First of all, published poet and contributor Tao Yucheng is still hosting a poetry contest, open to all readers of Synchronized Chaos Magazine.

Synchronized Chaos Poetry Contest: We seek short, powerful, imaginative, and strange poetry. While we welcome all forms of free verse and subject matter, we prefer concise work that makes an impact.

Guidelines: Submit up to five poems per person to taoyucheng921129@proton.me. Each poem should not exceed one page (ideally half a page or less). All styles and themes welcome. Deadline for submissions will be in early March.

Prizes: First Place: $50 Second Place: $10, payable via online transfer. One Honorable Mention. Selected finalists will be published in Synchronized Chaos Magazine.

Next, poet Yucheng Tao’s new chapbook, The Mirror Image of Death, has just been released from Alien Buddha Press! People can order it here.

J.J. Campbell’s new book To Live Your Dreams is also out and available to order here.

Welcome to this month’s issue, Paying Attention.

Across poetry, fiction, essays, memoir, and scholarship, this issue asks what it means to live attentively: to create honestly, remember faithfully, love fully, and choose responsibility in an impermanent world.

Jacques Fleury honors the many contributions of Black Americans to society and argues that the United States still needs to celebrate Black History Month due to their lack of knowledge of essential history and context.

Sayani Mukherjee presents spring as both gentle and haunting, reminding us that loss and regrowth are both intimate parts of our experience. Berdirahmonova Shahlo Sherzod qizi expresses poignant longing for the return of joy and love in the spring. O’giloy Kucharova celebrates the social and natural renewal of spring as Christina Chin’s haikus evoke winter’s precarity and solitude. Brian Barbeito’s work dissolves boundaries and outlines in the dark of night and the way the rain falls everywhere, inspiring an open, receptive state of mind. His next piece evokes a chilly and aesthetically under-defined winter day.

Ma Yongbo’s wintry and tough-minded poetic cycle poses the question of what it means to keep creating when permanence and perfection may be impossible. Lan Xin’s pieces honor restraint, the diversity of life, and working with the natural rhythm of life’s seasons. Mykyta Ryzhykh calls attention to how both death and rebirth in nature bring us out of our ponderings and back to the present moment. Sterling Warner draws upon fresh and salt water and psychological and physical weather Linette Rabsatt’s poems take joy in letting go of the conscious mind and listening to the natural world as a source of inspiration. Joseph Ogbonna meditates on the stillness and inspiration of an early dawn. Gezim Basha, in work translated by Marjeta Rrapaj, celebrates tender love and living an authentic life. Yo’ldosheva Zinnura writes of the need to care for and consider our impact on the environment and climate.

Mehreen Ahmed’s work explores art, creativity, complicity, and displacement. Alan Catlin’s ekphrastic poetry crafts scenes of still life interrupted by violence and chaos. Bill Tope’s short story critiques immigration enforcement violence in the United States through the terror of one wrongly targeted victim. Kelly Moyer’s absurdist, provocative video speaks to the same topic as Leticia Garcia Bradford offers a local perspective and Pat Doyne brings strident satire to the issues of the day. Umid Najjari offers a poetic tribute to those who lost their lives in the Iranian revolution. Sungrue Han’s poems evoke alienation, dislocation, and collective and individual trauma. Mahbub Alam decries human greed and the destruction of other humans and the natural world and encourages care and respect. Virginia Aronson draws attention to modern crimes committed by government agents and by international criminal gangs, suggesting a comparison.

J.J. Campbell brings his signature blend of hard-earned cynicism and exhaustion. Scott C. Holstad snatches bits of sweetness and color from complex and artificial modern life. Türkan Ergör reminds us of our mortality and vulnerability to various human struggles. Like a wanderer tiptoeing through dimly lit rooms in a house, Carl Scharwath’s poetry moves from loss to relief to conscious acceptance of stillness. Allison Grayhurst’s poetic cycle sheds, releases, and re-forms visceral emotions. Dr. Prasanna Kumar Dalai’s work carries the quiet dignity of someone who feels deeply but speaks carefully.

Mesfakus Salahin’s work addresses the alchemical transformation of formless feeling into legible thought through poetry. Shakespeare Okuni’s poem highlights the role of ritual and performance in meaning-making. Alex Johnson sets out a manifesto for artistic openness and an aesthetic that welcomes diverse sources of inspiration. Stephen Jarrell Williams evokes life, innocence, joy, and energy in his restrained pieces. Rus Khomutoff’s piece is at once overabundant, technical, and tender, perhaps more intended to be entered into than understood.

Abbas Yusuf Alhassan’s ars poetica explores the various forms poetry takes in his mind and how inspiration hits him as an artist. Duane Vorhees probes desire, time, chance, and memory. Nurbek Norchayev meditates on nature, time, and the life of the soul. Michael Robinson’s essay is a lived testimony of fear, darkness, illness, strength, forgiveness, and survival. Maja Milojkovic speaks of her personal spirituality and closeness to God. Sarah Adeyemo also reaches for her faith for comfort and the strength to keep loving even through a time of desperation and grief. Patrick Sweeney’s one or two-line thoughts provoke head-scratching and evade easy answers. Texas Fontanella jumbles a variety of words and symbols into a static buzz. Grzegorz Wroblewski’s asemic pieces reflect a mind in motion, jumping and self-editing mid-thought from one idea to another.

Susie Gharib navigates the emotional landscape of power, voice, myth, and lived reality. Mark Young contributes a fresh set of altered technicolor Australian landscapes. Cristina Deptula observes and comments on Dianne Reeves Angel’s memoir of a creative life in film production, Every Restaurant Tells a Story. Federico Wardal celebrates the film legacy of Italian filmmaker Billy Wilder. Taylor Dibbert enjoys traveling despite occasional moments of personal embarrassment. Xo’jyozova Dildora looks to ecotourism as a way to sustainably strengthen local economies.

For travel in a more metaphorical sense, Abdugafforova Muslimaxon Akmalovna reviews Qobilon Shermatov’s fantastical children’s tale The Country Inside My Grandfather’s Stomach. This book addresses issues of personal character, as each person’s “interior” reflects who they are and how they behave.

Other authors look at individual and collective character and moral choice. Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s poems express her hopes for peace, understanding, compassion, and humanity. Gordana Saric echoes that hope, wishing for worldwide love, understanding, and reconciliation. Maftuna Sultonova reminds us of the infinite value and dignity of each person. Nigora Baxtiyorova analyzes infidelity as a theme in Uzbek literature. Xasanova Aziza Kumushbek qizi peers into even more Uzbek literature and finds a timeless warning about how one’s life and dignity matter even more than one’s reputation and fame. Journalist Elisa Mascia interviews Azerbaijani author Jakhongir Nomozov and he affirms the need for authors to master their craft and speak their truth regardless of passing fads or popularity. Solid work will stand the test of time.

Dr. Jernail S. Anand suggests that a complete education not only teaches technical skills but also how to be a decent human being. Kodirova Shakhzoda highlights the cultural importance of Uzbekistan’s cultural values of compassion, courtesy, respect for nature, and courage.

Dr. Barbaros İrdelmen mourns love lost to human and societal pettiness, and to death. Bill Tope and Doug Hawley co-present a tale of loss, guilt, and redemption. Mehrinoz Tursunova’s bittersweet love poem prepares for an impending separation. Eshmatova Marjona Kamol qizi outlines ways social service systems can intervene to support children from dysfunctional families. Nurboboyeva Dilshoda Nodir qizi evaluates the psychological effects of divorce on children and suggests ways to help them through the transition.

Dildoraxon Turg’unboyeva reflects on childhood memories and her love for her departed grandfather. Gulsevar Mirzamahmudova honors her hardworking migrant laborer father for his care and determination, reflecting on how she misses him.

Malohat Ahmadjonova expresses love and gratitude for the hard work and dedication of her parents, who made sure she dressed well and received an education. Mashrabxo’jayeva Feruzakhon offers gratitude for the steady love and care of her parents. Nurullayeva Nigora Nurmurod qizi’s poem expresses her love and care for her mother, who has given her so much. Ismoilova Sarvinoz reflects on how much her parents have loved her over time and how she wishes to return the favor as they age. Shafkat Aziz Hajam fondly remembers the freedom and wonder of childhood, made possible by his caring parents.

Islamova Dilnoza Khamidovna gives thanks for a caring and steady friend as Rukhshona Khamzayeva shares her gratitude for a dedicated teacher. Zarifaxon Holiboyeva reflects on missing her family and her classmates in a young student’s piece full of tender affection. Toshpulatova Mehribonu Sherbek qizi rejoices in the love of her sweet sister. Alisherova Hurmatoy reflects on the power of her lover’s kind words to calm her spirit. Graciela Noemi Villaverde draws on elegant nature-inspired imagery to express her love. Chinese academic Bai Gengsheng pays tribute to his loyal and hardworking wife, acknowledging that her steady support over many years made his accomplishments possible.

Aziza Xasanova compares waiting for the unfolding of love to allowing a fig tree to leaf out in its season. Lan Xin’s epic, mytho-romantic piece affirms the choice of embodied and temporal love over transcendence and divinity.

Ozodbek Narzullayev’s verse expresses adoration for his country as if it were his lover. Jahongirova Gulhayo Jahongirovna’s rhyming poem pays tribute to a man of deep loyalty, patriotism and integrity. Abduganiyev Shexrozbek discusses the inter-related nature of the Uzbek national concept, legal system, and spiritual values in shaping the culture.

Kudratova Nozima Bahromovna explores the narrative style of Uzbek writer To’gay Murod. Madina Jorayeva’s essay highlights the contributions of translator and critic Ozod Sharafiddinov to Uzbek and world heritage and literature. Shahnoza Ochildiyeva translates Ozod Sharafiddinov’s essay celebrating and analyzing the literary value of poet and translator Abdulhamid Sulaymon og‘li Cho‘lpon’s contributions to Uzbek literature. Nargiza Masharipova celebrates the cultural interchanges made possible by the migration of the world’s peoples. Sultonaliyeva Go’zaloy outlines some of the factors encouraging and driving migration. Ubaydullayeva Saodat celebrates the literary artistry and truth-telling of one of Uzbekistan’s greatest poets, Alexander Feinberg. Xayrullayeva Zahro suggests ways to preserve the high literary quality of the Uzbek language and not lose it to abbreviations and modernisms. Rizoqulova Parvina Ramzovna analyzes the relation between language and culture.

Munavvar Tlewbaeva speaks of the comfort she finds by reading books by authors who understand and write of her feelings. Odinaxon Qodirova highlights ways to encourage young people to read. Yusupboyeva Madina rejoices in the persistence of reading culture among young people. Turgunova Kh. suggests strategies for teachers to effectively communicate with young Generation Z students.

Karimova Navbaxar Mahmudjanovna suggests strategies for encouraging creative thinking in children. Jorabek Muhammadolimov raises awareness of how too much scrolling and flipping online can lead to difficulty concentrating. Choriyeva Oynur warns of the consequences of overuse of smartphones and the Internet. Roziboyeva Asilakhon speaks against digital surveillance and fear-driven self-censorship.

Isroilova Sarvinoz Maxmud qizi discusses how to use educational tools to teach young children mathematical concepts. Barnoxon Baxtiyorjon Yoqubova considers strategies for integrating physical play with learning arithmetic. Amirqulova Gulsevar discusses digital innovations in education. Daminova Sevinch Tuychi qizi highlights the enlightened wisdom and teaching of Uzbek children’s educator Abdulla Avloni. Lazokat Ortigaliyevna Pirmatova relates how participating in competitive mental arithmetic helped her to develop confidence and the ability to think on her feet.

Nilufar Ibroximova suggests how new Uzbek textbooks could be crafted and used to help young children develop critical thinking. Norquolova Madina highlights the value of learning a second language. Haydarova Mehribon outlines various methods for learning the Mandarin Chinese language, coupled with history and background of the tongue. Mansurova Shahnoza parses the finer points of verb conjugation in French as Xurramova Farangiz compares the process in French and Uzbek. Masharipova Sayyora compares proverbs in French and Uzbek and how they reveal cultural values. Nilufar Mo’ydinova outlines techniques for learning German through approaches from the field of translation. Najmiddinova Mekhrigul Najmiddin qizi delves into the intricacies of language translation. Abdurahimova Anora’s essay considers the impact of one’s first language on the process of learning a second language. Mengboyeva Baxtiniso Mamatqobilovna highlights the value of language teachers’ maintaining a culture of competence in spoken language.

Several contributors work and research in the language of other academic and professional disciplines. Lutfullayeva Shaxrizoda Faruxjon qizi outlines the current state of pneumonia diagnosis and treatment in young children. Mansurov Abdulaziz Abdullox ugli highlights the importance of preventive dental care in children. Fahriddin Akramov’s essay describes treatment for a variety of neurological conditions. Mamatqulova Mukarram Nuriddin qizi speaks to the life and academic stresses students endure and how to protect their mental health. Nasulloyeva Feruzabonu Akmalovna discusses the nature of scientific innovation and how to encourage it in Central Asia. Durdona Sharifovna Roziboyeva discusses the effects of the Herbst dental appliance on the upper airway.

Eshmurodova Sevinch explicates methods of improving deposit mobilization policies in commercial banks. Iroda Sobirova outlines basic principles of supply and demand in a market economy. Sobirova Iroda Abdulaziz qizi highlights strategies to foster innovative entrepreneurship. Mamadaliyeva O’giloy asserts her power and determination to become successful in academics and business.

Baxshilloyeva Nigina Bahodir qizi offers inspiration to young women seeking to live their dreams. Axmetova Dilnura Po’lat qizi outlines the historical and contemporary role of women in Central Asian societies. Sevinch Farxodova highlights the importance of gender equality and initiatives to that extent in Uzbekistan.

Shahnoza Pulatova Makhmudjanovna outlines and describes how Uzbek society is modernizing politically, economically, and socially. Dilafruz Muhammadjonova expresses fervent pride in and hope for Uzbekistan and the desire for the nation’s youth to rise up and take their place. Priyanka Neogi outlines ways to overcome depression and apathy and keep working towards one’s goals. Ziyoda Murodilova highlights the importance of internal motivation and determination for students to achieve their goals. https://synchchaos.com/essay-from-orzigul-sherova-4/Orzigul Sherova presents, in a similar vein, her secrets to success through passion and hard work.

We hope that this issue inspires you to create your place in the world with intention and joy.

Mother — the Great School That Raised Us

Mother is the great school that raises us.

In this article, I would like to write about my mother — a simple yet deeply faithful, kind, compassionate, and gentle woman. Although my mother does not have a higher education, she is intelligent, talented, and wise. Despite having five daughters in our family, she never complained about giving birth to girls. She raised all of us with great care and devotion. Especially because we were girls, she always chose our winter and summer clothes with taste and dressed us neatly.

She had a strong desire to study, but due to ignorance and circumstances, she was unable to receive an education. I remember that after finishing the first grade and starting summer vacation, whenever I came back from playing, my mother made me memorize the multiplication table written on the first pages of the notebooks my father had bought for my sisters.

When I was nine years old, my father gave me a fairy tale book titled “If You Laugh, It’s a Flower; If You Cry, It’s a Pearl” as a birthday gift. From that moment on, my love for books began. Gradually, I started reading books from the school library. I especially enjoyed reading works by Said Ahmad, O‘tkir Hoshimov, Tohir Malik, Hudoyberdi To‘xtaboyev, and other writers.

I remember when women from our village asked my mother, “Weren’t you afraid to send your daughter to Russia when she entered the All-Union Students’ Camp in the seventh grade?” My mother confidently replied, “I trust my daughter.”

Raising a girl is a delicate responsibility. My mother educated us not only academically but also through physical labor. To provide for eight children, my father worked as a physics teacher and also cultivated two to three hectares of land. He worked tirelessly thinning cotton plants, hoeing, and picking cotton. The atlas dress my parents bought for me to wear at the camp was the most beautiful of all; even my Russian friends Asya, Zhanna, and Larisa admired it.

When I graduated from school, my parents created all the necessary conditions for me to enter a higher educational institution. Even so, my mother would wake up at dawn to feed silkworms with mulberry leaves and milk the cow, ensuring that we never faced financial hardship.

My mother possessed an innate artistic talent. She sang songs and played the frame drum. This trait passed on to me as well. Her support played a significant role in my study of folklore and oral literature. Eventually, I achieved the status of a teacher and became a teacher of Mother Tongue and Literature.

Until this competition was announced, I had never written an article about my mother. Now that I reflect on it, I realize that all my achievements are the result of my mother’s tireless labor. There is wisdom in every word she speaks and meaning in every task she performs. Even when she was extremely busy, she would neatly braid my hair by the edge of the field.

Today, I am a mother myself. My mother is alive, praise be to God, and has performed the pilgrimage, yet I still seek her advice and take her as my role model. From her, I learned love, patience, diligence, and deep affection for children.

Poem

My dear mother, you are my life, my whole world,

The precious soul who brought me into this world.

With you, my world is bright and full of light,

My honored mother, Safiyakhon.

Your advice is as valuable as gold,

Your prayers are filled with wisdom untold.

Your very presence is my greatest wealth,

My honored mother, Safiyakhon.

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR PRESERVING THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE

Abstract

This article presents a set of proposals addressing the factors that currently undermine the status of the Uzbek literary language in society and outlines measures to eliminate these threats through innovation. In the modern technological era, the aggressive “attack” of Internet language on the national language is pushing it toward the brink of decline. Such circumstances weaken the expressive power of the Uzbek language, which is a source of national pride. The literary language has its own established norms that are uniform for all speakers of the language [4, online resource]. Nevertheless, despite these standards, modern innovations have contributed to a linguistic crisis. At the same time, there are real opportunities to halt the negative consequences caused by technological development through innovative solutions. If the ideas and proposals advanced in this article are supported, the development of the language will reach a high level in society, making it possible to preserve its full potential.

Keywords: literary language, globalization, modern speech, Internet language, artificial intelligence, targeted methods.

Introduction

The literary language is the refined, standardized, and highest form of a national language. In contemporary Uzbekistan, state administration and official affairs are conducted in the Uzbek literary language. When the state language of Uzbekistan is mentioned, it primarily refers to the Uzbek literary language; therefore, it is protected at the state level. The literary language represents a processed and standardized form of a national language that serves the cultural needs of its speakers. The concept of “processing” is relative, as literary languages have historically changed across different periods and among different peoples.

Even within a single nation, the literary language has taken different forms over time (for example, the ancient Turkic literary language and the modern Uzbek literary language). In certain historical periods, the language of one people served as the literary language for another. For instance, Classical Arabic functioned as a literary language for Persian and Turkic peoples, Classical Chinese for the Japanese, and Latin for several European nations.

The literary language exists in two forms: oral and written. Any literary language is shaped on the basis of folk speech, generalizing dialectal features and becoming understandable to all speakers. A nation cannot possess a rich culture without a developed literary language. In this sense, the literary language remains one of the most pressing issues of society. Literary language is sometimes confused with its various forms, such as artistic language or spoken language; however, these cannot be considered identical.

Historical Development of the Uzbek Language

An examination of the stages of development of the Uzbek language—from ancient Turkic to modern Uzbek literary language—allows observation of linguistic evolution and identification of differences between these stages. Such differences generally arise from two main factors:

internal laws of linguistic development, including systemic and structural changes within the language itself;

contact between two or more languages (interstratal relations).

In the development of the Uzbek language, ancient Turkic functioned as the substratum language, while Arabic, Persian, and Tajik served as superstratum languages. Interaction between substratum and superstratum languages typically occurs under conditions of bilingualism or multilingualism. These interactions have resulted in processes known as language substratification, such as Turkic–Arabic, Turkic–Persian, Uzbek–Arabic, Uzbek–Tajik, and Uzbek–Russian bilingual contexts. Along with internal development laws, these factors have caused significant structural changes in the language from ancient Turkic to modern Uzbek literary language [1, pp. 9–10].

A review of Uzbek linguistic history demonstrates that the language has undergone complex stages of formation and development. Historically, Uzbek has interacted with several non-related languages belonging to different language families due to socio-political circumstances. The degree and quality of influence varied across these languages. Some had a strong impact on the lexical composition of Uzbek, while others had minimal influence [3, p. 22].

Impact of Technology and Globalization

In the 21st century, the rapid development of information technologies and social media has had a direct influence on language use. Among young people in particular, written communication increasingly involves abbreviations, emojis, English words, and slang expressions. This raises a critical question regarding the purity, clarity, and expressive capacity of the Uzbek literary language.

Today, Uzbek is spoken by nearly 45 million people worldwide, significantly exceeding the minimum threshold of one million speakers required for language survival. The distribution of Uzbek speakers by country is presented below:

No.

Country

Number of Speakers

Notes

1

Uzbekistan

32–34 million

Official language

2

Afghanistan

3–4 million

Northern regions

3

Tajikistan

1–1.5 million

Border regions

4

Kazakhstan

800,000–1 million

Southern diaspora

5

Russia

500,000–1 million

Labor migration

6

Kyrgyzstan

900,000–1 million

Osh and Jalal-Abad regions

7

Turkmenistan

300,000–400,000

Border areas

8

United States

30,000–50,000

Migrants and students

9

Turkey

20,000–30,000

Education and employment

10

Germany, South Korea

10,000–20,000

Labor migration

Modern Uzbek reflects each era through change. Vocabulary richness is a key indicator of linguistic power and expressive capacity. However, in recent years, a decline in vocabulary richness has become a serious issue. This decline is not only related to linguistic evolution but also to weakened cultural awareness and reduced engagement with the mother tongue.

Causes of Vocabulary Decline

Several factors contribute to the reduction of vocabulary richness in modern Uzbek:

Globalization and foreign language influence:

The increasing use of English loanwords has reduced lexical diversity.

The continued influence of Russian has also led to the replacement of native Uzbek words with borrowed terms.

Social media abbreviations:

Platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, and Twitter popularize abbreviations, emojis, and simplified expressions, distancing users from classical literary norms.

Technological simplification:

Software, mobile applications, and online platforms often rely on shortened and simplified language instead of full and accurate expressions.

Educational shortcomings:

Some educators experience difficulties in mastering literary Uzbek, which hinders effective language instruction.

Certain textbooks contain simplified or incorrect language rather than contemporary literary norms.

Abbreviated forms (e.g., shortened spellings), excessive use of foreign terms (like, story, post, comments, ok), and replacement of words with emojis weaken linguistic culture. These tendencies are clearly observable in everyday communication on platforms such as Telegram, Instagram, and TikTok.

Proposed Solutions

Despite these challenges, the problem is solvable. The following solutions are proposed:

Improving teacher qualifications through specialized training and professional development

Creating updated textbooks with accurate, rich, and standardized language

Developing digital resources in Uzbek

Designing AI-based applications to enhance vocabulary acquisition

Creating interactive games and tests to promote correct word usage

Supporting Uzbek language promotion on social media

Encouraging bloggers and influencers to use rich literary language

Developing AI-based spelling and grammar assistants that suggest full forms instead of abbreviations

For example, an application could be created under the slogan “Write fast, but write correctly!”, where users receive scores based on adherence to literary norms. Rewards such as internet data packages or prize competitions could motivate young users and help prevent degradation of literary standards.

Conclusion

Although Internet language offers convenience and speed, preserving the purity of the literary language is essential. Every language evolves, but such development should not undermine its roots. Preserving the literary language means safeguarding national identity and cultural thought. By effectively combining artificial intelligence with conscious language use, it is possible to protect and develop linguistic culture. However, meaningful results can only be achieved when technological innovation is aligned with individual responsibility toward language.

References

Sayfullayeva, R.R., Mengiyev, B.R., Boqiyeva, G.H. Modern Uzbek Literary Language. Tashkent: Fan va Texnologiya, 2009.

Madvaliyev, A. The Relationship Between Language Development and Thought. Language and Thought, 1998.

Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Statistics on the distribution and number of Uzbek speakers.

Rahmatullayev, G. History of the Uzbek Literary Language. 1994.

Jamolov, H. Modern Uzbek Literary Language. Tashkent: Talqin, 2005.

Shoabdurahmonov, Sh. Theory of Literary Language. Tashkent, 2004.

UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.

Saidov, Y. History of the Uzbek Literary Language. Bukhara: Durdona Publishing House, 2019.

Xayrullayeva Zahro was born on April 13, 2006, in Kitob District, Kashkadarya Region. She is currently a student at Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. At the institute, she is a young student who has earned respect through her talent and active participation. She is the author of numerous scientific articles and a collection of poetry. Her creative works have been published in international journals as well as in prestigious national publishing houses.

Tashkent University of Humanitarian Sciences

2nd-year student

Sobirova Iroda Аbdulaziz qizi

U🇸 Article Package: Supply and Demand: The Core Mechanism of the Market Economy

Abstract 

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the laws of supply and demand, which are the main driving force of a market economy. It examines in detail the theoretical foundations of both categories, the curves that reflect them, as well as the price and non-price factors that influence them. The central part of the study is devoted to market equilibrium, analyzing the formation of this equilibrium, the changes in equilibrium price and quantity (curve shifts), and the impact of government intervention (such as price controls) on the equilibrium from a scientific and practical perspective. The article aims to reveal the crucial role of the supply and demand mechanism in ensuring modern economic stability.

Keywords: Demand, Supply, Market Equilibrium, Equilibrium Price, Demand Elasticity, Market Mechanism, Price Formation.

Detailed Article Structure (Intended for 5 Pages)

Introduction

• Relevance (Dolzarblik): The supply and demand mechanisms as the fundamental idea of the market economy.
• Objective (Maqsad): To analyze the laws of supply and demand, and to determine their role in price formation and ensuring economic efficiency.
• Tasks (Vazifalar): 1) To justify the laws of supply and demand; 2) To illustrate market equilibrium graphically and functionally; 3) To study the practical consequences of the theory.

Theoretical Foundations of Supply and Demand

1. The Law of Demand and Factors Affecting It

• The Law of Demand: The inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded (under the Ceteris Paribus condition).
• The Demand Curve (D): Reasons for the downward slope of the curve.
• Non-Price Factors: Consumer income (normal and inferior goods), tastes/preferences, prices of substitute and complementary goods, expectations.

2. The Law of Supply and Factors Affecting It

• The Law of Supply: The direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.
• The Supply Curve (S): Reasons for the upward slope of the curve.
• Non-Price Factors: Production costs, technology, taxes and subsidies, prices of other goods.

Market Equilibrium and the Price Formation Mechanism (1.5 Pages)

1. Determining the Equilibrium Point

• The intersection point of the Demand (D) and Supply (S) curves (The Equilibrium Point).
• The Equilibrium Condition: $Q_D = Q_S$.
• Graphical Analysis: Equilibrium Price ($P^*$) and Equilibrium Quantity ($Q^*$).

2. States of Market Disequilibrium

• Excess Supply (Surplus): When the price is above $P^*$ ($P > P^*$). The market automatically returns to $P^*$.
• Excess Demand (Shortage/Deficit): When the price is below $P^*$ ($P < P^*$). Price increases due to competitive pressure.

3. Shifts in Equilibrium (Comparative Statics)

• New values of $P^*$ and $Q^*$ resulting from shifts in the Demand (e.g., change in income) or Supply (e.g., change in cost) curves.
• Simultaneous shifts of both curves (ambiguity of the outcome).

Practical Significance of the Supply and Demand Theory

1. The Concept of Elasticity

• Price Elasticity: The responsiveness of quantity demanded and supplied to changes in price.
• Practical Application: The role of elasticity in firms maximizing their total revenue.

2. Consequences of Government Intervention in the Market

• Price Ceiling (Maximum Price): For example, rent control. Consequence: Artificial Shortage (Deficit).
• Price Floor (Minimum Price): For example, minimum wage or minimum prices for agricultural products. Consequence: Artificial Surplus (Profitsit).

Conclusion

• Brief summary of the main results studied.
• Supply and demand as the most efficient mechanism for resource allocation in a market economy.
• Suggestions regarding the importance of government intervention in cases of market failure (externalities, monopoly).

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List of References (Foydalanilgan Adabiyotlar Roʻyxati)

1. Mankiw, N. G. (2021). Principles of Economics. Cengage Learning.
2. Samuelson, P. A., & Nordhaus, W. D. (2010). Economics. McGraw-Hill Education.
3. Oʻlmasov, A. (2009). Iqtisodiyot nazariyasi (Theory of Economics). “Mehnat” publishing.
4. Karimov, I. A. (2000). Oʻzbekiston XXI asr boʻsagʻasida: xavfsizlikka tahdid, barqarorlik shartlari va taraqqiyot kafolatlari (Uzbekistan on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Threats to Security, Conditions of Stability and Guarantees of Progress). “Oʻzbekiston” publishing. (As a source on the state’s economic policy).
5. Fisher, S., Dornbush, R., & Schmalensee, R. (2011). Economics. McGraw-Hill.
6. Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations. (As a source providing the classical economic foundation.)
7. Journal Article (Example): Stiglitz, J. E. (2017). Rethinking the Role of Government in the Market. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 112-130.

Reading Poetry in a Cambridge Graveyard 

Here lies a silence older than stone  

the archaeology of roots digs layer by layer,  

through the relics of different eras,  

perhaps recovering pages turned blank once more,  

seeking clues deeper than the underground river.  

Probing fingers grope through one another’s darkness,  

like long-lost kin, unexpectedly meeting in the late night.  

There must be a half-green, half-red autumn here,  

with heavy branches bending toward the lips of stone.  

There must be bees of sunlight, building their hives  

before the curve of frost seals tight.  

There must be a shining horizon of poetry,  

spreading out from the warm and deep collar.  

Perhaps some poet, whose name has long worn away, 

Listens, forgets he is straddling both worlds,  

knowing everything, yet unable to speak.  

His lips, heavier than marble,  

puckered to a dry berry from the effort to move.  

On Translation

Winter is a war of everyone against everyone,

while translation is a person milking cows in winter.

There are many cows in the pasture—patient, still, docile,

the hair on their necks stiffened by the cold.

You milk them, in the darkness of dawn;

the white milk writes the earth into italics,

you keep squeezing, until the milk is tinged with blood.

Why are you here? This is a cattle shed drafty on all sides,

hay mixes with ice, there are no colored lights here,

no rituals. Those quiet cows line up,

chewing cud, as their swollen and painful breasts

gradually turn into empty, sagging, icy sacks.

No portrait of a leader hangs high here,

only grains of salt mixed in the manure pile,

only the foam that splashes in the tin bucket at your feet—

fragrant, fleeting, and pleasing.

After Midnight

In those years, he always thought after midnight  

about how to restart a world stuck in a loudspeaker  

by then, everyone had fallen asleep, and the fire in the stove was dying down  

the kitten’s purr coiled around an endless ball of yarn  

cold constellations glimmered on the window lattice  

yet his thinking was almost like not thinking at all  

like a creature that neither grows old nor stays young  

adorned with snowflakes on its shoulders, unborn still  

a coin with only one side, its patterns blurred  

so he went downstairs in the dark and wandered the empty streets  

like someone feeling empty after making love  

winter is the wreckage of a year, and he still tried to love it 

Night Falls Again

He has uncovered the truth of eternal recurrence

on winter nights darkness still descends so swiftly, so precisely

a single strike of the dirty bomb, with its incalculable half-life

the moment he speaks its name, he is suddenly standing

in a dim, familiar circular hall

surrounded by a score of identical doors

he pushes one open and steps into a backyard

there a child is prodding a skull half-buried in the grass

making it glimmer faintly, like a thought that refuses to submit

he does not feel the stir of unease, he cannot hear

what the child is humming, perhaps an old song

he cannot kill him from behind, to end this once and for all

he knows their lives are both

pirated copies of a shoddy translation of the same novel

blurred at times, sharp at others, like a promise

Ma Yongbo was born in 1964, Ph.D, representative of Chinese avant-garde poetry, and a leading scholar in Anglo-American poetry. He is the founder of polyphonic writing and objectified poetics. He has published over eighty original works and translations since 1986 included 9 poetry collections. He focused on translating and teaching Anglo-American poetry and prose including the work of Dickinson, Whitman, Stevens, Pound, Amy Lowell, Williams, Ashbery and Rosanna Warren. He published a complete translation of Moby Dick, which has sold over 600,000 copies.

If it’s dark

We parted suddenly, my love

my mind is on you

Are you alone?

Are you unhappy?

Do you miss me?

What do you want from the world beyond?

Just whisper

If it’s warm,

wind, coolness, rain

If you’re cold, the sun

If the nights are dark,

a bright moonlight

whatever you want

from the other world

I can send it right away

How much does it cost?

I asked in the abstract market

For a smile

You cannot find, they said

It’s not a season for it

Is there a laughter?

No way, it is too unavailable

Who lost it

So that you can find it

How much does love cost?

Its lifespan is short

It’s so perishable, for a long while

We don’t put them on the counter

What do we have in this season?

Ass-kissing, flattery

Lies, slander, fraudulency

Insult, curse, disdain

All of them are both fresh and easy

Abundant in four seasons…

Dr. Barbaros İrdelmen, poet, writer, translator, and retired specialist in internal medicine and nephrology, with 19 published poetry collections to date, his works have been included in numerous national and international anthologies, poetry festivals, and selected literary compilations. Currently a poetry columnist for Edebiyat Magazin Newspaper and TV, also contributes actively to prominent literary journals such as Pazartesi14 NEYYA Edebiyat, Kirpi Edebiyat ve Düşünce Dergisi, writer for the Papirus Magazine, Literature House, Our Poetry Archive, Atunis Galaxy Poetry writer. As a member of the Writers Syndicate of Turkey, he is not only known for his original poetry but also as a leading figure in the translation of world poetry written in English into Turkish. İrdelmen is also a member of the poetry translator’s community, part of the ITHACA Foundation (Spain), building cultural and literary bridges across borders through the power of poetry.

The Significance of Foreign Language Learning for Young People

Norqulova Madina

a second-year undergraduate student

Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages

Abstract: 

In this article, the significance of foreign language proficiency in the lives of young people is analyzed. The impact of foreign languages on the educational process, professional development, and social engagement is examined from a scientific and theoretical perspective. Furthermore, the article substantiates that, in the context of globalization, the acquisition of foreign languages serves as a crucial factor in enhancing the competitiveness of youth.

Key words: Foreign language education; youth competitiveness; globalization; language proficiency; international integration; human capital; educational reforms; multilingualism; global labor market; lifelong learning.

Introduction 

In the current era of globalization, knowledge of foreign languages is considered one of the crucial factors for societal development. In a period when information exchange has accelerated and international relations have expanded, young people’s mastery of foreign languages plays a significant role in their intellectual, professional, and social development. In particular, English, as a means of international communication, occupies a leading position in the fields of education, science, and technology.

Literature review 

Foreign language proficiency contributes to the development of young people’s cognitive potential and enhances their critical thinking skills. Scientific research indicates that knowledge of multiple languages broadens an individual’s intellectual perspective and enables them to approach problems from various viewpoints. At the same time, acquiring foreign languages fosters young people’s ability to independently analyze information.

Within the education system, foreign language proficiency is regarded as one of the key factors ensuring academic mobility. Proficiency in a foreign language is considered a prerequisite for participation in international educational programs, grants, and exchange projects. Moreover, access to foreign academic sources and research contributes significantly to improving students’ overall level of knowledge.

At the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly, the President of our country emphasized: “The future and prosperity of our planet depend on what kind of people our children grow up to be. Our main task is to create the necessary conditions for young people to fully realize their potential.”At a time when the boundaries between globalization, culture and values, and national identity are rapidly diminishing, language plays a crucial and fundamental role in enabling young people to integrate into the global community. Today, young people clearly understand that without knowledge of foreign languages, it is almost impossible to find a place in international business, science, politics, economics, or the fields of information and communication technologies.

Furthermore, the establishment of the “El-yurt umidi” Foundation, aimed at providing opportunities for young people to study abroad, train specialists, and maintain communication with compatriots, has served as an additional incentive. One of the main requirements for participating in the foundation’s selection process is possessing a valid national (CEFR) or international language certificate (such as IELTS, TOEFL, or DELF). Every year, hundreds of young people take advantage of this opportunity to pursue undergraduate or master’s degrees at foreign higher education institutions and return to their homeland as skilled professionals. According to many of them, knowledge of a foreign language not only broadens their worldview but also serves as a key that opens the door to the global arena.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the mastery of foreign languages plays a pivotal role in the personal, academic, and professional development of young people in Uzbekistan. As globalization continues to shrink the distances between cultures, values, and national identities, foreign language proficiency has become a key factor for youth to successfully integrate into the global community. The state’s efforts to provide favorable conditions—such as high-quality language education, international certification support, and opportunities for studying abroad—ensure that young people can fully realize their potential. Ultimately, enhancing foreign language skills not only broadens the worldview of the youth but also equips them with the knowledge, competencies, and confidence necessary to contribute effectively to the country’s prosperity and compete in the international labor market.

Reference

1.Crystal, D. (2019). English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2.Nunan, D. (2015). Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: An Introduction. London: Routledge.

3.Graddol, D. (2006). English Next. British Council.

4.Baker, C. (2011). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

5.Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes. London: Routledge.

6.Phillipson, R. (2009). Linguistic Imperialism Continued. London: Routledge.

7.Kachru, B. B., Kachru, Y., & Nelson, C. L. (Eds.). (2006). The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

8.Jenkins, J. (2006). World Englishes: A Resource Book for Students. London: Routledge.

9.Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., & McDaniel, E. R. (2012). Communication Between Cultures. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

10.Crystal, D. (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norqulova Madina was born in Pastdargʻom district, Samarqand region, Uzbekistan, in 2006. She is a 19-year-old undergraduate student currently in her second year at Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages. Madina has earned over 50 certificates in various academic and professional fields, demonstrating her strong commitment to continuous learning and personal development. She has achieved a B2 level in English, reflecting her solid proficiency in the language. Her extensive qualifications highlight her dedication to academic excellence and her readiness to participate in international educational and research opportunities.