Christopher Bernard reviews Cal Performances’ The 4th Witch

Stylized art scene of a young girl with dark curly hair casting a long shadow on a red pathway in a dark wood with a line of barren trees and dark ground.

Cal Performances presents The 4th Witch, November 22, 2025 at Zellerbach Hall

(credit: Courtesy of Manual Cinema)

Witching Hour

The 4th Witch

Manual Cinema

Zellerbach Hall

University of California, Berkeley

Reviewed by Christopher Bernard

For (frustratingly) one lonely, tantalizing performance, Cal Performances, in co-commission and as part of its “Illuminations: Exile and Sanctuary” series, brought the bright good witches of Chicago’s Manual Cinema on a recent Saturday evening for a brew of witchery and magic that they, and they alone, are (in this apprentice wizard’s experience, anyway) uniquely qualified to provide. 

I say frustratingly because I can’t understand how this company’s brilliant toilers, who spent a year creating a compact music-filled masterpiece of puppetry, handicraft, cinema and wonder, can’t have been given a full weekend among us: the hall was packed, riveted to marvels of stagecraft and story-telling, without a pixel or a bow to “slop” in sight, and few left for the fascinated Q&A that followed. When something this fine, brave, and wondrous blazes across the Bay Area’s sky like a comet blithely visiting from a neighboring universe, one can hardly settle for a single, dazzling show – no!

It’s not as if the company were new here and on probation: they brought us a scintillating Ada/Ava in the millennium before Covid (circa 2017, to be precise). The 4th Witch is even finer, and marks one of the peaks in Bay Area performance since then. For those new to Manual Cinema, a brief description may be in order. The creative heart of the company is given to inventing live performances of puppetry, hand-crafted backgrounds, body prostheses, and props and the techniques of shadow plays projected onto large screens and accompanied by live music.

One of the most intriguing aspects of the performance is that, rather than seeing only the end result onscreen, we also see, in the background onstage, the combined actions of actors, puppets, prop managers, projectors, and musicians as they bring the final result about. It’s a bit like a combination of Bunraku puppeteering and an open kitchen at a small five-star restaurant. Far from undermining the magic, it paradoxically makes the end result seem like pure alchemy, as the mind is cast into the liminal space between the quotidian reality and the magical effect. The result is a profoundly poetic form of animation that has the high-wire thrills of live performance.  

The premise of Saturday’s show is as beautiful in its simplicity as it is timely without being brow-beating. As described by one of the members in the Q&A, they took a page from Tom Stoppard’s famous play from the 1960s, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, which retells the story of Hamlet through the eyes of his half-clueless, half-traitorous school fellows, and reimagined another famous play by the Bard – in this case, Macbeth , though, in keeping with sacred theatrical tradition, the tragedy is referred to onstage only as “the Scottish play”– from the point of view of one of the Thane of Cawdor’s victims. 

The story is updated to an imaginary, mid-twentieth-century war in a French-speaking country, and the victim is a young girl whose parents run a little restaurant in a town piled up a steep, isolated hill, much like Mont-Saint-Michel on the Normandy coast of France. The girl’s parents are killed in a raid by Macbeth’s air force. The town is left in ruins, and she runs away after a futile attempt to bring down the mocking, glow-eyed, gas-masked, Darth Vader-like Macbeth by striking him with her stuffed bunny rabbit, her sole possession saved from the wreckage of her home. 

Lost in  the surrounding forest, wandering for days, reduced to hunger and rags, she discovers a mysterious house, where she is met by a sinister old woman who takes her in and sets her to work. The old lady turns out, naturally, to be a witch – indeed, she is one of three, magically embodied in the one, who have a mysterious relation to Macbeth and his powers, a relation that shall not be revealed here, for those seeking spoilers. After the girl, taking a sip of a spell-casting soup, has a sorcerer’s apprentice moment in the witch’s kitchen, the old one decides to teach her witches’ ways – a fourth to add to the three.

And the powers in magic that the girl gains – black as the night, from making magic potions from mushrooms of the forest, to night flying on broomsticks, to commanding daggers to fly to the hearts of their victims – feed the dreams she cultivates of revenge against the murderer of her parents. We’ll leave it at that.

Whoever knows “the Scottish play” can guess much, but not everything: not how famous elements of the play – from floating daggers to the bitter washing of hands, from the assassinations of kings to the executions of assassins – are mixed and blended, with imagination and wit, nor how the amalgam of the imaginary, the remembered, and the hoped for is finally annealed into a satisfying whole – a Gesamtkunstwerk (forgive my German) held light and bright, from acting as rich as a puppet’s to puppetry as nuanced as a great actor’s, to potently low-tech sound design and music from a trio of instrumentalists seconding as vocalists, to world-creating as lyrical and witty as it is suggestive of its own self-contained universe.

Play on, Manual Cinema! And blessed be those Who bring ye back for more than one more show!

Christopher Bernard is an award-winning poet, novelist, playwright, and essayist. His most recent book is The Beauty of Matter: A Pagan’s Verses for a Mystic Idler. 2025 is the twentieth anniversary of the publication of his celebrated debut novel, A Spy in the Ruins.

Synchronized Chaos Mid-November 2025 Issue: Throughlines

Welcome to November’s second issue of Synchronized Chaos Magazine! This month’s issue, Throughlines, contains a wide variety of submissions in a diverse array of styles on many different topics.

That said, there are a few common narrative motifs that emerge and return throughout this issue: pride in and reclaiming of culture, family, parental, and romantic love, artistic craft and creativity, and resilience and determination to achieve one’s dreams.

A few cars making their way down a curve in a country road near green grassy hills and trees and telephone poles.
Image c/o Ken Kistler

Olga Levadnaya reflects on how people build new memories and add to the fabric of history in elegant and old cities. Dr. Reda Abdel-Rahim highlights the wonder of the Great Egyptian Museum to showcase history and archaeology. Maftuna Rustamova regales us with her pride in her national Uzbek flag.

We can celebrate and take joy in cultures other than our own. Tourist Anna Keiko poetizes with grace and warmth on the beauty she finds in French society and culture. Maftuna Davlatova traces the development of tourism as an industry in Uzbekistan. Solijonova Dildorakhon outlines methods to improve the service and efficacy of Uzbekistan’s tourism industry.

Jacques Fleury reviews the Boston Center for the Arts’ production of Kim’s Convenience, a play about a Korean immigrant family’s convenience store that speaks to what it means to become a family and how that meaning changes over time.

Rustamova Shakhnoza’s poignant stories celebrate patience, dedication, and intergenerational family love. James Whitehead embraces his American girlfriend while contemplating American vintage art. Izabela Zubko plays in her poetry with love and memory. Royal Rhodes speaks in a reserved, thoughtful manner about memory and nostalgia: trick-or-treating, aging photos and furniture, notable storms.

Nozanin Bahodirova links the Uzbek language and the Uzbek culture, advocating the preservation of both. Zarina Murodova discusses possible roles for technology in language learning. Sevinch Hoshimova outlines advantages and disadvantages of online education and advocates for a balance between screens and traditional classrooms. Tuchiyeva Dilso’z discusses the emerging role of AI technology in student learning. Rayhona Nurdinjonova discusses potential roles for artificial intelligence in foreign language instruction. Kamolova Mashhura compares the possibilities and drawbacks of digital and in-person learning. Sotivoldiyeva Nargiza Shokirjon traces the effects of increased global migration and communications technologies on the field of linguistics. G’ulomova Rukhshona outlines evidence-based teaching methodologies for primary school students to learn their native languages.

Stylized image of a pink human brain surrounded by light blue spheres on a dark blue background, overlaid with light blue ones and zeroes (binary code)
Image c/o Gerd Altmann

Nurmetova Orzu points out the importance of and methods for teaching young children their native language. Dildora Saidjonova explores various methods to learn foreign languages. Khasanova Azizabonu highlights the presence of similar cognate words in English and Uzbek. Maftuna Hayitboyeva outlines the importance of grammar instruction in many different theories of language learning. G’afforova Hadichaxon highlights insights from philosophy that can inform and enhance language learning classrooms. Isaac Aju pays tribute to a special teacher who inspired his studies. Sobirjonova Rayhona pays tribute to a special teacher who possessed compassion and dedication. Jumanazarova Zuxra outlines fresh strategies for teaching language to young children.

Oynur Azimova speaks to the power of literature to inspire emotional resonance and creativity. Faleeha Hassan suggests ways to get beyond initial disinterest to find meaning in seemingly boring novels.

Horror writer Kandy Fontaine puts forth an artist’s manifesto about the complex female characters she creates and how that sets her apart from other writers. Alan Catlin contributes sketches of the soft and vulnerable underbelly of life: refugees, the homeless, bioluminescence, long-disused lighthouses, birds of prey without enough food. Luis Fernando Quiroz captures a witch at the very moment when her powers are interrupted at the break of dawn, revealing character while capturing a bit about the limits of anyone’s power in the face of a complex and cyclical world.

Shahina Olimova honors the poetic legacy of Uzbek writer Alexander Feinberg, who captured the national character and became internationally known. Odina Bahodirova also pays tribute to the legacy of Uzbek poet Alexander Feinberg: his attention to details of craft, his integration of feeling and form, his capturing of ordinary Uzbek life. Journalist Jakhongir Nomozov interviews Azerbaijani writer and academic Vuqar Akhmed about how childhood, patriotism, classic literature, and the methods of scientific research all inspire his own work and that of many other modern Azeri writers. Choriyeva Oynur celebrates the poetic heritage of Uzbek writer Zulfiya Isroilov and the tenderness and beauty of her work.

Abdukahhorova Gulhayo honors the tender spirit of Otkir Hoshimov’s The Works of the World, a collection of short stories about mothers. Zarina O’rinboyeva highlights the perseverance and accomplishments of a young and hardworking Uzbek girl and her caring mother. Hassan Musa Dakasku celebrates a mother’s love and kindness. Fiza Amir’s short story evokes the joy and wonder of maternal love and early childhood. Hassan Musa Dakasku celebrates a mother’s love and kindness. Shokhida Nazirova highlights the psychological and physical health benefits of breastfeeding for parents and infants. Abdukakhorova Gulhayo highlights Islamic teachings about respect for parents.

Image of two adults and three children walking near a lake and trees at sunset or sunrise. Pink and purple clouds, people are silhouetted.
Image c/o Kai Stachowiak

Brajesh Kumar Gupta’s poem reaffirms a lasting love, even in tough times. Mesfakus Salahin revels in the beauty and tenderness of springtime love.

Moustapha Misau’s poetry celebrates romantic love, before and after death. James Tian urges us to love and bless and care for the living while we still have them with us. Tea Russo’s piece highlights the absence of a family member by showing us various unusual things and people included during a time of grief. Taylor Dibbert reflects on how he still misses his beloved dog London. Jelvin Gipson depicts a woman’s internal sorrow over a heartbreak.

Turkan Ergor reflects on how nothing lasts forever, a lesson illustrated in nature. Christina Chin’s haiku dramatize how nature continually changes: someone’s always moving, being born, or dying. Mahbub Alam revels in the beauty of nature, in the elegance of snails in a slough. Dessy Tsvetkova revels in going outdoors on a brilliant sunny day. Aura Echeverri Uribe laments the environmental destruction of a natural mountain landscape. Dildora Xojyozova discusses the growing consciousness of tourists about traveling to scenic areas in ways that respect and protect nature. Yangibiyeva Iroda emphasizes the need for student and public education on environmental protection. Brian Barbeito reflects on the state of peace he finds as a hiker in deserted brown fall marshlands. Sayani Mukherjee recollects the many sights and sounds of a grove of trees near the ocean.

Bill Tope’s feline narrator, Felix, chronicles his life and times with his favorite ‘two-leggers.’ Maria Cecilia Mazza describes the beginning of another cross-species emotional connection, between a human and a robot. Eva Petropoulou Lianou encourages us to preserve the core of what makes us human as artificial intelligence begins to take over human activities: love, friendship, and hope.

Adrina Esparas-Hope explores the multifaceted nature of the metaphorical human heart. Rus Khomutoff brings us to a state of ecstasy that just elides reason. Stykes Wildee incorporates a fresh and wild sound into his rock compositions. Mark Young’s artistry blends the carefully controlled and the wild and vast.

Abstract image of various colors, pink, magenta, orange, blue, light blue, yellow, in paint snatches overlaid with black musical notes.
Image c/o Linnaea Mallette

Harry Stammer plays with traditional format, assembling his work from an assortment of scrap punctuation and gathered semiotics. Patrick Sweeney regales us with morsels of short-form that inspire us to imagine a scene or mood. Ari Nystrom-Rice serenades us with a rollicking wave of party sound. Darren Demaree contributes a bit of whimsy to his Dickinson-esque poems for his wife Emily. Jim Meirose presents a hodgepodge of radio signal and static as sports players stop for a bit to listen.

Duane Vorhees poetizes in a longer format on history, mythology, and sensuality with a touch of whimsy. Tanisha Keefe describes various aspects of human relationships and love: steady friendship, recovery after abuse and loss, self-love and self-respect. Kassandra Aguilera steps out of the circus of a failed relationship that never materialized into what she hoped.

Eleanor Hill’s piece provides a dark and visceral take on Cinderella, illustrating stepping into a glass slipper that doesn’t fit. Daniela Chourio-Soto renders subjugation, repression, isolation, and immobilization into intense physical experiences. Nicholas Gunther describes a state of stasis, mental purgatory. J.J. Campbell brings his brand of wry sadness, humor, and resignation for a fresh set of poems. Habiba Malumfashi’s poetry explores how home can both welcome and embrace and trap and imprison. Khadija Ismail spotlights the pain many women endure due to intimate partner violence and urges us not to excuse it because of religion or culture. Bill Tope’s poem dramatizes the pain of sexual abuse survivors in a world denying them agency.

Dr. Jernail S. Anand highlights the value of compassionate and ethical living, causing no harm to self or others, as opposed to simple rule following. Perwaiz Shaharyar puts forth a plea to the world’s leaders to choose peace. Dr. Ashok Kumar calls for peace, unity, and oneness among humanity. Rand Morsy calls the world and humanity to peace. Andres Loriente acknowledges the unity of the world’s people, how we are more alike due to common experiences than we are different because of race. Dianne Reeves Angel’s short story illuminates how she began to understand and oppose the injustices in South Africa while in the country making what was going to be a glamorous film.

Najmiddinova Shahinabonu encourages us to pursue virtues such as perseverance, resilience, and family love, even more than we strive for riches. Luz Myriam Moreno Puerta speaks to overcoming rejection with perseverance. Zamira Moldiyeva Bahodirovna speculates on the psychology behind why we remember negative experiences more so than positive ones and encourages us to strive for mental and emotional balance. Wansoo Kim sends up poems of personal, social, and natural hope and renewal.

Robot with a full metal body holding a daisy in a rocky desert landscape during a purple sunset or sunrise.
Image c/o Kai Stachowiak

Zikrillo Latipov’s short story highlights the value of our hopes and dreams. Bekturdiyeva Nargizabonu emphasizes the importance of youth to society and therefore, the responsibilities of young people to learn and contribute. Aisha MLabo reflects on the inner drive and energy in the heart of a young person. Guzliebo Matniyozova rededicates herself to self-discipline and self-improvement as a writer and a student. Dilnoza Rakhimova celebrates her personal journey towards academic and professional success. Amonboyeva Shahnoza Yusupboy speaks to how one can build lifelong character through the habits one develops as a student. Dildora Toshtemirova urges people to have perseverance in pursuing their dreams.

Omonova Shakhzoda considers how extracurricular activities shape student leaders. Priyanka Neogi celebrates the many women joining the ranks of cricket players. Nidia Garcia speaks to an artistic partnership between a musician and her violin.

Z.I. Mahmud highlights the artistry of older American cinema, some iconic acting performances in particular. Actor and critic Federico Wardal spotlights the movie in which he most recently appears, Anita, which is being shown in San Francisco and receiving the Italian Courage for Freedom film award.

Film is one form of human creative endeavor, and there are many more we celebrate in this issue. Sotvoldiyeva Muslima affirms the crucial nature of the rule of law to a civilized society. Odilova Odinakhon discusses the need for lawyers to receive continuing education. Aziza Toshpo’latova goes in depth about the roles and responsibilities of translators and proposes ways to strengthen the field. Emran Emon presents himself to the world as a qualified international journalist. Boboqulova Durdona presents technical solutions for improving the efficiency of the electrical grid in Uzbekistan. Nordona Norqulova outlines problems with and suggests solutions for the administration of Uzbek public institutions.

Our knowledge can enhance our capacities for protection and wisdom as well as for expansive creation. Baxronova Vasila urges moderation in prescription of antibiotics to children. Nurboboyeva Dilshoda’s essay highlights strategies to intervene and lessen the risk of youth suicide in our age of social media. Nazirova Madinakhon outlines strategies for protecting our digital data from online miscreants.

Old rusty metal lock on a wooden door, close up.
Image c/o Anonymous User

We hope this issue will serve as a guard against the dangers of boredom, alienation, loneliness, and lack of inspiration. Please enjoy our pages!

Poetry from Adrina Esparas-Hope 

Knocking Against The Ribs

What is a heart?

Is it just the sign of being exhausted 

Does it feel like you’re falling apart

Or is it in the middle of being frosted?

If I cut open your chest, would I see it?

Or would I have to climb my way in

To find nothing but a darkened pit

Because perhaps, it would be lost within.

Does your heart knock against you quietly?

Or perhaps, it just fell into the litter

Does it feel like you’re screaming silently?

When it happens to get bitter.

Now, if I were to search and find your heart

Would it be intact, or would it have fallen all apart?

Essay from Nazirova Madinakhon

PROTECTING PERSONAL DATA IN THE DIGITAL AGE

Image of a person's hand holding a cell phone, with a variety of icons surrounding it. Blue, white, and black color scheme.

Abstract:

This article analyzes the problems and challenges of personal data protection in the digital era. It highlights the importance of privacy, cybersecurity, and legal mechanisms for ensuring data safety in a rapidly developing technological world.

Keywords: personal data, digital security, privacy, cybersecurity, information law, technology.

Introduction

In today’s digital world, personal data has become one of the most valuable resources. Every online action—social media usage, online shopping, or digital communication—leaves a digital footprint. Protecting this data is one of the key challenges of the 21st century, requiring legal, technological, and ethical solutions.

Main Part

1. The importance of data protection

Personal data includes information that identifies an individual, such as name, address, ID number, or online behavior. When such data is misused, it may lead to fraud, identity theft, or violation of privacy rights. Therefore, protecting personal information is crucial for ensuring human dignity and freedom.

2. Legal frameworks and international standards

Many countries have introduced laws to protect personal data, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union. These laws aim to give individuals more control over their information and hold organizations accountable for its misuse.

3. The role of education and digital literacy

Raising public awareness about data protection is as important as legislation. Citizens, especially youth, must be educated on how to safeguard their digital identity, use secure passwords, and recognize online threats.

Conclusion

To conclude, personal data protection in the digital age is not only a legal issue but also a matter of personal responsibility. Combining legal measures, advanced technology, and digital literacy is the key to building a secure and privacy-respecting information society.

Nazirova Madinakhon Rasuljon qizi was born on September 5, 2008, in Furqat district, Fergana region. She studied at School No. 2, specializing in certain subjects, and is currently a second-year student at the Namangan Regional Academic Lyceum under the Tashkent State University of Law (TSUL).

Since childhood, Madina has stood out among her peers for her creative ideas and deep thinking. She holds a certificate in the Turkish language and has actively participated in subject Olympiads, achieving honorable results in the field of State and Law Fundamentals.

Madina’s goal is to become a highly qualified lawyer and contribute to the development of legal awareness and legal culture in society through the valuable knowledge and experience she acquires.

Short story from Fiza Amir

 “A Mother or a God Fairy?’’

The sky seemed clear after a relentless battle where the dark clouds had screamed and shouted with lightning. Yet, traces of tears were still there, reflecting off her tiny umbrella. She moved slowly along the crackling footpath, even though her eyes were on timeworn shoes with frayed gaps whispering tales of every journey. But her mind wandered in galaxies of thoughts—the thoughts of the God fairy her teacher had spoken of that day. A deep longing stirred within her, a desperate wish to be heard by the God fairy, to have her tiny desires woven into reality.

Diving into the sea of her thoughts, she reached home and ran to her mother. “Mama, do you think there lives a God fairy in the mountains who fulfills the wishes of people who write letters to her?” Her mother smiled and glanced into her daughter’s tiny, sparkling dove eyes. “Honey, what wishes do you want to be granted?” “It’s a secret. They say if you want your wishes to be fulfilled, keep them a secret between you and the God fairy. So, I’m going to write a letter to the God fairy. Will you post it for me, please, Mama?”

Her mother kissed her forehead and knelt before her. “Yes, love, I will.” The little girl giggled as if the God fairy herself had agreed to her request. That same evening, she spent most of her time writing the letter to the God fairy and handed it over to her mother when she was leaving for the office. Night arrived, darkness had taken over, and the moon and the stars were blushing. She sat by the window, hoping the God fairy would have read her letter. “Love, it’s time for bed,” her mother called her. She ran quickly to the bed. “Mama, did you post the letter?” Her eyes were full of curiosity. “Yes, honey, by now the God fairy would have read your letter and must be preparing to fulfill your wishes.” She smiled and slowly closed her eyes, while her mother gently draped the blanket over her, wrapping her in warmth and quiet love.

The clock struck 12 a.m., and there was a silence of peace. Suddenly, someone entered her room with faint steps, placed a note on her table and a box, then moved out of the room, glancing adorably at the sleeping girl. As the sun rose, hugging the sky tightly, its rays knocked at her window. She opened her eyes and couldn’t believe what she saw. She rubbed them twice in confusion. She read the note, and tears flowed through her eyes, bright as diamonds. She opened the box and saw the same pink Barbie shoes she had asked the God fairy for. She wore them and ran to her mother with the note in her hand. She clasped her mother’s hands and spun around in a whirl of joy and happiness.

“Mama, Mama, see who came last night and brought the exact shoes I had asked for!” “Who?” “Mama, the God fairy came, and she left a note saying, ‘My love, you will always find me beside you.’” She continued to twirl while her mother sat beside her on the chair, looking at her daughter adoringly, knowing it was she who had brought those shoes and written the letter. She had always been her daughter’s God fairy, giving her wings while her blood flowed through her daughter’s veins, up to her heart.

Essay from Maftuna Davlatova

Central Asian woman, young middle aged, long dark hair up in a bun behind her head, black collared shirt and green lanyard, speaking at a brown podium for the International Hotel in Tashkent.

A LOOK AT THE HISTORY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN

Davlatova Maftuna Sadriddin qizi

Andijan Regional Institute of Economics and Pedagogy 2nd-year student of Primary Education

ANNOTATION

The article focuses on the efforts made to develop tourism in Uzbekistan. It explains the stages of tourism development and emphasizes that the main progress was achieved during the first years of independence.

Keywords: tourism, development, practice, foundations, political and socio-economic importance, people, economy, industries, sphere of influence, the Great Silk Road

INTRODUCTION

At present, Uzbekistan is in the process of forming a national model of tourism. According to this model, the tourism market being developed in the country, like any other market, influences the socio-political and economic situation of the state. It also plays a crucial role in strengthening cooperation between countries and attracting investment and capital flows.

In countries with developed market economies, private and commercial companies mainly provide services to tourists. However, tourism can only develop if the state creates an optimal economic and legal foundation. If the state does not address issues such as professional training, environmental and cultural preservation, information promotion, and simplification of formalities, tourism cannot reach the desired level of development.

Therefore, the state’s role is vital in developing tourism, forming a tourism services market, reforming economic regulation mechanisms, improving organizational management structures, increasing export potential, and, most importantly, attracting foreign investment.

MAIN PART

The foundation of tourism infrastructure in Uzbekistan was laid during the Soviet era. However, the distribution of income from this sector was controlled by the central government. From 1985 to 1989, the number of local and regional tourists was around 1.4–1.6 million, while foreign visitors numbered only 130–180 thousand.

By comparison, in 1985 Turkey received 1.5 million tourists, in 1992 — 7 million, and by 2003 — about 11 million. Hungary hosted 14.2 million tourists in 1981, and by 1991 this number increased to 19.1 million. In 1992, Uzbekistan offered only 27 types of tourism services to foreign visitors, while by 2003 this number rose to over 50. In contrast, countries like Turkey, Italy, and Spain offered 250–400 types of services.

After gaining independence, Uzbekistan made tourism development a national priority under the direct initiative of the President. The development of the tourism infrastructure can be divided into five stages: Stage 1 (1992)The establishment of the national company “Uzbektourism” marked the beginning of national tourism development.

Stage 2 (1993–1995)A national tourism development model was created. During this phase, new destinations were introduced, service quality improved, and the material-technical base expanded. “Uzbektourism” opened representative offices in Frankfurt (Germany), London (UK), New York (USA), Sharjah (UAE), and Moscow (Russia).

Stage 3 (1995–1997) Privatization began in the tourism sector. By early 1996, nearly 90% of facilities under “Uzbektourism” were privatized.

Stage 4 (1998)This period aimed to increase export capacity, stabilize currency flow, and align national tourism with international standards. Border, customs, and airport services were restructured to improve tourism infrastructure.

Stage 5 (1999–Present)The Presidential Decree “On the State Program for Tourism Development” laid a solid political and economic foundation for tourism. Tax incentives were granted to tourism companies, and a “Law on Tourism” was adopted, strengthening the legal framework of the industry.

RESULTS

Uzbekistan is currently divided into four main tourism regions: 1. Fergana region – archaeological sites, architectural monuments, traditional crafts, and industry. 2. Samarkand–Bukhara region – cultural and historical tourism centers.3. Tashkent region – business and international tourism hub. 4. Khorezm region – ancient historical heritage and eco-tourism.

The state plays a central role in improving the legal and economic foundations of tourism, simplifying the visa system, encouraging traditional goods production, and training professional personnel.

DISCUSSION

Today, tourism is one of the fastest-growing non-production sectors in the world, including in Uzbekistan. People increasingly seek to spend their leisure time effectively, restore their health, and learn about other nations’ traditions and values.

Since ancient times, the Great Silk Road has linked Asia and Europe, facilitating trade, knowledge, and cultural exchange. Even now, its historical significance continues through modern transportation and information networks. The “TRACECA” project and the revival of the Silk Road aim to establish trans-Asian transport routes connecting Japan, China, India, Uzbekistan, and Europe. This initiative enhances cooperation and creates new opportunities for tourism and economic growth.

Uzbekistan’s participation in the “Great Silk Road” tourism initiative, supported by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), contributes to international recognition and economic progress.

CONCLUSION

Ongoing reforms in Uzbekistan’s tourism infrastructure are yielding positive results. However, due to transitional economic challenges, some issues still remain. These will be addressed in future studies.

REFERENCES

1. Ibroimov, S. I., & Mirzarahimova, S. Z. (2021). Geographical Naming and Transcription. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 2(1), 789–798.2. Ibroimov, S. I. (2020). Methods of Assessing Students’ Knowledge in Geography Lessons. Academic Research in Educational Sciences, (4), 412–417.3. Rajabov, F. T., & Olimova, A. A. (2020). The Role of the Innovation Cluster in Solving Educational Problems (Based on Geography Teaching). Academic Research in Educational Sciences, (3), 697–702.4. Ibroimov, S. I., & Yusupova, G. K. (2021). Features of Organizing the Educational Process in Primary Classes (Example of Natural Science). Academic Research in Educational Sciences, 2(Special Issue 1), 370–378.5. Abdimurotov, O. U. (2021). Using the “Case Study” Method in Teaching the Eurasian Continent.

Maftuna Davlatova was born on January 24, 1997, in Andijan region. Currently, she is a bachelor’s student in the Primary Education Department at the Andijan Regional University of Economics and Pedagogy. During her studies, she has been paying special attention to continuous self-development and improving her knowledge and skills.

So far, she has been the winner of several national and international grants. Her research mainly focuses on desertification processes and climate change. Through her studies, she aims to highlight the importance of education and youth awareness in solving ecological problems. Her main future goal is to contribute to the development of a sustainable educational environment, the enhancement of ecological culture, and guiding the younger generation to adapt properly to climate change.

Essay from Murodova Zarina

Young Central Asian woman with long dark hair up behind her head, brown eyes, and an earring and a white top.

The Role of Technology in Teaching English as a Foreign Language

Murodova Zarina Sherali qizi

Uzbek State University of World Languages, English Faculty

Abstract

The increasing integration of technology into education has significantly influenced the methods and outcomes of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The use of digital tools, online platforms, and interactive applications allows teachers to create engaging and learner-centered environments that enhance communication, motivation, and language acquisition. This research paper examines the impact of modern technology on EFL instruction, explores its advantages and challenges, and provides evidence-based recommendations for educators.

The study is grounded in a review of current research, case studies, and educational frameworks that illustrate how technological innovation can enhance language teaching effectiveness. The findings reveal that technology not only facilitates linguistic competence but also fosters learners’ digital literacy, collaboration, and intercultural awareness.

Keywords: technology, English as a Foreign Language, digital learning, EFL pedagogy, motivation, online platforms, language education.

Introduction

In recent decades, the advancement of digital technologies has profoundly reshaped education worldwide. The emergence of e-learning, artificial intelligence (AI), and mobile-assisted language learning (MALL) has transformed how languages are taught and learned. In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms, technology plays a crucial role in making instruction more interactive, flexible, and personalized. As English continues to serve as the global language of communication, business, and science, effective EFL instruction is essential for preparing students to participate in an increasingly interconnected world. The integration of technology in EFL teaching aligns with global educational priorities established by UNESCO and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which emphasize digital literacy and innovation in learning.

By using digital tools such as Google Classroom, Kahoot, Duolingo, and Quizlet, teachers can diversify instructional strategies and adapt to different learning styles. The relevance of this study lies in analyzing how such tools improve learning outcomes, promote autonomous learning, and enhance both linguistic and socio-cultural competence.

Literature Review

The pedagogical potential of technology in language education has been widely explored by scholars. Warschauer (2013) emphasizes that the integration of computers and digital communication fosters learner autonomy and authentic language use. Similarly, Chapelle (2001) highlights that computer-assisted language learning (CALL) environments encourage meaningful interaction and feedback that traditional classrooms often lack. Recent studies extend this discussion to mobile learning and artificial intelligence. According to Kukulska-Hulme (2020), mobile technologies provide flexibility and accessibility, allowing learners to engage in continuous learning beyond the classroom.

Reinders and Benson (2021) further argue that digital learning supports self-regulated learning, enabling students to monitor their progress and manage their study habits effectively. The effectiveness of online learning platforms has also been demonstrated through empirical evidence. Research conducted by Al-Mahrooqi and Troudi (2019) found that students using interactive platforms such as Edmodo and Zoom developed stronger speaking and listening skills compared to those using traditional methods.

Moreover, Dudeney and Hockly (2018) stress that technology, when aligned with pedagogical objectives, enhances motivation and engagement by providing multimodal and authentic materials such as videos, podcasts, and virtual simulations. Despite the numerous advantages, some researchers caution against overreliance on digital tools. Beatty (2013) and Stockwell (2022) note that unequal access to technology, limited teacher training, and inadequate digital literacy remain significant challenges. These concerns underline the necessity of balanced integration, where technology serves as a supplement—not a substitute—for effective pedagogy.

Methodology

This research is based on a qualitative analysis of secondary data from academic journals, institutional reports, and empirical studies conducted between 2018 and 2024. The main method of investigation includes comparative analysis, synthesis, and critical review of existing literature. The selected materials were analyzed to identify patterns and outcomes related to technology-enhanced EFL teaching.

Additionally, observational data from various educational contexts were reviewed to assess the implementation of digital platforms such as Google Classroom, Kahoot, Duolingo, Quizlet, and YouTube in EFL instruction. The analysis focuses on how these technologies contribute to skill development in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, as well as how they foster motivation, collaboration, and intercultural communication.

Findings and Discussion

1. Pedagogical Benefits of Technology Integration Technology transforms EFL instruction by making learning interactive and student-centered. Multimedia tools such as videos, podcasts, and animations appeal to multiple learning styles, helping students visualize linguistic patterns and cultural contexts. Interactive quizzes and gamified learning elements increase motivation and engagement.

Online tools like Kahoot and Quizlet allow immediate feedback, enabling learners to assess their performance and teachers to monitor progress effectively. Google Classroom enhances communication between teachers and students, facilitating the submission of assignments, peer feedback, and collaborative projects. Furthermore, platforms such as Duolingo and BBC Learning English provide opportunities for self-paced learning, allowing students to practice anytime and anywhere.

2. Development of Learner Autonomy and Digital Competence Technology empowers learners to take control of their own learning process. Autonomous learning is supported through self-access platforms, language apps, and online communities where learners exchange ideas and practice communication. This approach aligns with constructivist theories of learning, which emphasize active engagement and self-discovery.

Digital literacy—an essential skill in the 21st century—is simultaneously developed as learners navigate online environments, evaluate information sources, and use digital tools responsibly. Studies by Godwin-Jones (2021) confirm that digital competence strengthens learners’ ability to participate effectively in academic and professional contexts.

3. Challenges and Limitations

Despite its advantages, integrating technology in EFL classrooms presents several challenges. In many regions, limited internet access, outdated infrastructure, and insufficient teacher training hinder effective implementation. Teachers may also face difficulties in designing pedagogically sound lessons that integrate technology meaningfully.

Another concern is the potential decline in interpersonal communication if digital tools replace, rather than complement, face-to-face interaction. Maintaining balance between technology and traditional pedagogy is therefore essential. Training programs that improve teachers’ digital skills and pedagogical awareness are necessary to ensure optimal use of technology in the classroom.

Conclusion

Technology plays an indispensable role in modern EFL pedagogy, offering new opportunities to improve language acquisition, learner motivation, and teaching efficiency. When implemented thoughtfully, digital tools enhance interaction, personalization, and learner autonomy. However, successful integration requires careful planning, continuous teacher training, and equitable access to technological resources. The synergy between traditional teaching methods and innovative technologies produces the most effective outcomes. As the global demand for English proficiency continues to grow, the ability to use technology intelligently and creatively in language education becomes not just a pedagogical advantage but a necessity for the future of education.

References

Al-Mahrooqi, R., & Troudi, S. (2019). Using Technology in EFL Classrooms to Enhance Speaking Skills. International Journal of English Language Education, 7(2), 45–63.Beatty, K. (2013). Teaching and Researching Computer-Assisted Language Learning.Routledge.Chapelle, C. A. (2001). Computer Applications in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press.Dudeney, G., & Hockly, N. (2018). How to Teach English with Technology. Pearson Education.Godwin-Jones, R. (2021). Emerging Technologies in Language Learning and Teaching. Language Learning & Technology, 25(2), 1–13.Kukulska-Hulme, A. (2020). Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL): Current Trends and Future Prospects. ReCALL, 32(2), 233–252.Reinders, H., & Benson, P. (2021). Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Palgrave Macmillan.Richards, J. C., & Rodgers, T. S. (2014). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press.Stockwell, G. (2022). Technology and the Language Learner: A Longitudinal Perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 56(1), 27–46.Warschauer, M. (2013). The Role of Technology in Teaching English. TESOL Quarterly, 47(4), 825–836.

My name is Zarina Murodova. I was born on January 13, 2007, in Narpay district, Samarkand region, Uzbekistan. There are five members in my family. I received my primary education at School No. 21.Currently, I am studying at the Uzbekistan State World Languages University, majoring in Philology and Teaching Languages (English Language).In my free time, I enjoy playing hockey, practicing karate, reading books, drawing, and organizing events. These activities help me relax and develop myself. In the future, I aspire to become one of the leading specialists in society and contribute to the prosperity and development of my country.