mother and child. Nazokat Jumaniyozova offers a moving elegy for her grandfather, and Danijela Ćuk pays tribute to Eva Petropoulou’s tireless support of fellow writers. Saparboyeva Laylo Xajibay qizi relates a folktale-like story of grief, justice, fate and renewal. Joseph Ogbonna expresses his spiritual devotion in the Easter season and his thanks for Christ’s humble sacrifice. Maqsudova Anora Alisherovna’s poem urges heartfelt sincerity and reflection when people observe Ramadan. Sarvinoz Bakhtiyorova relates the tale of a now-adult son who sacrificed his own body for his mother. Jahongir Murodov expresses his tender care and respect for his mother. Xojamurodova Nigina urges sensitive souls to continue loving and not lose heart in a brutal world as Ms. Kim Sun Young shares how longing for a lost love is persistent, like a weed in her heart and Do’sanova Dilnoza Xolmurod qizi reflects on heartbreak and regret.

Other contributors turn toward time, myth, and the natural world. Ananya Guha evokes deep, mythic landscapes, while Sayani Mukherjee and Lan Xin draw on the imagery of spring—its motion, memory, and rebirth. Ankica Anchie Biskupović finds unity in flowing water, and Elaine Murray immerses herself in nature’s quiet revelations. Ms. Koo Myongsook reflects in stillness on a mountain as a metaphor for life. David Kokoette’s desert journey and Duane Vorhees’ meditation on absence and longing remind us of the inner landscapes we all traverse. Maja Milojkovic laments the steady decline of her powers due to old age. Aziza Jorayeva expresses heartbreak, loneliness, and grief. Dr. Prasanna Kumar Dalai speaks to autumn, night, longing, and confession. Siyoung Doung expresses the mystery of our existence and the beauty of finding small moments of beauty and meaning. Dr. Tomasz Laczek urges us to make the most of the lives we have and live for something that matters.

This issue also engages with contemporary life and its tensions. Abdumaxamediva Gulchexra looks at the positive and negative effects of American cultural influence on traditional Uzbek culture. Patricia Doyne sharply critiques the current U.S. administration, while Bill Tope employs satire to confront its institutional excess and brutality. J.K. Durick reflects on individuals navigating vast, impersonal systems, even systems invented for fun, such as professional sports, engaged yet estranged. Peter Cherches plays the absurdist blues for us in his poem that’s equal parts exile ballad, street song, and darkly comic cabaret. Christopher Bernard kicks off the first installment of his children’s story Otherwise, with a mixture of philosophy, mystery, and middle-grade energy.

Science, education, and personal determination appear in compelling ways. Urokova Nargiza discusses ways to protect against new types of viruses. Jorakulova Gulshoda Uchqun qizi examines disease detection through the lens of blood cell analysis, while Abduhalilova Sevdora Xayrulla qizi advocates for reconnecting physical education with nature. Nabiyeva Xilolaxon Axrorjon qizi discusses how to make fuel composition less toxic and more environmentally sustainable. Choriyeva Oynur analyzes the role of music in helping students concentrate and learn. Anarboeva Madina Ulmas qizi highlights her accomplishments in the Uzbek national sport of kurash. Laylo Yo’lbarsova highlights the role of personality in determining suitability for different careers. Priyanka Neogi asserts her self-determination, strength, self-respect, and independence. Maxsudbekova Farogat Izzatbek qizi valorizes self-assurance, personal dignity, and individuality. Toshmamatov Javohir tells a story of perseverance through the journey of a computer science student, Jumayev Akmal G’ulom o’g’li discusses ways to get young people more involved in shaping the future of Uzbekistan and to help them take their place in the workplace, and Gulhayo Abduqahhorova considers the choices that shape life after college.

Artistic memory and cultural reflection round out the issue. Mark Young presents his signature altered geographies, while Brian Michael Barbeito revisits the world of hockey through personal recollection. Mykyta Ryzhykh captures the intensity of first awakenings—moments that divide life into before and after. Jacques Fleury offers a haunting vision of beauty, resilience, and power embodied in a goddess who still fades from view while he can only watch. Ms. Im Sol Nae looks at death not merely as an ending, but as a transformation, a communal aesthetic experience.

Finally, editor Cristina Deptula contributes a review of No One Dreams in Color by John Biscello, a work that meditates on consciousness, grief, the creative process, and the fragile boundary between reality and imagination.

Together, these works form a tapestry of voices, which are urgent, reflective, and deeply human. They remind us that across distance and difference, we are united by our search for meaning, our capacity for love, and our enduring hope for renewal.

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Trump Deploys ICE Agents to Stand In for Striking Minnesota Doctors

Citing understaffing, improper training and administrative overload, some 28,000 Minnesota physicians have walked out. The gesture was made in sympathy with the almost 400,000 health care workers who staged a work stoppage last Thursday.

In response to this health care emergency, President Donald J. Trump has deployed some 5,000 ICE agents to stand in for the idled physicians. “We can’t have this bullshit,” railed Trump from Mar-a-Lago’s Epstein Lounge today.

“What if there’s an emergency?” he cried. “What is somebody’s suffering from deadly bone spurs or somethin’? Or if he gets a bruise on his hand, or starts fallin’ asleep at meetings and stuff?”

Confusion has been rampant, as poorly trained, unlicensed ICE agents grapple with medical emergencies. In Minneapolis, a pregnant Somali woman visited a hospital in desperate need of medical treatment.

But when the ICE physician was summoned, he immediately demanded identification. According to the agent, “Dr.” Biff Sluggard, a former nightclub bouncer from Keystone, Colorado, who was attracted to the $50,000 ICE recruitment bonus, the woman proved to be a non-citizen, but had a green card.

Slamming the woman to the floor, the doctor/agent arrested her on the spot. Prior to incarceration, the woman was sped by ambulance across the northern border into Canada, for delivery.

This was done, said an ICE spokesperson, to forestall subsequent patient claims of birthright citizenship. “ICE don’t believe in the 14th Amendment,” said Sluggard with a grin.

Emergency responders reacted to a call for help in the downtown Minneapolis area, only to find Jose Ruiz, a father of three small children, who became trapped under an automobile when the jack slipped.

 Deducing that the brown-skinned man, who had no papers, was illegal, they left him as he was and instantly took custody of his children, aged 1-7 years. Last word was that the children were en route to a containment warehouse in Muncie, Indiana.

So far as Humor Times could determine, the man remains trapped under his vehicle. At a community clinic in Rochester, a meaty ICE agent stood guard before the “Whites Only” entrance. Various patients approached the portal and were summarily turned away.

The patients were denied entrance, according to the guard, in order to “forestall contaminating blood lines.” Inside, the physician, who was identified as Dr. K. Noem, was at an adjoining animal shelter next door, executing dogs with a large caliber handgun.

Border Czar Tom Homan told Humor Times that ICE agents are a “natural fit” to replace “slothful and lazy physicians” who forgo work. “ICE agents,” rasped Homan, “are first and foremost enforcers: of immigration law, removal of felons and others who violate U.S laws.

“They conduct criminal Investigations in a manner similar to the way a doctor catalogs symptoms. We also conduct document inspections: you ever tried to get health care service without providing ID?” Homan asked. “Ain’t gonna happen.

“An’ we surveill and collaborate with other agencies. ICE agents,” said Homan, “can be used as a force multiplier. We do this,” he explained, “by stepping into duties that do not require doctors’ specialized screening training, like reading X-rays.

“ICE agents won’t be performing major surgery,” he said with a laugh. “I mean, no brain surgery or heart transplants or deliveries of babies. Unless,” he said, raising a thick forefinger, “they’re illegal. In that case, we’ll deliver the little bastard, but separate the child from the parents at birth. We’ll put ’em all in a cage!”

The decision to replace Minnesota doctors with ICE agents came about because of the success of Trump’s deployment of thousands of ICE agents to supplement the depleted roll of TSA agents who have been working at airports without pay.

Some 50,000 TSA workers have gone without a paycheck since DHS funding was denied on February 14. Trump said on Saturday that ICE agents would “do doctoring like no one has ever seen before.”

Trump said this includes “the immediate arrest of all Illegal Immigrants who have come into our Country, with heavy emphasis on those from Somalia.” Minneapolis, a hotbed of Somali occupation, is host to more than 107,000 such individuals.

Trump, who has often shown a flair for naming his various programs and policies, was asked what he’d call his Minnesota-based ploy. After a reflective pause, he replied, “I think I’ll call it The Final Solution. Kinda rolls off the tongue, don’t it?” he asked.

The Heirs of Mirzo Ulugbek

KDPI Faculty of Philology and Social Sciences
Uzbek Language and Literature Department
1st-year student: Sevara Abduxalilova
Email: abduxalilovasevara007@gmail.com

Abstract: This article discusses the life, scientific activities and great contribution of the great astronomer and statesman Mirzo Ulugbek to the development of science. His interest in science from a young age, the establishment of the Ulugbek Observatory, his research in astronomy and mathematics, and the history of the creation of the famous work „Ziji-i Koragani“are analyzed. Information is also provided about Ulugbek’s contribution to the development of science, his students and scientific school. The article considers the fact that the scientific heritage of the great scientist still retains its significance today.

Keywords: Mirzo Ulugbek, astronomy, mathematics, observatory, Samarkand, science, „Ziji-i Koragani“, Timurid era, scientific heritage.

The great scholar and statesman Mirzo Ulugʻbek (full name Muhammad Taraghay Ulugbek) was born on March 22, 1394, in the city of Sultaniya. He was the grandson of the great commander Amir Temur and the son of Shah Rukh Mirza. From an early age, he showed great interest in science, especially mathematics and astronomy. From childhood, he was respectfully called “Ulugbek,” and later he became famous under this name. Literacy, as well as the basics of religious and secular sciences, were not unfamiliar to young Muhammad Taraghay. He was a great astronomer and mathematician and had memorized the Holy Qur’an. Although his mother was Gawharshad Begum, he was raised in the court of Temur. According to tradition, the young prince was entrusted to the upbringing of Saroymulk Khanum, the chief wife of Sahibqiran.

Although not much historical information has been preserved about Ulugbek’s family and personal life, it is known that he was married and had children. His family was formed in accordance with the traditions of the Timurid dynasty to strengthen political and kinship ties. His wives held an important place in palace life; although they did not directly participate in state affairs, they were active in the cultural and social life of the court. Among his children, the most famous was his son Abdulatif Mirza. Unfortunately, the tragic end of Ulugbek’s life is connected with this very son. As a result of struggles for the throne, Abdulatif rebelled against his father and caused his death in 1449.

Speaking about his scientific activity and legacy, when his father Shah Rukh Mirza appointed Herat as the capital of the state, sixteen-year-old Ulugbek became the ruler of Samarkand in 1409, and in 1411 he became the independent ruler of Movarounnahr. Mirzo Ulugbek created the largest scientific school of his time. Many famous scholars gathered around him, such as the mathematician and astronomer Qazi Zada al-Rumi, the astronomer Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Kashani, and the scholar Ali Qushchi, who conducted research at Ulugbek’s observatory.

Ulugbek’s scientific works made a great contribution to the development of astronomy and mathematics. He is famous in the scientific world as a great astronomer. His greatest achievement in this field is the astronomical table known as Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy. This work served as an important reference for astronomers around the world for centuries. Ulugbek was also interested in medicine and music and wrote poetry. In Alisher Navoi’s work “Majolis un-nafois,” examples of his poems are presented. Four works of the scholar have survived:

1. “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy” — on astronomy; 
2. “A Treatise on Determining the Sine of One Degree” — on mathematics; 
3. “Risola-yi Ulugbek” — dedicated to stars; 
4. “Tarixi arba ulus” (History of the Four Nations) — on history. 

Mirzo Ulugbek was not only an astronomer and mathematician but also engaged in architecture. Thanks to his architectural activities, Samarkand flourished. He turned it into a center of science and culture. On his initiative, the famous Ulugbek Observatory was built in Samarkand. This observatory became one of the largest scientific centers of its time, where many scholars worked. In his famous work “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy,” the precise coordinates of more than a thousand stars were presented. Later, this work was widely used by European astronomers.

By his decree, madrasas were built in Bukhara in 1417, in Samarkand in 1420, and in Gijduvan in 1433. Charitable institutions were established in the city of Marv. Construction of architectural monuments such as the Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Gur-e-Amir, and Shah-i-Zinda was completed. Ulugbek also built caravanserais, markets, domed bazaars, and bathhouses. The Ulugbek Observatory, constructed in 1428–1429 on Kuhak Hill, is one of the finest examples of 15th-century architecture in Samarkand. During his reign, many works were translated from Arabic and Persian into Old Uzbek. His rich library contained more than 15,000 books.

The scientific legacy and historical significance of Mirzo Ulugbek are widely reflected not only in historical sources but also in literary works. One such work is the novel Ulugʻbek xazinasi by Odil Yoqubov. This historical-artistic novel depicts the life, scientific activity, and tragic fate of the great scholar and ruler. Although based on historical facts, the author presents a creative interpretation. The novel highlights Ulugbek’s boundless love for science, his qualities as a just ruler, and the complex political struggles of his time.

At the center of the novel lies Ulugbek’s scientific treasure—not gold or wealth, but his scientific works, astronomical observations, and scholarly school. In particular, his famous work “Ziji-i Ko‘ragoniy” is shown as a great contribution to world astronomy. The novel also portrays the political conflicts of his time. As a ruler devoted to science, he could not reconcile with certain forces and ultimately faced a tragic fate. Through this, the author artistically depicts the struggle between knowledge and ignorance. The main idea of the work is that science is humanity’s greatest treasure, and the legacy of great scholars is an invaluable heritage for future generations. Thus, “Ulugbek’s Treasure” emphasizes that the true treasure is not material wealth, but knowledge and enlightenment. We, in turn, are the heirs of Ulugbek’s treasure!

The name of Mirzo Ulugbek is forever engraved in history as a great scholar, wise ruler, and patron of science. His life and work demonstrate that true heritage is not material wealth but knowledge, intellect, and enlightenment. The scientific school he founded, the works he created, and the institutions he built still play an important role in the development of human thought. Only the younger generation who choose the path of science and strive to develop knowledge and intellect can continue the legacy of great ancestors and achieve new scientific discoveries in the future. Ulugbek’s scientific activity serves as an inspiring historical example, encouraging youth to pursue knowledge, research, and critical thinking. His contributions to science remain a powerful source of inspiration. Therefore, studying and promoting Ulugbek’s legacy is an important task for all of us. In conclusion, the true treasure is not material wealth, but knowledge and enlightenment.

References:

1. Ahmad Donish. Historical works. — Tashkent: Fan Publishing. 
2. Aziz Qayumov. Mirzo Ulugbek. — Tashkent: O‘qituvchi Publishing. 
3. Boriboy Ahmedov. History of Amir Temur and the Timurid Era. — Tashkent: Uzbekistan. 
4. Sadriddin Ayni. Historical works. — Tashkent: Fan. 
5. “Ulugbek’s Treasure.” — Tashkent: Sharq Publishing.

ANALYSIS OF THE AGROECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF DEVELOPING INTENSIVE FRUIT ORCHARDS IN HOUSEHOLD FARMS

 Dangara District Technical School No. 3

 Department of Agriculture and Services

Teacher of Plant Science

Ortiqov Umarqul Iskandarovich

Annotatsiya: 

Ushbu maqola Oʻzbekiston sharoitida tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida intensiv mevali bogʻlarni tashkil etish va boshqarishning dolzarb masalalarini oʻrganadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – anʼanaviy bogʻdorchilik usullariga nisbatan intensiv tizimlarning hosildorlik, resurs samaradorligi va iqtisodiy rentabellikini ilmiy asoslashdir. Innovatsion yondashuvlar, jumladan, ixcham ekish sxemalari, zamonaviy sugʻorish texnologiyalari (tomchilatib sugʻorish) va yuqori mahsuldor navlardan foydalanishning agrar-iqtisodiy taʼsiri baholandi. 

Kalit so’zlar: Intensiv bogʻdorchilik, Tomorqa xoʻjaligi, Meva hosildorligi, Agroekologiya, Resurs samaradorligi, Iqtisodiy rentabellik 

Аннотация:

В данной статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы организации и управления интенсивными фруктовыми садами в условиях приусадебных хозяйств Узбекистана. Основной целью исследования является научное обоснование урожайности, ресурсной эффективности и экономической рентабельности интенсивных систем по сравнению с традиционными методами садоводства. Оценено аграрно-экономическое влияние инновационных подходов, включая компактные схемы посадки, современные технологии орошения (капельное орошение) и использование высокоурожайных сортов.

Ключевые слова:

Интенсивное садоводство, Приусадебное хозяйство, Урожайность плодов, Агроэкология, Ресурсная эффективность, Экономическая рентабельность

Abstract:

This article examines актуal issues related to the organization and management of intensive fruit orchards in household farms under the conditions of Uzbekistan. The main objective of the study is to scientifically substantiate the productivity, resource efficiency, and economic profitability of intensive systems compared to traditional horticultural methods. The agro-economic impact of innovative approaches—such as compact planting schemes, modern irrigation technologies (drip irrigation), and the use of high-yield varieties—has been evaluated.

Keywords:

Intensive horticulture, Household farming, Fruit productivity, Agroecology, Resource efficiency, Economic profitability 

Introduction

In the strategy for modernizing agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the deepening of fruit and vegetable production occupies an important place. In particular, household (smallholder) farms play a decisive role in ensuring employment and diversifying sources of income. Traditional horticultural methods are often characterized by low productivity, inefficient use of resources, and delayed harvesting. This situation necessitates adapting intensive orchard technologies—widely gaining popularity worldwide—to the conditions of Uzbekistan.

Intensive orchards involve the use of high-quality, early-maturing, and disease-resistant varieties planted in compact schemes (usually up to 1000–2000 trees per hectare), along with modern micro-irrigation and maintenance technologies.

Although knowledge and practical experience in implementing intensive orchards currently exist, their microeconomic efficiency for small farms and household plots has not been fully quantified. In particular, under conditions of limited water resources, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of drip irrigation systems and to develop standardized maintenance schemes adapted to local soil and climatic conditions.

Furthermore, scientifically grounded approaches are required to ensure the ecological sustainability of intensive orchards, particularly in optimizing the use of pesticides and fertilizers. This study aims to improve the agrotechnical efficiency of establishing intensive fruit orchards in household conditions, compare their economic indicators (profitability, income) with traditional systems, and propose institutional mechanisms to support this process.

The results of this research will provide a scientific basis for transforming intensive horticulture into one of the key directions of Uzbekistan’s rural economy and will assist farmers and policymakers in ensuring sustainable rural development.

Literature Review

Global experience in intensive horticulture (for example, in Italy, Spain, and the United States) has been developed through long-term observations and requires the use of high-quality intensive training systems such as palmette and central leader forms.

Uzbek researchers such as M. Rasulov and A. Kholmatov have conducted scientific studies on adapting local varieties (such as apricot and apple) to intensive systems. However, most studies focus mainly on variety selection, while comprehensive analyses of irrigation, nutrient management, and economic evaluation in household conditions remain insufficient.

Research Methodology

The study was conducted during 2021–2023 in 10 selected household farms in Zangiota district of Tashkent region (5 intensive and 5 traditional), using experimental plots. The main research methods included:

Comparative statistical analysis: Yield (tons/ha), costs (million UZS/ha), and net profit (million UZS/ha) indicators of both groups were compared.

Agroecological monitoring: Soil moisture, nutrient uptake (NPK analysis), and water consumption were observed. In intensive orchards, the efficiency of drip irrigation (Water Efficiency Coefficient – WEC) was calculated:

Economic evaluation: Investment costs (seedlings, trellis systems, drip irrigation) and operational costs (labor, fertilizers, cultivation) were determined. Profitability was calculated as:

Expert assessment: Household owners’ challenges and knowledge levels regarding intensive technologies were evaluated through surveys.

All statistical data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS, with a significance level of .

Analysis and Results

Experimental results demonstrated a significant advantage of intensive orchards in fruit production. The three-year average indicators (per hectare) are as follows:

Indicator

Traditional Orchard (Average)

Intensive Orchard (Average)

Difference (%)

Annual Yield (tons)

15.8

45.2

+186%

Average Selling Price

8000 UZS/kg

10500 UZS/kg

+31.25%

Water Consumption (m³/year)

12500

6800

-45.6%

The sharp increase in yield (2.8 times) in intensive orchards is mainly due to dense planting (approximately 1500 trees/ha) and the use of early-maturing varieties. In traditional orchards, about 30% of land remains underutilized due to wide spacing between trees.

Water Efficiency:

The use of drip irrigation resulted in an average WEC of 0.88 in intensive orchards, significantly higher than 0.55 in traditional surface irrigation systems. This confirms the ecological advantage of intensive systems in water-scarce regions.

Economic Efficiency Analysis

Despite high initial investments, intensive orchards ensured higher profitability in a relatively short period.

Economic Indicator

Traditional Orchard

Intensive Orchard

Total Costs (million UZS/year)

22.5

48.0

Gross Income (million UZS/year)

126.4

474.6

Net Profit (million UZS/year)

103.9

426.6

Profitability (%)

461%

888%

Analysis:

The results confirm that the profitability of intensive orchards is nearly twice as high as that of traditional systems. This is mainly due to higher yields and better market prices for early produce. The payback period averages 3.5 years for intensive orchards compared to 4.5 years for traditional ones.

Discussion

The findings demonstrate that implementing intensive orchards in household farms has both strong agrotechnical and economic justification. The 186% yield advantage is primarily due to the use of high-yielding rootstocks and advanced agricultural practices.

Agroecological Implications:

A 45% reduction in water use is highly significant in water-scarce regions like Uzbekistan. Drip irrigation ensures precise water delivery to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and runoff.

Although intensive systems may increase risks related to fertilizers and pesticides, our observations show that fertigation allows more precise application, reducing total fertilizer use by 15% while increasing nutrient uptake efficiency, thus lowering environmental impact.

Economic Constraints and Strategies:

The main challenge is the high initial investment (120 million UZS/ha). Therefore, government support through subsidies, preferential loans, and leasing mechanisms—especially for irrigation systems—is essential.

The identified 888% profitability could increase further with improved value chains such as processing and direct marketing.

Capacity Building:

Managing intensive orchards requires skilled labor. Farmers need continuous training in pruning, tree formation, and agrotechnical practices. Success largely depends on the level of technological knowledge.

Relevance for International Journals:

These findings may attract international interest, as they provide a model for applying advanced technologies in smallholder farming systems in developing countries.

Conclusion

This study empirically confirms that the introduction of intensive fruit orchards in household farms is one of the most promising directions for developing modern agriculture in Uzbekistan.

Key conclusions:

High Efficiency:

Intensive orchards provide 186% higher yields and nearly double profitability (888% vs. 461%).

Resource Optimization:

Drip irrigation reduces water consumption by 45% and significantly improves water use efficiency (WEC = 0.88).

Economic Sustainability:

Despite high initial investments, the payback period is shorter (3.5 years), enabling faster financial returns for small farms.

Recommendations:

Government support through subsidies for seedlings and irrigation equipment should be expanded. Additionally, short-term training programs on intensive horticulture should be implemented.

Future Research:

Further studies should focus on fruit quality indicators (storage life, appearance) and assess the resilience of intensive orchards to climate change.

FOYDALANILGAN ADABIYOTLAR RO’YXATI

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2. FAO. (2022). *Water productivity in fruit production in arid and semi-arid regions*. Rome: FAO Publications.

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4. Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Qishloq xoʻjaligi vazirligi. (2023). *Meva-sabzavot klasterlarini rivojlantirish konsepsiyasi*. Toshkent.

5.Brown, A. M., & Miller, C. R. (2020). Rootstock selection and tree training systems for maximizing fruit yield in limited space. *HortTechnology*, 30(5), 610-621.

6. Karimov, N. B. (2021). Tomorqa xoʻjaliklarida mikroirrigatsiya texnologiyalarining samaradorligi. *Oʻzbekiston agrar fanlari axborotnomasi*, 2(18), 112-118.

7. OECD. (2019). *Sustainable Intensification in Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities*. OECD Publishing, Paris.

8. Smith, R. T., & Jones, E. L. (2022). Financial payback periods for high-value perennial crops: A comparative study. *Agribusiness Review*, 15(2), 101-115.

9. Alimov, U. Z. (2020). Oʻsimliklarni oziqlantirish rejimlari (Fertigatsiya) va hosildorlik dinamikasi. – Samarqand: Fanlar nashriyoti.

10.World Bank. (2021). *Uzbekistan: Rural Development Strategy and Investment Opportunities*. Washington D.C.: World Bank Group.

11. Gʻaniyev, S. A. (2019). Qishloq xoʻjaligida innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etishning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy jihatlari. – Toshkent: Iqtisodiyot universiteti nashri.

12. Chen, L., & Wang, H. (2023). Precision irrigation techniques for water-scarce environments: A review. *Agricultural Water Management*, 280, 108150.

13. Ziyoviddinov, F. T. (2022). Mevali daraxtlarning bahorgi kesish texnikasi va uning mahsulot sifati nazoratiga taʼsiri. *Agronomiya va texnologiya*, 7(3), 55-62.

MY UZBEKISTAN

May your sky always remain clear,

You are my paradise on earth, so dear.

In your gardens, let pomegranates grow,

You are my pride, Uzbekistan, you know!

Your wheat and bread I cherish with my sight,

Each moment you grant me joy and light.

Your kindness lifts me to the skies above,

You are my soul, Uzbekistan, my love!

Your colorful flag waves high in the blue,

It holds the blood of ancestors true.

My tender heart beats for you, my land,

You are my existence, Uzbekistan, so grand!

Even your ruins are palaces to me,

Your deserts turn into gardens I see.

You live forever within my heart’s domain,

You are my soul, Uzbekistan, again!

My name is Munisa Islomjonova, a young poet from Uzbekistan. I am a 10th-grade student at a specialized school in Kosonsoy, Namangan region. From an early age, I discovered that words have the power to express what the heart cannot always say, and since then, writing has become a part of who I am.

I am the author of “Sarhad Bilmas Orzular” (“Dreams Without Borders”), a book that reflects my dreams, emotions, and deep love for my homeland. Through my poetry, I try to inspire others, to show that no dream is too far and no border can limit imagination.

I believe I am only at the beginning of my journey, but my passion for literature continues to grow stronger every day. My goal is to share my voice with the world and leave a meaningful mark through my words.

Metamorphosis Moment

It’s an online nightmare

Kafkaesque at its best

Like a Castle out of reach

Caught up in, getting in

Getting by and why

Username and password

The ones you know

Or think you know

So off you go

To who knows where

There’s a site that might

Help, help to verify identity

A six number sequence

From hence we proceed

Or recede, get there, maybe

New name, new password

And then you must verify yet

Again and when you do

You find that you changed those

Back in January and so

You wander, a nameless tramp

Tramping on proper procedures

Waking up a large insect

Guilty of a crime you probably

Did but never noted

Ending up in

An internet death

“Like a dog.”

   Happy Hour

It’s that time

As most nights.

“Get you something?”

Of course

Some nights it’s

Cranberry and seltzer

And a slice of lime.

On more adventuresome

Nights it’s

Some wine, mostly Merlot

And we sit back

Talk about our day

Or the day to come.

It’s almost a ritual

A celebration of sorts

An honor

Our happy hour

When we pretend the happy

Part and sip our way

Into the future.

“Tomorrow we’ll what?”

Or perhaps not

But we know that

We’ll know when

It’s that time

Again. 

    Marching Madness

The game is almost over

The results set

Winners and losers

Waiting for the clock

To celebrate, to escape

Get this last bit over

The fans are restless

Cheering, moaning

Getting ready to leave

Be out in the world again

The world without refs

Without coaches

And times out

Without a clock ticking

Down to a prescribed end

Fans leaving their seats

Becoming a crowd

Hungry, thirsty

Wondering how they

Will ever get home

From all this tangle

With the parking lot

So full and the rest

Of their day so empty.

REFORMS IN THE TRANSITION TO A GREEN ECONOMY IN UZBEKISTAN:

On the Example of the Strategy for the Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for the Period 2019–2030

Students of Termiz State University of Engineering and Agrotechnologies
Ergasheva Komila To‘ra qizi
Email: komilaergasheva152@gmail.com

Namozova Sarvinoz Erkin qizi
Email: nomozovasarvinoz74@gmail.com

Abstract: The article examines the current problems of transition to a green economy in our country and their solutions using the example of the “Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the transition to a green economy for 2019-2030”. At the same time, it is noted that in the current period, global environmental problems and the limited availability of natural resources and the urgency of their rational use are one of the important directions of our economy.

Key words: Ecological crises, green economy, strategies, sustainable development, industrialization, small business, financial mechanisms, incentive mechanisms, energy efficiency, innovative solutions.

Introduction

Over the past few years, one of the key directions implemented in our country, the results of which are clearly visible in the economy, is the development of the green economy. A green economy is an approach aimed at promoting environmental development, improving ecological conditions, and ensuring sustainable growth without harming the environment.

In order to give special attention to this sector, the Strategy for the Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a “green” economy for the period 2019–2030 was developed. In particular, the following were defined as the main objectives:

• Increasing energy efficiency and rational use of natural resources through technological modernization and the development of financial mechanisms; 
• Introducing “green” criteria based on advanced international standards into priority areas of public investment and expenditure; 
• Supporting pilot projects in green economy sectors through the development of state incentives, public-private partnerships, and enhanced cooperation with international financial institutions; 
• Developing systems for training and retraining personnel for the green economy by encouraging investment in education and strengthening cooperation with leading foreign educational and research institutions; 
• Taking measures to mitigate the negative effects of the ecological crisis in the Aral Sea region; 
• Strengthening international cooperation, including through bilateral and multilateral agreements. 

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Research Methods (Methodology)

This article uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis methods to assess reforms and their effectiveness within the framework of Uzbekistan’s Green Economy Transition Strategy for 2019–2030 (PQ-4477).

The priority areas defined in Uzbekistan’s strategy (energy efficiency, renewable energy share, water resource management) were compared with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG-7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG-13 (Climate Action).

Key Documents:

• Presidential Decrees PQ-4477 (October 4, 2019) and PQ-436 (December 2, 2022); 
• Other relevant regulatory documents and concepts, such as the Energy Efficiency Concept in Industrial Sectors. 

Strategic goals, indicators (such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 35% by 2030 and increasing renewable energy share to 30%), and action plans were analyzed in the context of priorities and existing challenges.

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Current Progress

Uzbekistan is gradually transitioning to a green economy, and current results confirm this progress.

For example, in 2022:

• Presidential Decree PQ-436 was adopted to improve the effectiveness of reforms aimed at transitioning to a green economy by 2030; 
• Strategic documents were approved, including:
  • The Green Economy Transition Program until 2030; 
  • The Energy Efficiency Concept for industrial sectors; 
  • The Action Plan for green growth; 
• A target was set to reduce energy intensity by 20% by 2026 compared to 2022; 
• The Interagency Council on green economy coordination was updated; 
• A Donor Coordination Group was established; 
• A project office (Technical Secretariat) was created under the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction. 

Additionally, in cooperation with the Agence Française de Développement (AFD), a public policy loan program was implemented, under which €150 million was allocated to Uzbekistan’s state budget.

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Target Indicators (by 2030)

Direction	Target
Greenhouse gas reduction	35% reduction (compared to 2010)
Renewable energy share	30% of electricity production
Industrial energy efficiency	At least 20% improvement
Energy intensity of GDP	30% reduction
Water-saving technologies	1 million hectares coverage
Green areas expansion	Increase by 30%
Waste management	600 collection points

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Research Results and Discussion

The results show that Uzbekistan has achieved significant progress in strengthening institutional foundations and reforming the energy sector.

The adoption of PQ-436 and the restructuring of coordination mechanisms demonstrate strong political will and improved international cooperation.

In the energy sector:

• A target of 30% renewable energy share by 2030 was set; 
• Industrial energy intensity is planned to decrease by 20%. 

However, achieving these goals requires substantial investment, making financial support—such as the €150 million AFD loan—crucial.

Despite progress in public-private partnerships and international investment, the absence of mechanisms such as carbon pricing remains a challenge that may slow down the green transition.

Environmental priorities include:

• Mitigating the Aral Sea crisis; 
• Implementing water-saving technologies on 1 million hectares. 

These are critical for Uzbekistan’s socio-economic stability given limited water resources.

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Conclusion

One of the major global economic problems today is the unequal distribution of resources such as water, soil, and natural energy. A significant share of resource consumption belongs to developed countries, highlighting the need for global action.

We believe that:

• International organizations in health, food security, and climate research should develop practical proposals for fair resource distribution; 
• Negotiations should ensure equitable allocation for both developed and developing countries. 

Currently, one in five people worldwide lacks access to sufficient energy, illustrating the urgency of this issue.

Global resource inequality leads not only to economic imbalance but also to ecological degradation, social tensions, and slower sustainable development. Overuse of natural resources by developed countries intensifies water scarcity, soil degradation, and energy shortages, while developing countries struggle to address these challenges independently.

Therefore, strengthening international cooperation for fair and efficient resource use is essential. Expanding joint programs in energy, water supply, ecosystem protection, and food security is necessary.

Strategies developed by international organizations must consider the interests of all countries, especially by improving infrastructure in less developed regions, introducing resource-efficient technologies, and reducing emissions.

Ensuring equal access to energy, promoting renewable energy technologies, and supporting their implementation are crucial for global stability. Since one-fifth of the world’s population still lacks adequate energy access, this places a significant responsibility on the international community.

Joint efforts in addressing these challenges will contribute to building a safe, sustainable, and equitable world for future generations.

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References

1. Presidential Decree of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PQ-4477 (04.10.2019) – Green Economy Transition Strategy (2019–2030). 
2. Khashimova S.N. Green Economy textbook. Tashkent: Ma’rifat, 2024. 
3. Decrees and resolutions of the President of Uzbekistan. 
4. Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Uzbekistan under the Paris Agreement. 
5. Agreements and reports on green project financing with AFD, World Bank, and EBRD. 
6. Lex.uz – National legal database. 
7. President.uz – Official website of the President of Uzbekistan. 
8. Stat.uz – State Statistics Committee data.