This month, we consider the peace, love, and joy honored during the world’s many December holiday celebrations. This issue also encourages us to take stock of where we are as human beings, physically, intellectually, and morally, and to take whatever steps are possible to rise to the next level.

Sometimes that’s going outside and getting some exercise. Brian Barbeito walks by a lake and considers the joy of simple living and natural beauty.

Mrinal Kanti Ghosh recollects a dreamy summer night. Olga Levadnaya captures the solemn stillness of midday heat. Christina Chin renders up the cold silence and calm of winter.

Aura Echeverri Uribe evokes the monumental destruction of an avalanche. Jack Galmitz speaks to how we manage and control wildness, in our neighborhoods and our bodies, and how it can reassert itself. Carrie Farrar speaks to the joy and wonder of visiting France to see the Mer de Glace glacier. Mahbub Alam speaks to a solid connection between humanity and nature, like a tree standing firm in the changing winds.

Tasneem Hossain draws on the owl as an extended metaphor for wisdom and protection. Roodly Laurore reflects on the tender and colorful beauty and diversity of nature in a piece which he intends to bring comfort in a violent and turbulent world. Maja Milojkovic encourages us to imagine a new world of gentleness and peace towards our earth and each other.

Elizabetta Bonaparte’s poetry takes a short, but strong and cogent, stand against war. Valentina Yordanova, in poetry translated by Yoana Konstantinova, laments the mindless destruction war brings to ordinary lives. Eva Petropoulou Lianou calls for genuine humanity in a world at war.

Samar Aldeek tenderly celebrates peace in her bilingual poetry. Dr. Perwaiz Shaharyar draws on the style of courtly romance to honor the legacy of Mexican poet, peace activist, and literary cultural worker Dr. Jeannette Tiburcio. Fernando Jose Martinez Alderete joins in the tribute to Dr. Tiburcio and also speaks of the need for peace and mutual respect.

Paul Durand warns us of dangerous currents, both in the ocean and in American politics. Bill Tope’s poem criticizes human rights abuses committed in the name of immigration enforcement. Duane Herrmann speaks to the spiritual unity of all the world’s people under Ba’hai teachings and how that serves as an antidote to racism and anti-immigrant sentiment.

Travel gives us firsthand experience with different cultures and helps us understand each other. Türkan Ergör illustrates the dislocation of travel through clever and poetic alteration of word and line breaks. Lakshmi Kant Mukul captures the exhilaration and elevated beauty of plane flight. Abdumuminova Risolabonu Nizamovna discusses how travel helps people learn practical skills, including pragmatic communication in multiple languages.

Learning foreign languages, and mastering one’s native language, helps us understand each other, whether we travel in person or through imagination and books. Shakhnoza Pulatova Makhmudjanovna offers strategies for mastering the Arabic language. Muhammadjonova O’giloy Bunyodbekov qizi offers up suggestions for learning Turkish that would be helpful for any foreign language. Abduhalilova Sevdora Xayrulla qizi highlights grammar rules surrounding modal verbs in the Uzbek language. Allaberdiyeva Farangiz outlines ways for students learning English as a foreign language to gain writing proficiency.

Xudoyberdiyeva Jasmina analyzes the linguistic phenomenon of “chatspeak” and ‘text-speak” on the Uzbek language in a piece that’s more intrigued than negative. Dinora Sodiqova discusses the importance of professional communication for aspiring young Uzbek leaders.

People can also travel through time by reading older works and studying history. Petros Kyriakou Veloudas reflects on the joy and the weight of being part of a creative heritage, even when one does not know the names of each and every ancestor. Poet Eva Petropoulou Lianou interviews poet Muhammad Shamsul Huq Babu about his literary legacy and dream of building a large book museum.

Dunia Pulungeanu highlights the lifetime intellectual and literary accomplishments of Dr. Edwin Antonio Gaona Salinas. Choriyeva Go’zal Gayratjon qizi explores the resurgence of academic and cultural interest in foundational works of Uzbek literature. Xudoyberdiyeva Mohiniso reflects on the historical significance of the Mud Battle, an early military defeat for Central Asian medieval historical figure Amir Temur.

Farzona Hoshimova celebrates the pride and beauty of the Uzbek culture. Matnazarova Munisa encourages young and old Uzbeks to remember and preserve their traditional culture. Bobonova Zulfiya sings of the pride, freedom, and beauty of her native Uzbekistan. David Woodward evokes a quest for truth through reading Krishnamurti, ultimately reconnecting himself with his family. Rahmonkulova Gulsevar Samidovna considers the cultural values implicit within Uzbek folk legends.

Muhammadjonova Ogiloy Bunyodbekovna reviews Abdulloh Abdulmutiy Huda Said Bahul’s book Qu’logim senda, qizim, which provides Islamic faith-based guidance for young girls, narrated by a loving father. Ruzimbayeva Quvonchoy also urges Uzbeks to hold onto their traditional values, including love, bravery, and respect for women.

Maja Milojkovic translates Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s tribute to hard-working women around the world from English into Serbian. Mashhura Ochilova highlights the historical respect for women in Uzbek culture and what modern Uzbek women have achieved. Jaloldinova Gulzirahon Otabek Kizi highlights women’s increasing participation in Uzbekistan’s public life.

Orifjonova Nozima Azizbek considers the prospects for preserving the Uzbek language in a time of economic and cultural globalization. Rahmonqulova Gulsevar Samid qizi analyzes the crucial father-son relationship at the heart of the Uzbek folk epic tale “Alpomish” and its centrality to Uzbek family-oriented culture. Rahimberdiyev Ozodbek outlines key elements of Uzbekistan’s heroic tales.

Rashidova Shoshanam explores the long shadows Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex has cast over human literature and psychology. Christopher Bernard reviews Cal Performances’ recent dramatization of Chicago’s Manual Cinema’s The Fourth Witch, about the after-effects of Macbeth’s violence on his victims. Paul Murgatroyd draws on Greek tragedy to poke morbid fun at humans: inwardly messy and selfish, even when outwardly clean. J.J. Campbell provides his signature dark view of human nature, full of sardonic, blunt, emotionally transparent blue-collar surrealism. John Grey picks apart human emotions in his vignettes, attempting to understand why we act as we do.

Dr. Jernail Singh describes how Dr. K.B. Razdan diagnoses some emotional and psychological ills of modern life in his book Gather Ye Rosebuds. Sean Meggeson’s visual poetry speaks to what we gain and lose as modern society progresses. J.K. Durick waxes poetic about times when it seemed that matters were more easily understood and categorized.

Abdulhafiz Iduoze’s epic poem, layered with traditional and modern references from Benin’s culture, serves as a ritual chant and prophetic warning about colonialism and corrupt power structures. It situates recent dynamics within epic time, reminding readers that current matters are not destined to last forever.

Shikdar Mohammed Kibriah affirms the reality of his personal experience amidst the complex claims of philosophical schools. Aisha Al-Maharabi speaks with the voice of one who asserts his claim to existence, writ large on the natural and human worlds. Strider Marcus Jones speaks to reclaiming and holding onto our interior life, emotions, and connection to nature in a world of mass media and technological disruption and deception.

Many other creators explore our internal lives, what we can learn from ourselves and each other and how we can grow as human beings. Allison Grayhurst speaks to her creative and personal journey: learning to function and create through loss, to integrate pain and struggle into her process. Alan Catlin’s fanciful “anxiety dreams” play with our modern insecurities about navigating daily life. Also experiencing anxiety, Mirta Liliana Ramirez’ poetic speaker takes a bit more time before she’s ready to venture out in the world.

Alimardonova Gulsevar Sirojiddinovna explores the balance between personal dreams and duty to society in Somerset Maugham and Abdulla Qodiriy’s writing.

Rus Khomutoff’s latest poetry collection Kaos Karma, reviewed by Cristina Deptula, flows through various words and ideas, pulling us along on the wings of a slow dream. Stykes Wildee’s latest poem seems at once dreamlike and ordinary and conversational, casual thoughts within the subconscious. Mesfakus Salahin’s poetry is ghostlike, contemplative, detached as he contemplates love and death. John Doyle’s poetry harks from a variety of inspirations: everything from insects to gas stations to trains and the countryside. Arjun Razdan’s quick fictional sketch compares young women he sees to elegant fine wine.

Abdulsamad Idris also explores tragedy and loss through a frank and visceral voice. Graciela Noemi Villaverde finds herself lashed by the storms of loneliness and sorrow. Hanaan Abdelkader Ashour approaches loss with tenderness, offering a kind and reverent note of remembrance for departed loved ones. Marianne Jo Alves Zullas speaks openly of her mourning for her departed mother, everywhere and nowhere at once. Mykyta Ryzhykh’s poem captures the emotional emptiness of a relationship where one person loves intensely, and the other remains distant, consumed by their own habits. Marjona Eshmatova outlines various types of family system dysfunction and how to address them psychologically. Taylor Dibbert points to the ways even well-meaning people can misunderstand each other. Dilobar Maxmarejabova warns us how a person’s heart can become colder and more jaded over time.

Mohamed Rahal speaks of striving for authenticity in one’s faith and in love. Narzulloyeva Munisa Bakhromovna encourages people not to compare themselves negatively with others’ projected lives on social media. Raximberdiyeva Moxinabonu outlines the pressing mental health concern of smartphone addiction and the need to balance our phones with the real world. Moldiyeva Bahodirovna speaks to the way digital technologies have permeated our lives and how to have the Metaverse complement, rather than replace, our world. Choriyeva Xurmo urges balance in the use of digital media in preschool education. Orozboyeva Shodiyeva highlights educational social media applications and encourages her peers to use those rather than focusing just on entertainment.

Jacques Fleury reviews Boston’s Huntington Theater’s production of Alison Bechdel’s tale Fun Home, highlighting themes of intergenerational understanding, how children gradually came to make sense of their parents’ worlds. Young poet Avazova Diyora Alisher qizi offers her good wishes to her teacher in a tender poem. Fayzullayeva Shabbona Sirojiddinova shares her appreciation for her wise and caring father.

Priyanka Neogi playfully celebrates innocent, childlike love. Milana Momcilovic evokes an eternal, spiritual love. Dr. Brajesh Kumar Gupta captures an elegant romantic kiss under moonlight. Vorhees describes erotic and tender love with gentle whimsy and echoes of history. Kemal Berk contributes a graceful love poem about the merging of egos and personalities within a relationship.

Ana Elisa Medina describes a love that encourages her to become a better person. Mohan Maharana celebrates the value of small acts of kindness. Abdusaidova Jasmina shares the importance of kindness through a children’s tale involving a mouse. Balachandra Nair highlights the value of virtue by presenting positive character traits as valuable jewels on display.

Sayani Mukherjee pleads for deep, enduring joy that can withstand the world’s problems.

One way many people find joy is through engaging in various forms of creativity and knowledge gathering. Farida Tijjani draws on a wide variety of technical and natural inspirations to explore gender, creativity, and society.

Various contributors speak of advances in different fields. Uzoqova Gulzoda encourages innovative approaches to elementary school education. Nazulloyeva Feruzabonu highlights the value of science and innovation in inspiring society as well as providing material advancements.

Abdujabborova Rayhona points out ways medical and psychological professionals can reduce unhealthy stresses for pregnant people. Durdona Sharifovna Roziboyeva highlights the success of a recent orthodontic treatment for upper airway issues.

Dinora Sodiqova outlines basic principles of modern consumer advertising. Mamarajabova Shahnoza discusses how digital technologies are transforming the field of accounting. Dianne Reeves Angel celebrates the physical and mental artistry of comedian and actor Buster Keaton.

Several pieces remind us that as we advance in our knowledge and our technical skills, we must bring our humanity along with us. Kandy Fontaine raises questions about ethics and oversight concerning how people are treated in American hospitals. Avazbekova Rayyonaxon reminds medical professionals to display professional behavior as well as knowledge.

Finally, Dr. Jernail S. Anand reminds us to occasionally step back from the clatter of daily human interaction to connect with the universe on a deeper level. We wish all of you inspiration and a chance to think, feel, and connect with the world beyond yourselves this holiday season.

Mamarajabova Shahnoza

Denov Institute of Entrepreneurship and Pedagogy,

2nd-year student, Faculty of Accounting

Digital Transformation in Production Accounting

Annotation.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of conducting production accounting using digital technologies such as ERP systems, electronic invoices, cloud services, blockchain, and artificial intelligence. The thesis explores the double-entry principle, financial and management accounting, and the impact of digital transformation on enterprise efficiency. Furthermore, the advantages and emerging requirements of implementing digital accounting in Uzbekistan are examined through the examples of “1C”, electronic invoicing, the State Tax Committee’s digital systems, and UzAuto Motors.

Keywords: digital technologies, accounting, production process, double-entry, blockchain, artificial intelligence.

Introduction

Accounting based on digital technologies refers to the process of collecting, processing, and analyzing information about a company’s financial condition, expenses, revenues, and cash flows using automated information systems. With digital accounting systems, financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity are generated automatically in real time. This enables rapid analysis of assets, liabilities, and financial stability.

Implementing digital technologies ensures transparency and accuracy based on International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). As a result, analyzing production costs, determining product cost, and making managerial decisions become more efficient. Modern accounting systems (such as 1C, SAP, Oracle, and ERP) integrate financial and managerial accounting, allowing manufacturing enterprises not only to record costs but also to perform planning, budgeting, and control functions effectively.

Production (cost) accounting involves collecting information on expenses incurred during enterprise operations, allocating selected costs to products, services, and other cost objects, and evaluating the efficiency of cost utilization. In addition to cost calculation methods, the following cost accounting techniques are applied by management to control expenses and make key business decisions. These techniques are not independent methods of cost calculation but can be effectively combined with any of the traditional methods.

Table 1. Cost Accounting Methods and Techniques

Marginal (variable) costing:

This method allocates only variable costs (e.g., materials, labor, direct costs) incurred in the production process, excluding fixed costs such as rent and depreciation, as they may distort results. It is useful in industries with fluctuating production volumes.

Direct costing:

This method assigns all directly related costs to a product or process, while indirect costs are covered through profits. Unlike marginal costing, some fixed costs may also be treated as direct costs under specific conditions.

Full (absorption) costing:

This approach includes all variable and fixed costs in the production process. In other words, the total product or service cost covers all expenses—wages, raw materials, rent, and others.

Uniform costing:

This method applies standardized cost calculation rules across several enterprises or organizations. Standardization includes criteria such as cost types, depreciation, taxation, and cost allocation. It facilitates comparison between enterprises, pricing policy formulation, and fair evaluation.

Main Part

In the digital economy, accounting is recognized not only as a component of financial management but also as an important factor in economic development. Modern digital accounting systems strengthen financial stability and provide reliable information necessary for strategic decision-making.

Digital technologies play a crucial role in improving accounting processes and enhancing production efficiency. Practice shows that digitalization helps regulate economic processes, strengthen control, and ensure the accuracy of financial information.

In Uzbekistan, the introduction of electronic invoicing for small and medium-sized enterprises has significantly simplified production accounting. For example, small shops and service providers can now prepare reports quickly, accurately, and without errors using automated programs such as 1C. These systems reduce human errors and save time and resources.

Large manufacturing corporations, including UzAuto Motors, have digitized their accounting systems based on IFRS standards, aligning production costs and financial results with global requirements. As a result, the company established reliable partnerships with foreign investors and strengthened its position in international financial markets.

At the state level, the implementation of digital accounting systems contributes to better economic governance. In particular, the State Tax Committee’s digital information systems allow real-time monitoring of enterprises’ financial activities, control of budget revenues, and reduction of illegal operations.

Modern ERP systems (SAP, 1C, Oracle) are widely used as leading tools for automating production accounting. These systems integrate enterprise income, expenses, and budget status on a single platform, simplifying financial analysis and control. The widespread use of 1C software in Uzbekistan has made accounting processes more transparent and efficient in manufacturing enterprises.

Moreover, blockchain technology plays a significant role in enhancing security in accounting. International production transactions and payments processed via blockchain are faster and less vulnerable to fraud. Artificial intelligence (AI) serves as a powerful tool for analyzing financial reports, optimizing costs, and improving production efficiency.

In general, the application of digital technologies to production accounting ensures speed, accuracy, and security, taking financial management to a new level.

Conclusion

The introduction of digital technologies in production accounting improves quality, reliability, and timeliness of management information, thus increasing enterprise efficiency. Simultaneously, digitalization introduces new professional requirements, such as IT competence and continuous skill development.

Digital technologies have established the necessary infrastructure and principles for conducting accounting in the production process. The integration of the double-entry principle, ERP systems, blockchain, and artificial intelligence helps enterprises maintain financial stability, transparency, and global competitiveness.

Accounting has now evolved from a reporting function to a strategic management tool. Overall, digital technologies make production accounting more convenient, accurate, transparent, and efficient. This field, however, demands continuous innovation and technological advancement.

Consequently, it promotes international recognition of enterprises, builds investor confidence, and fosters cooperation with foreign partners. Accounting conducted in compliance with IFRS accurately reflects a company’s financial condition and strengthens its competitiveness in the global market.

Practical Recommendations:

1. Implement digital accounting systems in manufacturing enterprises step by step — starting with the integration of core processes (supply, production, sales).

2. Introduce continuous training programs to enhance accountants’ digital competencies.

3. Develop and support local software (e.g., 1C modules) adapted to national standards and IFRS requirements.

4. Gradually test and apply blockchain and AI technologies in pilot projects to enhance security and analytical capabilities.

5. Encourage the creation and implementation of affordable, customized digital accounting systems for small and medium-sized enterprises through public-private partnerships.

References:

Smith, J. (2020). Digital Accounting in the Digital Economy. Journal of Accounting Research.

Coman, Elena Liliana. Digitalization of Accounting within the Concept of Cost Management. Valahia University of Targoviste.

Nazarov, Sh. (2021). The Impact of Innovative Technologies on Financial Management. Tashkent: University of Economics Press.

Karimov, M. (2020). Principles of Modern Accounting. Tashkent: Economics Publishing.

Abdukarimov, A. (2022). Development of Financial Control and Accounting Systems. Tashkent: Science and Technology.

Norton, D. (2021). Digital Accounting Systems and Transparency. New York: Oxford University Press.

• A1~B2 grammar topics
• Reading practice
• Listening practice
• New words and using them in sentences
• Discipline and plan
• Writing practice
• Reading practice

1.  Consistently learn grammar and use this knowledge to form sentences and practice them.
2.  Read articles and books.
3.  Listen to podcasts, TED talks.
4.  Write texts and essays to express your thoughts.
5.  Write formal articles such as emails and applications.

6.  Watch Turkish movies (with subtitles, especially at the beginning).
7.  Write down unfamiliar words from movies in a notebook and repeat them along with the actors.
8.  Choose a specific actor from a movie and imitate them, also learning their speech and emotions.

9.  Whenever possible, watch newly released films; it is not recommended to watch old, historical movies.
10. I recommend the following 3 movies:
• Aşk Taktikleri 2 (Love Tactics 2) – Romantic Comedy
• Sen Büyümeye Bak (You Look at Your Growth) – Drama
• Bursa Bülbülü (Bursa Nightingale) – Musical Comedy

Learning Turkish in three months is a huge goal, but it can be achieved with determination! Live with the language every day: watch films, listen to music, and podcasts. Dedicate at least two or three hours daily; consistency is very important. Focus on basic grammar and everyday words. Don’t be afraid to speak; learn from your mistakes. Find language exchange partners. With perseverance and practice, you will certainly succeed! You can do it!

I am Muhammadjonova O’g’iloy Bunyodbekov qizi. I was born on September 11, 2010, in Qo’rg’ontepa district, Andijan region. I am a 9th-grade student at the 5th Specialized School.

MODAL VERBS. THE PECULIARITIES OF MODAL VERBS. EXPRESSIONS WITH MODAL VERBS.

Abduhalilova Sevdora Xayrulla qizi

Philology and Language Teaching English Language Major 25-26 group student  

abduhalilovasevdora500@gmail.com

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive guide to modal auxiliary verbs, exploring their unique role in expressing ability, possibility, permission, and obligation in English. It explains the distinctive ways modal verbs like “can,” “could,” “may,” and “might” function to convey permission and ability, while verbs such as “must,” “have to,” “should,” and “ought to” express necessity and obligation. Common challenges, including past tense forms and question structures, are addressed with clear examples. Practical exercises help readers, from English learners to native speakers, master proper modal verb usage in both spoken and written communication.

Keywords: Modal verbs, English grammar, Auxiliary verbs.

Literature review

Modal verbs in English have been the focus of extensive research due to their intricate semantic, pragmatic, and structural characteristics. Hinkel (1995) observes that non-native speakers often use modal verbs in ways influenced by their first-language pragmatics, which leads to differences in usage compared to native speakers. In my opinion, this highlights how cultural and linguistic backgrounds shape language learning, emphasizing the need for tailored educational approaches that address such variations.

Similarly, Boyd and Thorne (2008) argue that the meaning of modal verbs is influenced by both semantics and the illocutionary force of speech acts, underscoring that effective communication requires more than mere grammatical accuracy. I find this perspective insightful, as it suggests that modals contribute subtly yet significantly to conversational intent, an essential concept for language learners to understand.

Further, Depraetere (2017) explores how contextual factors impact modal interpretation within the semantics-pragmatics interface. This complexity, in my view, underlines the importance of teaching students to consider context when using modals, rather than focusing solely on rigid grammatical rules.

Historically, the usage of modal verbs has evolved. Millar (2009), analyzing the TIME Magazine Corpus, observed a decline in traditional modal usage from the 1960s to the 1990s, with an increase in semi-modals influenced by shifts in stylistic preferences. This trend, in my opinion, mirrors broader social changes that favor informality in communication. Biber (2004) further supports this view by noting genre-specific shifts and a rise in semi-modals in modern corpora, which demonstrates the adaptability of language in response to changing communication norms.

Diver (2015) also examines historical patterns, revealing a shift in distinctions between past and non-past modal forms over time. In my opinion, these findings emphasize the fluidity of language, reminding us that grammatical constructs are not static but evolve alongside cultural shifts.

From a pedagogical perspective, Iranmanesh and Motallebikia (2015) compared task-based language teaching (TBLT) with traditional methods, discovering that TBLT enhanced learners’ understanding of specific modals, particularly can. This approach, in my opinion, aligns with modern learners’ needs, as context-based teaching tends to be more effective than rote memorization. Similarly, Kennedy (2002) utilizes the British National Corpus to advocate for contextualized strategies in teaching modals, which I believe help students grasp practical usage in real-life contexts

Cross-linguistic studies also enrich our understanding of modality. Wurmbrand (2000) challenges traditional syntactic interpretations by arguing that both epistemic and root modals could be considered raising verbs. Personally, I find Wurmbrand’s view refreshing, as it encourages a re-evaluation of conventional classifications. Kehayov and Torn-Leesik (2009), through their study of Balto-Finnic modals, illustrate the diversity of modality across languages, highlighting how other linguistic systems can provide valuable insights into English modal studies.

Additionally, Guéron (1970), in her work explores how modals interact with tense to convey complex temporal relationships. This perspective, in my opinion, is essential for understanding how modals reflect not only certainty or obligation but also specific time frames within a conversation. Guéron’s approach underscores the temporal depth of modal verbs, revealing them as versatile tools for indicating when events may or should occur.

In conclusion, the literature demonstrates that modal verbs in English serve complex semantic and pragmatic functions, have evolved significantly over time, and are best taught through contextualized approaches. The insights from cross-linguistic research further underscore the global relevance of modality. Future studies could continue exploring how specific contexts influence modal usage, particularly in specialized and evolving language environments. For educators and learners, these findings emphasize the importance of understanding modals as both grammatically and culturally dynamic elements, enhancing the richness of language learning and communication.

Methodology

This corpus analysis is complemented by an in-depth literature review, synthesizing key research on modality’s role in cross-linguistic contexts, semantic interpretation, and evolving communicative norms. Observations were made on how modality varies between formal and informal settings and across regional dialects, with specific focus on common challenges faced by language learners, such as distinctions in formality and the use of modal verbs to express obligation, permission, and possibility. This combined methodology aims to provide a holistic understanding of the evolving function of modals in English and to highlight effective teaching approaches that contextualize modal usage for learners.

Discussion

The complex nature of modal auxiliary verbs brings us to a point where theory and practice meet. Our analysis shows that modal verbs do more than serve as grammar tools. They build vital bridges between what we intend to say and how we express it in English.

Modal verbs show remarkable flexibility in different situations. These language elements adapt to many communication needs but keep their basic grammar roles intact. This adaptability stands out in professional settings where choosing between formal and informal modal expressions can make a big difference in how well we communicate.

Modern English shows some interesting patterns in how modal verbs have changed. Here are the main developments we see today:

People ask for permission more casually

Traditional modal differences are mixing together

More people accept different ways of expression

Digital communication uses simpler patterns

Different regions have different priorities

Learning about modal verbs needs more than just memorizing rules and patterns. Context plays a big role in picking the right modal expressions. This matters even more in cross-cultural communication where modal verb choices can change how people understand messages.

Traditional boundaries between some modal categories have become more flexible. Take ‘can’ and ‘may’ for example – their formal differences are changing when people ask for permission. Language keeps changing this way, but knowing the traditional rules still matters for formal communication.

Modal verbs and their alternatives tell an interesting story. Modal auxiliaries remain basic to English expression, but other ways of saying things work better now in some situations. This change doesn’t make modal verbs less important. Instead, it gives speakers and writers more options.

People who use modal verbs strategically in professional settings communicate better. Knowing how to switch between different levels of formality through modal verbs has become a key skill in today’s workplace communication.

Modal verbs keep changing but still play their essential role in English grammar. They adapt to new communication needs, which shows how language stays dynamic, even in basic grammar.

Conclusion

Modal verbs are key building blocks of English grammar that help us express ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. These unique elements have special grammatical patterns and play a vital role in our daily communication. These versatile auxiliaries work well in both formal and informal settings and help us direct different social and professional situations.

When we use modal verbs correctly, our communication becomes more precise and clear. Our analysis of common mistakes and real-world uses shows how becoming skilled at these auxiliaries helps us express ourselves better in written and spoken English. Native speakers and language learners find these tools invaluable because they work in many different situations.

Modern language keeps changing, but modal verbs keep their basic grammatical roles. These verbs remain crucial in professional environments, academic writing, and everyday talks. Their lasting importance proves their value in English communication. Knowing how to use modal verbs properly gives us the confidence to express ourselves accurately in any situation.

Reference:

Biber D. Modal use across registers and time //Topics in English Linguistics. – 2004. – Т. 45. – С. 189-216.

Boyd J., Thorne J. P. The semantics of modal verbs //Journal of linguistics. – 1969. – Т. 5. – №. 1. – С. 57-74.

Depraetere I. On the pragmatics of modal verbs //Selected papers on theoretical and applied linguistics. – 2017. – Т. 22. – С. 14-26.

Diver W. The modal system of the English verb //Word. – 1964. – Т. 20. – №. 3. – С. 322-352.

Guéron J. On the temporal function of modal verbs //Time and modality. – 2008. – С. 143-172.

Hinkel E. The use of modal verbs as a reflection of cultural values //TESOL quarterly. – 1995. – Т. 29. – №. 2. – С. 325-343.

Iranmanesh H., Motallebikia S. M. Teaching Modal Verbs: Task-based vs. Traditional approaches //International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research. – 2015. – Т. 3. – №. 11. – С. 39-46.

Kehayov P., Torn-Leesik R. 11. Modal verbs in Balto-Finnic //Modals in the languages of Europe: A reference work. – 2009. – Т. 44. – С. 363.

Kennedy G. Variation in the distribution of modal verbs in the British National Corpus //Using corpora to explore linguistic variation. – 2002. – Т. 9. – С. 73.

Millar N. Modal verbs in TIME: Frequency changes 1923–2006 //International journal of corpus linguistics. – 2009. – Т. 14. – №. 2. – С. 191-220.

Wurmbrand S. Modal verbs must be raising verbs //Proceedings of WCCFL. – 1999. – Т. 18. – №. 1.

FRAGMENT OF A GREEK TRAGEDY

PHILOCTETES

I am Philoctetes, the stout-hearted son of Poeas

and the keeper of mighty Heracles’ bow and arrows.

On their way to Troy the Greeks abandoned me here

on this remote and rocky isle untrodden by mortals.

For a snake had bitten my foot and they couldn’t endure

the sound of my shrieks and the smell of my festering flesh.

For nine years now I’ve been all alone and hungry,

clad in rags and sleeping on the ground.

For nine years now I’ve also been rejoicing

in my freedom from those inhuman humans –

those brave boys, the Hellenic Armed Forces,

those heroes off on a Special Military Operation

to bring the hostage Helen home again,

eradicate the Trojan cockroaches and topple the lofty

towers of Troy in clouds of smoke and dust.

Humans are fangs and claws, as gentle as wolves,

have hissing, spitting snakes in their Styx-black hearts.

Man worships war, loves hurting and maiming and murdering.

He wants your wealth, women, country, so he’ll kill you.

He hates your language, clothes, food, so he’ll kill you.

Wherever he places his feet, grass dies, earth bleeds.

When Aias got drunk and revealed the truth about Helen,

I searched for a snake and got it to bite me free.

So here I am, sequestered, caressed by quietness,

an ocean away from the hateful human race –

those shallow, senseless, soulless children of stone.

Here I don’t have to look at or talk to anyone.

If I want to speak, I address the waves there and they

are deaf and don’t – oh shit: a ship.

If they set foot on this island, I’ll shoot the fuckers.

See it. Spray it. Sorted.

Rodney nods at the mirror

and tells himself

he’s looking good

and smelling good.

He parrots:

‘Bye-bye swampy, bye-bye stenchy,

hello fresh, hello fragrant.’

His nether regions

don’t reek of secretions,

his private parts

don’t stink of farts.

Now it’s always springtime below his belt.

His bollocks smell of hollyhocks,

his willy of lily,

his bum of plum.

He knows the ladies will be

electrified, mesmerized,

captivated, dominated.

He knows tonight’s the night,

tonight he’ll get a woman at last,

tonight he’ll find an Eden,

a garden of earthly delights,

an English country garden

and plant his lily in it.

UNKNOWN DEAD

It’s turning..

within the galleries of thought

a visitor of ideas

ignorant, rejected…

Pain relief

dreamcatcher

And there his eyes

they sparkle every night

and they look alike

like two moons

who embrace

the night’s lament…

His shadow is bending.

leaning on old patience

and tries step by step

to walk remembering

the names of the dead…

It turns

and turns over

black chairs

small black tables,

gives a slap to the face

the darkness of a fleeting loneliness

He turns around restlessly,

tired,

very hurt

from the tornado of

moments of life..

He sleeps with the light of desire lit,

and that’s when he feels

how the forms of the dead

approaching the moonlight

reciting immortal verses

Resurrected, she smiles now

Hope in souls!

Petros Kyriakou Veloudas was born in Agrinio in 1977. He holds a degree in humanities from the Department of Greek Culture of the Hellenic Open University of Patras and is a businessman and preschool teacher by profession. He is the European ambassador of Greek poetry in Romania, an academic poet at the AMCL Academy of Poetry and Philology in Brazil. Member of the international poetry societies WORLD SOCIETY OF POETS-WSP, WRITERS UNION, International Association of Greek writers-DEEL.

His literary-poetic work is included in the Great Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Writers HARI PATSI, as well as in many Greek and international poetry anthologies, he has won 57 international poetry awards and his poems have been translated into many languages. Poems are read on Chilean radio stations. His lyrics were set to music by Greek composers and his songs are posted on Youtube. His poems have been published in local newspapers of Agrinio such as (MACHITIS, AGGELIA, PALMOS).

WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN POLITICAL LIFE: OPPORTUNITIES AND BARRIERS
Jaloldinova Gulzirahon Otabek kizi

Student of group 101, Computer Linguistics, Faculty of Philology, Andijan State University

Today, thanks to the extensive reforms being carried out in our country, many opportunities are opening up for women. In this regard, we consider it appropriate to quote the speech of our President Shavkat Mirziyoyev in the Senate of the Oliy Majlis in June 2019: “I am often concerned about the stereotype that has emerged in the minds of our people. Usually, we respect a woman, first of all, as a mother, a keeper of the family hearth. This is undoubtedly true. However, today every woman should not be an ordinary observer, but also an active and proactive participant in the democratic changes taking place in the country.”

Through this speech, the head of our state emphasizes that women should have their place not only in the family, but also in all developing spheres of society. We know that today our progressive women are working in public administration, education, art and culture, medicine, sports and a number of other areas and are achieving many successes. Their activities testify to the fact that women have their place in society, that their rights and interests are determined by law, and that they have equal rights with men. Also, the participation of women in political life is of great importance not only for our society, but also for our state.

In particular, one of such women. We can cite Tanzila Norbaeva as the first woman in the history of our country to be elected to the chair of the Senate. During her long career, she held such positions in public administration as Head of the Secretariat of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Head of the Secretariat of the Head of the Complex for Social Protection of Family, Motherhood and Childhood, Leading Specialist and Chief Specialist of the Information and Analytical Department on Education, Healthcare and Social Protection of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chairman of the Council of the Federation of Trade Unions of Uzbekistan, Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Chairman of the Women’s Committee of Uzbekistan.

During her career, Tanzila Norbaeva proved that women can also actively work in political life and public administration, and bring benefits to society and the state. Indeed, today, more than 1,300 women hold leadership positions in state and public organizations,
including 45 in ministries and departments, 39 in the Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Cabinet of Ministers, and 207 in local government bodies.

Women and girls are given every opportunity to improve their political knowledge and test themselves in various fields. In particular, entrepreneurship centers for women have been established. This center helps retrain women who are on long-term parental leave and who are in a difficult economic situation in their professions, develops women’s business skills, provides them with advice and practical assistance.

Women who express a desire to engage in entrepreneurship are trained according to a special training program based on a list formed by the district (city) khokim and the women’s committee. Those who successfully complete special programs are given the opportunity to engage in entrepreneurial activities, based on the recommendation of the district (city) women’s committee. A preferential loan is provided for setting up. In addition, in order to provide socio-economic assistance to women, the “Women’s Book” was introduced. With this, the head of our state is creating a foundation for women to show themselves in every aspect.

It is true that in New Uzbekistan, all opportunities are being opened for women, gender equality is being created. But as is not without controversy, there are also some narrow-minded people. A woman should be busy raising children and doing household chores. There are also many who think that she cannot function in the same social circle as men. In their opinion, if a woman works in society, actively interacts with society, and financially supports her family, she will change as a result of the influence of some people in society
and will lose her place as a woman in the family.

But we believe that this issue depends on human upbringing. It is important to ignore such negative thoughts in society. The Head of our state is creating many opportunities for women to find their place in society, be appreciated, and contribute to the development of society and the state, and is enshrining this in law.

In particular, the approval of Law No. 562 “On Guarantees of Equal Rights and Opportunities for Women and Men” on September 2, 2019 is a vivid proof of this. To date, serious attention is being paid to the issue of gender equality in our country. The practical result of this is that Uzbekistan is also a leader in key indicators of gender equality and gender development: the Gender Development Index (GRI) for women is 0.795 compared to men, which indicates a high level of equality between women and men.

I consider it appropriate to mention that the percentage of our women and girls in political life has increased significantly. In particular, women’s participation in political processes is increasing, and this trend can also be observed in electoral processes. The 1952 UN Convention on the Political Rights of Women. The Convention stipulates that women have the right to vote and stand for election on an equal basis with men. If we compare the results of the last elections to representative bodies, all parties have fulfilled the legal requirement that at least 30 percent of candidates must be women. In particular, 41 percent of the candidates nominated by parties were women.

This situation was also positively assessed by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Uzbekistan began participating in the Gender Equality Index in 2019. As of 2019, Uzbekistan’s gender equality index ranked 62nd out of 189 countries on the list. Taking advantage of these opportunities, there are enough of our women who are taking their rightful place in political and social circles.

For example, in the field of sports, our compatriot Diyora Keldiyorova won the Olympic championship. In addition, it is commendable that another of our compatriots, Rayyona Ibrohimova, won 1st place at the International German Language Olympiad. There are many such women and girls in our country who deserve our pride. Why do you think they are achieving success in the world community and raising our flag even higher?

Of course, this is because our country pays due attention to our women and girls and creates opportunities for their development. It is not necessary to put obstacles in the way of women, but to be able to provide them with wings so that they can fly. In short, we must not forget that our women and girls can be the pillars of our society, just like men.

References

1. Resolution of the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Resolution No. SQ-297- IV dated 28.05.2021
2. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the Protection of Women and Girls from Harassment and Violence”, adopted on September 2, 2019
3. Uzbekistan Gender Equality and Gender Indicators.