Today, global warming is one of the most serious environmental problems facing humanity. In recent years, the increase in Earth’s temperature, the rapid melting of glaciers, and the rise in natural disasters show how serious this problem has become. Many people are interested in what is causing global warming.
The main cause is human activity. Gases released from factories, power plants, and cars pollute the atmosphere. These gases are called greenhouse gases, and they trap heat from the Sun in the Earth’s atmosphere. As a result, the temperature of our planet continues to rise year by year.
Another important factor contributing to global warming is deforestation. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and help clean the air. However, as forests are cut down, the amount of harmful gases increases and the natural balance of the environment is disturbed.
In addition, the increase in waste, excessive use of plastic, and wasting energy also have a negative impact on the environment. People often do not think enough about the consequences of their actions.
In conclusion, the main cause of global warming is humans themselves. However, reducing this problem is also in human hands. If we protect nature, plant more trees, and use energy wisely, we can help prevent global warming. Every small action by each person can lead to big changes.
Yo’ldoshaliyeva Zinnura was born on June 17, 2011, in Rishton district of Fergana region. She is an 8th-grade student at the Fergana branch of the Specialized School named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi and also serves as the leader of the “Talented” direction in the Rishton District Council of Leaders.
She has actively participated in various educational and intellectual projects, including “Anim Camp,” “Future Founders Online Forum,” “Young Reader” and the regional stage of STEM subjects. Her scientific article was published in the book “Feelings on Paper,” and another article of hers appeared in the “Synchronized Chaos” journal. In addition, she has taken part in many other projects and initiatives, demonstrating strong academic interest and leadership skills.
First of all, published poet and contributor Tao Yucheng is still hosting a poetry contest, open to all readers of Synchronized Chaos Magazine.
Synchronized Chaos Poetry Contest: We seek short, powerful, imaginative, and strange poetry. While we welcome all forms of free verse and subject matter, we prefer concise work that makes an impact.
Guidelines: Submit up to five poems per person to taoyucheng921129@proton.me. Each poem should not exceed one page (ideally half a page or less). All styles and themes welcome. Deadline for submissions will be in early March.
Prizes: First Place: $50 Second Place: $10, payable via online transfer. One Honorable Mention. Selected finalists will be published in Synchronized Chaos Magazine.
Also, past contributor Alexander Kabishev is seeking international poems of four lines each on the theme of friendship for a global anthology. The anthology, Hyperpoem, will be published by Ukiyoto Press and a presentation of the poem will take place in Dubai in August 2026.
Kabishev says the new vision of the project goes beyond commercial frameworks, aiming to become an international cultural and humanitarian movement, with the ambitious goal of reaching one million participants and a symbolic planned duration of one thousand years.
The focus is on promoting international friendship, respect for the identity of all peoples on Earth, and building bridges of understanding between cultures through poetry and its readers.
Please send poems to Alexander at aleksandar.kabishev@yandex.ru
This month’s issue asks the question, “Who Will We Become?” Submissions address introspection, spiritual searching, and moral and relational development and decision-making.
This issue was co-edited by Yucheng Tao.
Sajid Hussain’s metaphysical, ethereal poetry, rich with classical allusions, reminds us of the steady passage of time.
Jamal Garougar’s New Year reflection emphasizes ritual, spirituality, and the practices of patience and peace. Taylor Dibbert expresses his brief but cogent hope for 2026.
Dr. Jernail S. Anand’s spare poetry illustrates the dissolution of human identity. Bill Tope’s short story reflects on memory and grief through the protagonist’s recollection of his late school classmate. Turkan Ergor considers the depth of emotions that can lie within a person’s interior. Sayani Mukherjee’s poem on dreams lives in the space between waking thought and imaginative vision. Stephen Jarrell Williams offers up a series of childhood and adult dreamlike and poetic memories. Alan Catlin’s poem sequence renders dreams into procedural logic: how fear, guilt, memory, and culture behave when narrative supervision collapses. Priyanka Neogi explores silence itself as a creator and witness in her poetry. Duane Vorhees’ rigorous poetic work interrogates structure: individuality, myth, divinity, agency, culture. Tim Bryant analyzes the creative process and development of craft in Virginia Aronson’s poetic book of writerly biographies, Collateral Damage.
Nurbek Norchayev’s spiritual poetry, translated from English to Uzbek by Nodira Ibrahimova, expresses humility and gratitude to God. Timothee Bordenave’s intimate devotional poetry shares his connection to home and to his work and his feelings of gratitude.
Through corrosive imagery and fractured music, Sungrue Han’s poem rejects sacred authority and reclaims the body as a site of sound, resistance, and memory. Shawn Schooley’s poem operates through liturgical residue: what remains after belief has been rehearsed, delayed, or partially evacuated. Slobodan Durovic’s poem is a high-lyric, baroque lament, drawing from South Slavic oral-poetic density, Biblical rhetoric, and mythic self-abasement.
Melita Mely Ratkovic evokes a mystical union between people, the earth, and the cosmos. Jacques Fleury’s work is rich in sensory detail and conveys a profound yearning for freedom and renewal. The author’s use of imagery—“fall leaf,” “morning dew,” “unfurl my wings”—evokes a vivid sense of life’s beauty and the desire to fully experience it. James Tian speaks to care without possession, love through distance and observation. Mesfakus Salahin’s poem evokes a one-sided love that is somewhat tragic, yet as eternal as the formation of the universe, as Mahbub Alam describes a love struggling to exist in a complicated and wounded world. Kristy Ann Raines sings of a long-term, steady, and gallant love.
Lan Xin evokes and links a personal love with collective care for all of humanity. Ri Hossain expresses his hope for a gentler world by imagining changed fairy tales. Critic Kujtim Hajdari points out the gentle, humane sensibility of Eva Petropoulou Lianou’s poetry. Brian Barbeito’s lyric, understated travel essay passes through a variety of places and memories. Anna Keiko’s short poem shares her wish for a simple life close to nature. Christina Chin revels in nature through sensual, textured haikus.
Doniyorov Shakhzod describes the need for healthy and humane raising of livestock animals. g emil reutter hits us on the nose with cold weather and frigid social attitudes towards the suffering of the poor and working classes. Patricia Doyne lampoons authoritarian tendencies in the American government. Eva Petropoulou Lianou reminds us that we cannot truly enjoy freedom without a moral, peaceful, and just society. Sarvinoz Giyosova brings these types of choices down to a personal level through an allegory about different parts of one person’s psychology.
Dr. Jernail S. Anand critiques societal mores that have shifted to permit hypocrisy and the pursuit of appearances and wealth at all costs. Inomova Kamola Rasuljon qizi highlights the social and medical effects and implications of influenza and its prevention. Sandip Saha’s work provides a mixture of direct critique of policies that exploit people and the environment and more personal narratives of life experiences and kindness. Gustavo Gac-Artigas pays tribute to Renee Nicole Good, recently murdered by law enforcement officers in the USA.
Dr. Ahmed Al-Qaysi expresses his deep and poetic love for a small child. Abduqahhorova Gulhayo shares her tender love for her dedicated and caring father. Qurolboyeva Shoxista Olimboy qizi highlights the connection between strong families and a strong public and national Uzbek culture. Ismoilova Jasmina Shavkatjon qizi’s essay offers a clear, balanced meditation on women in Uzbekistan and elsewhere as both moral architects and active agents of social progress, grounding its argument in universal human values rather than abstraction.
Dilafruz Muhammadjonova and Hilola Khudoyberdiyeva outline the contributions of Bekhbudiy and other Uzbek Jadids, historical leaders who advocated for greater democracy and education. Soibjonova Mohinsa melds the poetic and the academic voices with her essay about the role of love of homeland in Uzbek cultural consciousness. Dildora Xojyazova outlines and showcases historical and tourist sites in Uzbekistan. Zinnura Yuldoshaliyeva explicates the value of studying and understanding history. Rakhmanaliyeva Marjona Bakhodirjon qizi’s essay suggests interactive and playful approaches to primary school education. Uzbek student Ostanaqulov Xojiakba outlines his academic and professional accomplishments.
Aziza Joʻrayeva’s essay discusses the strengths and recent improvements in Uzbekistan’s educational system. Saminjon Khakimov reminds us of the importance of curiosity and continued learning. Uzoqova Gulzoda discusses the importance of literature and continuing education to aspiring professionals. Toychiyeva Madinaxon Sherquzi qizi highlights the value of independent, student-directed educational methods in motivating people to learn. Erkinova Shahrizoda Lazizovna discusses the diverse and complex impacts of social media on young adults.
Alex S. Johnson highlights the creative energy and independence of musician Tairrie B. Murphy. Greg Wallace’s surrealist poetry assembles itself as a bricolage of crafts and objects. Noah Berlatsky’s piece operates almost entirely through phonetic abrasion and semantic sabotage, resisting formal logic and evoking weedy growth. Fiza Amir’s short story highlights the level of history and love a creative artist can have for their materials. Mark Blickley sends up the trailer to his drama Paleo: The Fat-Free Musical. Mark Young’s work is a triptych of linguistic play, consumer absurdity, and newsfeed dread, unified by an intelligence that distrusts nostalgia, coherence, and scale. J.J. Campbell’s poetry’s power comes from the refusal to dress things up, from humor as insulation against pain. On the other end of the emotional spectrum, Taghrid Bou Merhi’s essay offers a lucid, philosophically grounded meditation on laughter as both a humane force and a disruptive instrument, tracing its power to critique, heal, and reform across cultures and histories. Mutaliyeva Umriniso’s story highlights how both anguish and laughter can exist within the same person.
Paul Tristram traces various moods of a creative artist, from elation to irritation, reminding us to follow our own paths. Esonova Malika Zohid qizi’s piece compares e-sports with physical athletics in unadorned writing where convictions emerge with steady confidence. Dr. Perwaiz Shaharyar’s poetry presents simple, defiant lyrics that affirm poetry as an indestructible form of being, embracing joy, exclusion, and madness without apology.
Ozodbek Yarashov urges readers to take action to change and improve their lives. Aziza Xazamova writes to encourage those facing transitions in life. Fazilat Khudoyberdiyeva’s poem asserts that even an ordinary girl can write thoughtful and worthy words.
Botirxonov Faxriyor highlights the value of hard work, even above talent. Taro Hokkyo portrays a woman finding her career and purpose in life.
We hope that this issue assists you, dear readers, in your quest for meaning and purpose.
In my living room, books and paintings, masks and gems,
Just keep still… All around the silence reigns over.
Blessed be, o Lord ! Thy peace, granted to a poor boy,
Came with the faculty to work, and learn your books…
I can pray now Thy love, in this shrine full of joy,
Rich refuge for my life, which I am glad none took.
There are the jewelry, tailored clothes, lithographs,
Sea shells and silver lamps, ivories, or gold rings…
All reminding of past battles. – My humble being.
Then I will read the Psalms, the Gospels and some Saints !
Before writing a stance, a try, until I faint…
To express gratitude ! As for an epitaph.
*****
A Christian poem.
When I pray Thee o Lord, my voice, humble but proud,
Raise inner, for Thou knows everything of me,
Then I try to write down, speak up, but never loud,
No for we are not much. Before Thy great army.
We are children to Thee, though. Salt grains for the Earth…
We are friends to the birds, colorful like flowers…
We can be good workers, until the last hour,
We can be good servants if we know what we’re worth.
The paradise immense, where will live forever,
Those amongst us who choose to be His believers,
Is like the treasure a peasant finds in a field…
Soon this field acquired, then the riches revealed,
Everyone will think this person has been wise.
Be pious, be gentle, love, hope… – Jesus advises.
*****
The poet plans for work.
You see me now, well quiet, at my library desk !
Director here. Further, I hear cars passing by,
Further, I see grey clouds… The silence is at stake,
Calm, as I read Plato : moments some wish could buy.
Then I take my pen on : I will write for Roma,
For the woman I love, her lips, their aroma…
I will write for Paris, for London, for Madrid,
For a farm in the snow, then for my youth in need.
I want to write again ! For a trip to Jersey,
On a boat, whilst a storm was raging the Channel,
I want to write about hiking, and this tunnel…
In Geneva when I questioned my survival.
I will write about my past girlfriends – when opals,
Drizzled from their glances on our soft Odyssey !
*****
Timothee Bordenave is a French author, a poet, novelist and essayist. He has published many books both in French and English. A part of his writings has been translated to various languages and published internationally.
He is also a visual artist as a photographer and a painter, whose works have also been widely shown, in France like in many other countries around the world.
Born in Paris, France, in 1984, he still lives in France today, partaking his days between the capital town and countryside properties. He first worked as a library director, before shifting to be a fulltime author and artist.
His interest to culture and creativity has brought him to be very active in the local French art community, involving himself notably in the organization of art events for his friends.
Historical Monuments of Uzbekistan: Timeless Witnesses of Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, located at the heart of Central Asia, is one of the world’s oldest cultural crossroads. For centuries, it served as a key hub of the Great Silk Road, connecting East and West, North and South. As merchants, scholars, travelers, and conquerors passed through its territory, they left behind not only goods and ideas but also magnificent architectural monuments. Today, Uzbekistan is home to hundreds of historical sites that reflect the rich political, spiritual, and cultural history of the region. These monuments are not merely remnants of the past; they are living witnesses to the rise and fall of great civilizations and continue to shape the national identity of the Uzbek people.
Samarkand – The Pearl of the East
Among Uzbekistan’s historical cities, Samarkand holds a special place. Often referred to as “the Pearl of the East,” Samarkand is more than 2,700 years old and has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city reached its golden age during the reign of Amir Timur (Tamerlane) in the 14th century, when it became the capital of a vast empire.
The most iconic monument of Samarkand is Registan Square, a grand ensemble of three madrasahs: Ulugh Beg Madrasah, Sher-Dor Madrasah, and Tilla-Kori Madrasah. These buildings demonstrate the pinnacle of Islamic architecture, with their majestic portals, intricate geometric patterns, and vibrant blue tilework. Registan was not only an architectural center but also a place of education, public gatherings, and intellectual exchange.
Another remarkable monument is the Gur-e Amir Mausoleum, the final resting place of Amir Timur and his descendants. Its massive turquoise dome and elegant interior symbolize the power and ambition of the Timurid dynasty. The mausoleum later inspired the design of other famous structures, including the Taj Mahal in India.
Bukhara – A Living Museum
Bukhara is often described as an open-air museum, as it has preserved its historical layout and monuments remarkably well. With a history spanning over 2,500 years, Bukhara was once a major center of Islamic theology, science, and trade.
One of the most impressive landmarks in Bukhara is the Poi-Kalyan Complex, which includes the Kalyan Minaret, Kalyan Mosque, and Mir-i-Arab Madrasah. The Kalyan Minaret, standing nearly 47 meters tall, was built in the 12th century and has survived numerous invasions and earthquakes. Legend says that even Genghis Khan was so impressed by its beauty that he ordered it not to be destroyed.
Another significant site is the Ark Fortress, an ancient citadel that served as the residence of Bukhara’s rulers for centuries. Within its walls, political decisions were made, cultural life flourished, and the fate of the emirate was determined. Walking through the Ark today allows visitors to imagine the daily life of medieval rulers and scholars.
Khiva – A City Frozen in Time
Khiva, located in the Khorezm region, is one of the best-preserved historical cities in Central Asia. Its inner city, Ichan-Kala, is surrounded by massive clay walls and has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unlike many ancient cities, Khiva’s historical center remains almost entirely intact.
Among Khiva’s architectural masterpieces is the Kalta Minor Minaret, famous for its unfinished yet striking appearance, covered in blue and green tiles. The Juma Mosque, with its 218 carved wooden columns, reflects ancient construction traditions and artistic craftsmanship. Each column has a unique design, some dating back to the 10th century. Khiva’s monuments reflect the cultural identity of Khorezm, a region that made significant contributions to science, mathematics, and astronomy.
Shakhrisabz, the birthplace of Amir Timur, is another important historical city in Uzbekistan.
The Dorus-Saodat and Dorus-Tilovat complexes in Shakhrisabz include mausoleums and mosques associated with Timur’s family and spiritual mentors. These monuments highlight the deep connection between political authority and religious life in medieval Central Asia.
While Uzbekistan is widely known for its Islamic monuments, its territory also preserves traces of pre-Islamic civilizations. The city of Termez, located in the south of the country, was once an important center of Buddhism along the Silk Road. Archaeological sites such as Fayaz-Tepa and Kara-Tepa contain remains of Buddhist monasteries, stupas, and sculptures dating back to the Kushan period. These monuments prove that Uzbekistan has long been a land of religious tolerance and cultural diversity. They enrich the historical narrative of the country and demonstrate its role in global civilization.
Since gaining independence, Uzbekistan has placed great emphasis on preserving and restoring its historical monuments. Large-scale restoration projects have been carried out, and many sites have been adapted for cultural tourism. At the same time, efforts are being made to balance modernization with historical authenticity. Historical monuments today play a vital role in educating young generations, strengthening national pride, and promoting Uzbekistan on the international stage. They attract millions of tourists each year and contribute to economic development through cultural tourism. The historical monuments of Uzbekistan are far more than architectural achievements; they are symbols of human creativity, knowledge, and resilience.
From the grand squares of Samarkand to the quiet streets of Khiva, each monument tells a story of a civilization that once flourished and continues to inspire the modern world. Preserving these treasures is not only a national responsibility but also a contribution to global cultural heritage. Uzbekistan, with its timeless monuments, stands as a bridge between the past and the future, inviting humanity to learn from history and value cultural diversity.
INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY PRIMARY EDUCATION EFFECTIVE EDUCATION AND STIMULATING INTEREST AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
RAKHMANALIYEVA MARJONA BAKHODIRJON QIZI
Abstract: This article explores effective teaching methods for primary school students, ways to stimulate interest, and pedagogical approaches. It highlights the use of interactive methods, games, visual materials, and reward systems to enhance students’ active participation in the learning process.
Introduction Primary school is the period when a child acquires fundamental knowledge and forms social skills. Therefore, it is crucial that education at this stage is effective, sparks students’ interest and makes the learning process enjoyable. The main task for educators is to encourage students’ active participation and create opportunities to reinforce knowledge.
Primary education serves as the foundation for a student’s successful learning in later stages. It is precisely during this period that children develop an interest in learning, independent thinking, a thirst for knowledge, and social skills. Consequently, organizing education effectively in primary school and engaging students in subjects requires a thorough methodological approach from the teacher.
The Principles of Effective Education
Active Teaching Methods Young children learn faster through play. Therefore: Interactive games Role-playing activities Group tasks
Question-and-answer methods strengthen their desire to participate actively in the lesson process. Example: Solving math problems through the “Who’s Faster?” game, or explaining the content of a text using the “Find and Tell” technique.
Using Visual Aids Younger students master topics better when they see them. Therefore: Pictures Charts Colorful flashcards Video materials make the topic interesting and understandable.
The Importance of Game Technologies Play is a child’s natural psychological need. Play-based learning develops skills such as: a) Attention b) Memory c) Thinking d) Creativity Types of games: a) Didactic games b) Active/movement games c) Logical games d) Interactive digital games
Individual Approach Since each student’s:
Level of knowledge,
Character,
Pace of learning is different, the teacher must choose an individual approach. Examples:
Assigning more complex tasks to strong students.
Giving easier, step-by-step tasks to struggling children.
Applying an encouraging approach.
Motivation System Praising a student improves their emotional and motivational state.
Oral evaluations like “Excellent!”, “Great job!”
Stars, stickers,
Small gifts strengthen their interest in the lesson.
Using Technological Tools Modern educational tools: a. Interactive whiteboard, b. Tablet, c. Multimedia lessons, d. Online platforms further increase students’ interest in subjects.
Teaching Through Real-Life Examples Children understand topics more easily when connected to real life. Example:
a. Mathematics: Using market prices as examples. b. Native Language: Constructing sentences based on daily conversations. c. Science: Collecting samples from nature.
Learning Environment and Psychological Comfort A classroom that is:
a. Bright, b. Comfortable, c. Aesthetically pleasing, and a teacher who is kind and attentive increases children’s desire to come to class.
Effective Methods for Stimulating Interest Among Students
Questioning Technique Interesting questions, puzzles, and logical riddles increase motivation.
Engaging Introduction Starting a lesson with a conversation, video, picture, or short game yields good results.
Mini-Projects Assigning small research tasks to students: a. A poster on the topic “My Family,” b. A presentation about “My Favorite Animal.” This strengthens their creativity and independence.
Collaborative Learning Working in pairs or dividing into small groups allows them to learn from each other.
Allowing Free Expression of Thought If a student can answer as they wish and explore on their own, their interest in learning increases.
MAIN PART
Effective Teaching Methods The following approaches are important for effective education in primary school: Interactive Lessons: Engaging students in active participation; e.g., Q&A sessions, role-playing games. Visual and Audio Materials: Explaining topics through diagrams, pictures, and videos. Practical Activities: Laboratory work, experiments, and game-based tasks.
Methods for Stimulating Interest
Games and Quizzes – make the learning process interesting. Motivation System – creating motivation through praise, points, certificates. Small Group Work – develops cooperation, idea exchange, and social skills. Individual Approach – assigning tasks according to each student’s interests and abilities.
Pedagogical Recommendations Keep lessons short and dynamic; it’s difficult for young children to maintain focus for long. Connect every topic to real-life examples; students learn knowledge they can apply in their own lives. Create a positive environment; allow freedom from fear of mistakes and the opportunity to express opinions freely.
Pedagogical Approaches The teacher’s role is very important in effective primary education: Active Approach – Actively involving students in the lesson process, allowing them to ask questions and find answers. Differentiated Approach – Considering each child’s abilities, interests, and needs. Project-Based Method – Students learn topics through practice by creating small projects.
Interest-Stimulating Strategies Game Methods – Incorporating game elements in teaching knowledge (e.g., quizzes, role-playing, puzzles). Visual and Audio Materials – Explaining topics using pictures, videos, diagrams, and interactive boards. Motivation System – Encouragement tools like points, praise, certificates, “most active student of the day.” Practical Activities – Reinforcing knowledge through experiments and hands-on crafts.
Interactive Forms of Lessons Small Group Work – Children solve problems together and exchange ideas. Brainstorming – Gathering students’ ideas on a new topic.
Role-Playing – Performing scenes or character roles based on the topic. Short Tests and Quizzes – Determining students’ knowledge level and increasing activity.
Modern Technologies Interactive Whiteboards and Tablets – Make lessons visual and interesting. Digital Games and Applications – Gamification (adding game elements) in learning knowledge. Videos and Animations – Help explain complex topics easily. Online Platforms – Allow maintaining student interest in distance learning as well.
Pedagogical Recommendations Keep lessons short and dynamic; primary school students cannot maintain attention for a long time. Connect every topic to real-life examples; students learn knowledge they can apply in their own lives. Create a positive environment; allow freedom from fear of mistakes and the opportunity to express opinions freely. When assessing students, consider not only the result but also the process.
CONCLUSION Effective education in primary school is directly linked to stimulating students’ interest. Interactive methods, games, visual materials, and motivation systems make the educational process interesting and ensure the reinforcement of knowledge. The task of educators is to encourage the activity of each student and maintain their interest in learning.
References
Jalolov, B. Boshlang‘ich sinflarda ta’lim metodikasi [Teaching Methodology in Primary School]. Tashkent: O‘qituvchi, 2019.
Pirogova, L. Innovative Methods in Primary Education. Moscow: Prosveshchenie, 2017.
Smith, J. Engaging Young Learners: Techniques for Primary Schools. London: Routledge, 2020.
Rahmonov, A. O‘quvchilarda qiziqishni uyg‘otish va motivatsiya [Stimulating Interest and Motivation in Students]. Tashkent: Fan, 2021.
Brown, H. Active Learning in Early Education. New York: Springer, 2018.
